Effects of light intensity and agronomical practices on growth, yield and quality of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau)
Sabah snake grass (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f) Lindau) is a medicinal herb that needs to be investigated since there are a number of claims that this plant is traditionally used as an anti-snake venom, treatment for dysentery, diabetes, fever, regulating menstrual function, relieving pain, anem...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2016
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/91200/1/FP%202016%2052%20-%20IR.pdf |
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| Summary: | Sabah snake grass (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f) Lindau) is a medicinal herb that
needs to be investigated since there are a number of claims that this plant is
traditionally used as an anti-snake venom, treatment for dysentery, diabetes, fever,
regulating menstrual function, relieving pain, anemia, jaundice and setting of fractured
bones. In this study, the effect of some environmental factors (light intensity and plant
density and nitrogen fertilizer) on physiological and biochemical changes of C. nutans
were investigated. Information on the polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids and
phenolic acids, saponin and tannin content) of C. nutans and its biological activities are
still scarce and such data would be useful to provide information on herbs containing
high levels of beneficial components. The first experiment was conducted to determine
the effect of different light intensity (200, 395, 600 and 790 JlIIlo1lm2/s) on yield and
quality of C. nutans. Effect of different plant densities (30x30 cm, 30x40 cm, 40x40
cm and 40x50 cm) was examined in the second experiment. Third experiment was
conducted to evaluate the response of C. nutans to nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 100, 150,
200 kg N/ha and chicken dung at 8 ton/ha). All three experiments were conducted
based on randomized complete block design with four replications .. The result showed
that as light intensity increased carbohydrate content also increased while the protein
content decreased for all light intensities. Among all light intensities, the highest total
flavonoids content (TF) and total phenolics (TP) was gained under a light intensity of
790 Jlmo1lm2/s with 6.91 mg rutin equivalent /g dry weight and 10.81 mg gallic acid
equivalentlg dry weight respectively. The order of TF and TP partitioning under
differen~ light levels was: 790 JlIIlo1lm2/~ > 600 umol/rnvs > 395 ~mo1l~2jg > 2~0
umol/m Is. Tannin content also was the highest under 790 umol/m Is, while saponin
content was low in this light intensity. Antioxidant activities increased significantly
with increasing of TF and TP concentration, and high antioxidant activity, was
observed respectively, in C. nutans grown under 790 JlIIlo1lm2/s. The results of HPLC
analysis indicated that, except pyrogallol, synthesis and partitioning of orientin,
isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin and rutin were high in plants grown in the open field
(790 umol/m' Is). In second experiment both TF and TP, reached to the maximum level
in plants with 40x40 cm distance, however there was not a significant difference
between 40x40 cm and 40x50 cm distance. The results showed that the highest content of carbohydrate and protein content and also photosynthesis rate was obtained in
40x40 cm distance. Based on the results obtained, orientin, isoorientin and pyrogallol
amount were higher under the planting distance of 40x40 cm while the highest amount
of vitexin and isovitexin was detected in planting distance of 30x40 cm. Activity of
1,I-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential
. (FRAP) assay increased at the 40x40 cm planting distance, respectively. With
increasing antioxidant power malondyaldehyde (MDA) level decreased for all four
. planting densities. In addition, C. nutans extract exhibited the highest anticancer
activity in MCF-7 cancer cells with ICso values .of 102.19 and 106.21Ilg/ml for
planting distance of 40x40 cm and 40x50 cm respectively. The results of the third
experiment showed that, by using an adequate N rate, it was possible to significantly
increase and optimize the bioactive compound levels. Highest photosynthesis rate,
carbohydrate and protein production were recorded by supplying 150 kg N/ha. At 150
kg N application, the plant contained higher phenolics and flavonoids as well as
higher antioxidant activity compared to other nitrogen levels. Application of chicken
dung (after "150 kg N) also showed high antioxidant activity. The result also
demonstrated that, except rutin, other flavonoids were detected in highest value in 150
kg N treated plants. Cancer cell line (MCF -7) exposed to the extracts showed
cytotoxicity with a range of 58.12% for 150 kg N application. These results indicate
that the yield and pharmaceutical quality of C. nutans can be enhanced by controlling
the agronomic practices. |
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