Functionalization of carbon catalyst derived from corncob residue via hydrothermal technique for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate

Biodiesel as an energy resource was recognized as a potential low carbon alternative to overcome the declining fossil fuel reserves. However, the higher cost production of biodiesel become the main problem. In this work, low-cost biodiesel was successfully produced through esterification of palm fat...

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Main Author:	Ibrahim, Siti Fadhilah
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2021
Subjects:	Catalysts - Analysis Corncobs Palms oil
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93048/1/FS%202021%2052%20IR.pdf
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id	my-upm-ir.93048
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spelling	my-upm-ir.930482022-06-08T01:08:37Z Functionalization of carbon catalyst derived from corncob residue via hydrothermal technique for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate 2021-05 Ibrahim, Siti Fadhilah Biodiesel as an energy resource was recognized as a potential low carbon alternative to overcome the declining fossil fuel reserves. However, the higher cost production of biodiesel become the main problem. In this work, low-cost biodiesel was successfully produced through esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) over heterogeneous solid acid catalyst derived from corncob residue. This catalyst was synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization followed by chemical activation using concentrated sulfuric acid and known as hydrothermal carbon-sulfonated (HTC-S). The prepared catalysts were characterized by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer - Emmett –Teller (BET) Surface Area Measurement, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Temperature Programmed Desorption of Ammonia (NH3-TPD) and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis. The carbonization process leads to the cyclic carbon rearrangement by removing hydroxyl molecules and the sulfonation treatment on the carbon structure increase the acid properties with the total acid density of 13.00 mmol/g and surface area of 8.40 ± 0.15 m2/g. The esterification of PFAD over HTC-S catalyst was optimized via the one-variable-at-a-time technique, and 92% free fatty acid (FFA) conversion with a biodiesel yield of 85% were achieved at condition of 2 h reaction time, 70 °C reaction temperature, 3 wt.% catalyst loading, and 15:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. Various of catalyst regeneration techniques were analyzed and sulfuric acid treatment was found to be the most effective approach for restoring the active sites for spent HTC-S catalyst. The HTC-S catalyst regenerated via sulfuric acid treatment is capable to convert PFAD to biodiesel with FFA conversion until five consecutive cycles. In this work, the synthesized PFAD-derived biodiesel has complied with the international biodiesel standard ASTM D6751. Catalysts - Analysis Corncobs Palms oil 2021-05 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93048/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93048/1/FS%202021%2052%20IR.pdf text en public masters Universiti Putra Malaysia Catalysts - Analysis Corncobs Palms oil Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin
topic	Catalysts - Analysis Corncobs Palms oil
spellingShingle	Catalysts - Analysis Corncobs Palms oil Ibrahim, Siti Fadhilah Functionalization of carbon catalyst derived from corncob residue via hydrothermal technique for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
description	Biodiesel as an energy resource was recognized as a potential low carbon alternative to overcome the declining fossil fuel reserves. However, the higher cost production of biodiesel become the main problem. In this work, low-cost biodiesel was successfully produced through esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) over heterogeneous solid acid catalyst derived from corncob residue. This catalyst was synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization followed by chemical activation using concentrated sulfuric acid and known as hydrothermal carbon-sulfonated (HTC-S). The prepared catalysts were characterized by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer - Emmett –Teller (BET) Surface Area Measurement, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Temperature Programmed Desorption of Ammonia (NH3-TPD) and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis. The carbonization process leads to the cyclic carbon rearrangement by removing hydroxyl molecules and the sulfonation treatment on the carbon structure increase the acid properties with the total acid density of 13.00 mmol/g and surface area of 8.40 ± 0.15 m2/g. The esterification of PFAD over HTC-S catalyst was optimized via the one-variable-at-a-time technique, and 92% free fatty acid (FFA) conversion with a biodiesel yield of 85% were achieved at condition of 2 h reaction time, 70 °C reaction temperature, 3 wt.% catalyst loading, and 15:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. Various of catalyst regeneration techniques were analyzed and sulfuric acid treatment was found to be the most effective approach for restoring the active sites for spent HTC-S catalyst. The HTC-S catalyst regenerated via sulfuric acid treatment is capable to convert PFAD to biodiesel with FFA conversion until five consecutive cycles. In this work, the synthesized PFAD-derived biodiesel has complied with the international biodiesel standard ASTM D6751.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Ibrahim, Siti Fadhilah
author_facet	Ibrahim, Siti Fadhilah
author_sort	Ibrahim, Siti Fadhilah
title	Functionalization of carbon catalyst derived from corncob residue via hydrothermal technique for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
title_short	Functionalization of carbon catalyst derived from corncob residue via hydrothermal technique for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
title_full	Functionalization of carbon catalyst derived from corncob residue via hydrothermal technique for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
title_fullStr	Functionalization of carbon catalyst derived from corncob residue via hydrothermal technique for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
title_full_unstemmed	Functionalization of carbon catalyst derived from corncob residue via hydrothermal technique for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
title_sort	functionalization of carbon catalyst derived from corncob residue via hydrothermal technique for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate	2021
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93048/1/FS%202021%2052%20IR.pdf
_version_	1747813786249592832

Functionalization of carbon catalyst derived from corncob residue via hydrothermal technique for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate

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