The Effect of Bleaching Clay on the Quality of Refined and Bleached Palm Oil
The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of the bleaching clays used in the refining of palm oil. Acid-activated, neutral and natural clays as well as synthetic adsorbent were analysed by various techniques: scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis (Different...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Thesis |
Language: | English English |
Published: |
2001
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/9310/1/FSAS_2001_43.pdf |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
my-upm-ir.9310 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
spelling |
my-upm-ir.93102024-02-19T06:48:49Z The Effect of Bleaching Clay on the Quality of Refined and Bleached Palm Oil 2001-11 Chua, Hooi Ling The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of the bleaching clays used in the refining of palm oil. Acid-activated, neutral and natural clays as well as synthetic adsorbent were analysed by various techniques: scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis (Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermogravimetric Analysis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), determination of surface area, pore-size and particle-size distribution. The effects of these physical and chemical properties of bleaching clays on the quality of refined palm oil were subsequently investigated. The XRD patterns showed that silica (quartz) was present in all of the analyzed commercial clays. The acid activated clays - Tonsil and WAC Omega consisted mainly of montmorillonite. The TGA, DTA and XRD results showed that the commercial clay - Pure Flo was essentially attapulgite type of clay. WAC Supreme, the acid activated clay, displayed a complicated XRD pattern indicating that besides tron magnesium aluminium silicate (montmorillonite), attapulgite and other impurities were present. The study on the effect of degumming acid on the quality of RBO oil indicated that increased concentration of phosphoric acid facilitated the removal of iron in the RBO oil. On the other hand, the copper content in the oil was likely to be influenced by the type of clay used in the bleaching process. Langmuir isotherm was more applicable than Freundlich isotherm in the adsorption of trace metals, copper and iron, from degummed palm oil on Pure Flo. The adsorption of phosphorus by Pure Flo, Attapulgite and WAC Supreme conformed to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. On the other hand, adsorption of pigments, chlorophyll and carotene on the clay adsorbents fitted the Freundlich model better than the Langmuir model. The data showed that the acid activated clay of WAC Supreme with high surface area and large pore volume did not necessary possess better bleaching efficiency than Pure Flo and Attapulgite. Pure Flo is the best clay adsorbent compared to WAC Supreme and Attapulgite (Hudson Resource). The degummed-bleached palm oil after bleaching with Pure Flo showed the lowest concentration of phosphorus, copper, chlorophyll and carotene pigments. Conversely, WAC Supreme is a poor adsorbent of phosphorus, iron and secondary oxidation products. High concentrations of copper and carotene were retained in the degummed-bleached palm oil after bleaching with Attapulgite (Hudson Resource). Palm oil - Quality Clay Bleaching 2001-11 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/9310/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/9310/1/FSAS_2001_43.pdf text en public masters Universiti Putra Malaysia Palm oil - Quality Clay Bleaching Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies Lee, Chnoong Kheng English |
institution |
Universiti Putra Malaysia |
collection |
PSAS Institutional Repository |
language |
English English |
advisor |
Lee, Chnoong Kheng |
topic |
Palm oil - Quality Clay Bleaching |
spellingShingle |
Palm oil - Quality Clay Bleaching Chua, Hooi Ling The Effect of Bleaching Clay on the Quality of Refined and Bleached Palm Oil |
description |
The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of the
bleaching clays used in the refining of palm oil. Acid-activated, neutral and natural
clays as well as synthetic adsorbent were analysed by various techniques: scanning
electron microscopy, thermal analysis (Differential Thermal Analysis and
Thermogravimetric Analysis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), determination of surface
area, pore-size and particle-size distribution. The effects of these physical and
chemical properties of bleaching clays on the quality of refined palm oil were
subsequently investigated.
The XRD patterns showed that silica (quartz) was present in all of the analyzed
commercial clays. The acid activated clays - Tonsil and WAC Omega consisted
mainly of montmorillonite. The TGA, DTA and XRD results showed that the
commercial clay - Pure Flo was essentially attapulgite type of clay. WAC Supreme,
the acid activated clay, displayed a complicated XRD pattern indicating that besides tron magnesium aluminium silicate (montmorillonite), attapulgite and other
impurities were present.
The study on the effect of degumming acid on the quality of RBO oil indicated that
increased concentration of phosphoric acid facilitated the removal of iron in the
RBO oil. On the other hand, the copper content in the oil was likely to be influenced
by the type of clay used in the bleaching process.
Langmuir isotherm was more applicable than Freundlich isotherm in the adsorption
of trace metals, copper and iron, from degummed palm oil on Pure Flo. The
adsorption of phosphorus by Pure Flo, Attapulgite and WAC Supreme conformed to
both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. On the other hand, adsorption of
pigments, chlorophyll and carotene on the clay adsorbents fitted the Freundlich
model better than the Langmuir model. The data showed that the acid activated clay
of WAC Supreme with high surface area and large pore volume did not necessary
possess better bleaching efficiency than Pure Flo and Attapulgite.
Pure Flo is the best clay adsorbent compared to WAC Supreme and Attapulgite
(Hudson Resource). The degummed-bleached palm oil after bleaching with Pure Flo
showed the lowest concentration of phosphorus, copper, chlorophyll and carotene
pigments. Conversely, WAC Supreme is a poor adsorbent of phosphorus, iron and
secondary oxidation products. High concentrations of copper and carotene were
retained in the degummed-bleached palm oil after bleaching with Attapulgite
(Hudson Resource). |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_level |
Master's degree |
author |
Chua, Hooi Ling |
author_facet |
Chua, Hooi Ling |
author_sort |
Chua, Hooi Ling |
title |
The Effect of Bleaching Clay on the Quality of Refined and Bleached Palm Oil |
title_short |
The Effect of Bleaching Clay on the Quality of Refined and Bleached Palm Oil |
title_full |
The Effect of Bleaching Clay on the Quality of Refined and Bleached Palm Oil |
title_fullStr |
The Effect of Bleaching Clay on the Quality of Refined and Bleached Palm Oil |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Effect of Bleaching Clay on the Quality of Refined and Bleached Palm Oil |
title_sort |
effect of bleaching clay on the quality of refined and bleached palm oil |
granting_institution |
Universiti Putra Malaysia |
granting_department |
Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies |
publishDate |
2001 |
url |
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/9310/1/FSAS_2001_43.pdf |
_version_ |
1794018819240361984 |