Traffic air pollutant exposure, genotoxicity and respiratory health among traffic police officers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia

Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is one of the most recent environmental pollution issues widely debated and studied throughout the world. Those who work outdoors such as traffic policemen are the most vulnerable to TRAP exposure and increase in health risks. The aim of this study was to determi...

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المؤلف الرئيسي:	Awang, Mohd Fairus
التنسيق:	أطروحة
اللغة:	English
منشور في:	2020
الموضوعات:	Air Pollutants Environmental Exposure
الوصول للمادة أونلاين:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/91796/1/FPSK%28M%29%202020%208%20IR.pdf
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spelling	my-upm-ir.917962022-01-24T08:36:27Z Traffic air pollutant exposure, genotoxicity and respiratory health among traffic police officers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia 2020-01 Awang, Mohd Fairus Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is one of the most recent environmental pollution issues widely debated and studied throughout the world. Those who work outdoors such as traffic policemen are the most vulnerable to TRAP exposure and increase in health risks. The aim of this study was to determine the level of TRAP exposure that could affect the respiratory health and chromosomal damage among traffic policemen in Klang Valley. A crosssectional comparative study was conducted between traffic policemen (160) and office workers (149) who employed more than one year in the Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, Subang Jaya, Serdang, Shah Alam, Klang, Gombak, Ampang, Kajang, Putrajaya, and Sepang). A standard set of questionnaire adapted from American Thoracic Society (ATS) was distributed to respondents to gather information on respiratory health symptoms, history of exposure, and demographic information. Personal and workplace air pollutant exposures to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), and particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were collected during working hours. The lung function status among respondents was assessed using Spirometer H1105 Chest Graph. Meanwhile, chromosomal damage was detected using micronucleus (MN) assays from the respondents’ buccal epithelial cells. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science Version 23 (SPSS Ver. 23). The results showed that the levels of personal and workplace air pollutant exposures to BTEX and PM2.5 (p<0.001), cough symptom (p = 0.018) and MN frequencies (p<0.001) among traffic policemen were significantly higher than among office workers. The present study also found that the FVC, FEV1, FVC% predicted, and FEV1% predicted were significantly lower among traffic policemen compared to office workers. Only PM2.5 showed significant association with cough symptom at p < 0.001. All pollutants measured in this study had significant associations with the abnormality of FVC% predicted and MN frequencies among the respondents. PM2.5 was the most significant pollutant associated with the cough symptom (B= 1.20, p = 0.013, PR = 3.30, 95% CI = 1.29 – 8.44), FVC% predicted abnormality (B = 1.01, p = 0.032, PR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.01 – 2.45), and FEV1% predicted abnormality (B = 1.07, p = 0.030, PR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.12 – 2.31) among respondents. Meanwhile, multiple linear regressions showed that the most significant pollutants related to MN frequency were PM2.5 and benzene. The equation model explains that, if PM2.5 level increases by 1 μg/m3 provided that the concentration of benzene unchanged, the MN frequency will increase by 0.018 frequencies and if benzene level increases by 1 μg/m3 and provided that the concentration of PM2.5 unchanged, the MN frequency will increase by 0.013 frequencies. Thus, shows a high risk of developing cancer among traffic policemen. This study has concluded that, exposure to high level of TRAP among traffic policemen can cause higher prevalence of cough symptom, reduced lung function, and increased MN formation compared to office workers. In order to reduce the health effects among traffic policemen, this study suggests that the Malaysian Police Department should monitor TRAP exposure, health inspections for at least once every six months and use face masks while performing duties among traffic policemen. Air Pollutants Air pollutants, Occupational Environmental Exposure 2020-01 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/91796/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/91796/1/FPSK%28M%29%202020%208%20IR.pdf text en public masters Universiti Putra Malaysia Air Pollutants Air pollutants, Occupational Environmental Exposure Jalaludin, Juliana
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Jalaludin, Juliana
topic	Air Pollutants Air Pollutants Environmental Exposure
spellingShingle	Air Pollutants Air Pollutants Environmental Exposure Awang, Mohd Fairus Traffic air pollutant exposure, genotoxicity and respiratory health among traffic police officers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
description	Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is one of the most recent environmental pollution issues widely debated and studied throughout the world. Those who work outdoors such as traffic policemen are the most vulnerable to TRAP exposure and increase in health risks. The aim of this study was to determine the level of TRAP exposure that could affect the respiratory health and chromosomal damage among traffic policemen in Klang Valley. A crosssectional comparative study was conducted between traffic policemen (160) and office workers (149) who employed more than one year in the Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, Subang Jaya, Serdang, Shah Alam, Klang, Gombak, Ampang, Kajang, Putrajaya, and Sepang). A standard set of questionnaire adapted from American Thoracic Society (ATS) was distributed to respondents to gather information on respiratory health symptoms, history of exposure, and demographic information. Personal and workplace air pollutant exposures to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), and particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were collected during working hours. The lung function status among respondents was assessed using Spirometer H1105 Chest Graph. Meanwhile, chromosomal damage was detected using micronucleus (MN) assays from the respondents’ buccal epithelial cells. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science Version 23 (SPSS Ver. 23). The results showed that the levels of personal and workplace air pollutant exposures to BTEX and PM2.5 (p<0.001), cough symptom (p = 0.018) and MN frequencies (p<0.001) among traffic policemen were significantly higher than among office workers. The present study also found that the FVC, FEV1, FVC% predicted, and FEV1% predicted were significantly lower among traffic policemen compared to office workers. Only PM2.5 showed significant association with cough symptom at p < 0.001. All pollutants measured in this study had significant associations with the abnormality of FVC% predicted and MN frequencies among the respondents. PM2.5 was the most significant pollutant associated with the cough symptom (B= 1.20, p = 0.013, PR = 3.30, 95% CI = 1.29 – 8.44), FVC% predicted abnormality (B = 1.01, p = 0.032, PR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.01 – 2.45), and FEV1% predicted abnormality (B = 1.07, p = 0.030, PR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.12 – 2.31) among respondents. Meanwhile, multiple linear regressions showed that the most significant pollutants related to MN frequency were PM2.5 and benzene. The equation model explains that, if PM2.5 level increases by 1 μg/m3 provided that the concentration of benzene unchanged, the MN frequency will increase by 0.018 frequencies and if benzene level increases by 1 μg/m3 and provided that the concentration of PM2.5 unchanged, the MN frequency will increase by 0.013 frequencies. Thus, shows a high risk of developing cancer among traffic policemen. This study has concluded that, exposure to high level of TRAP among traffic policemen can cause higher prevalence of cough symptom, reduced lung function, and increased MN formation compared to office workers. In order to reduce the health effects among traffic policemen, this study suggests that the Malaysian Police Department should monitor TRAP exposure, health inspections for at least once every six months and use face masks while performing duties among traffic policemen.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Awang, Mohd Fairus
author_facet	Awang, Mohd Fairus
author_sort	Awang, Mohd Fairus
title	Traffic air pollutant exposure, genotoxicity and respiratory health among traffic police officers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
title_short	Traffic air pollutant exposure, genotoxicity and respiratory health among traffic police officers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
title_full	Traffic air pollutant exposure, genotoxicity and respiratory health among traffic police officers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
title_fullStr	Traffic air pollutant exposure, genotoxicity and respiratory health among traffic police officers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed	Traffic air pollutant exposure, genotoxicity and respiratory health among traffic police officers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
title_sort	traffic air pollutant exposure, genotoxicity and respiratory health among traffic police officers in the klang valley, malaysia
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate	2020
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/91796/1/FPSK%28M%29%202020%208%20IR.pdf
_version_	1747813690801913856

Traffic air pollutant exposure, genotoxicity and respiratory health among traffic police officers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia

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