The Effect of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) and Goat Milk on Iron Metabolism in Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) Induced Rat
Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells due to insufficient iron. The current management of IDA is often linked to adverse side effects and issues with compliance. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential of using date palm and go...
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Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia |
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Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells due to insufficient iron. The current management of IDA is often linked to adverse side effects and issues with compliance. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential of using date palm and goat milk as natural alternative remedies to manage IDA. It has been demonstrated that date palm and goat milk exhibit anti-anaemic properties. In this study, rats were assigned randomly into six groups of four rats; (1) normal control; (2) negative control; (3) positive control; (4) date palm; (5) goat milk; (6) date palm and goat milk. The normal control was given commercial pellets whereas the rest of the groups (Groups 2 -6) were given low-iron diets for two weeks to generate IDA condition. IDA was defined as Hb values less than 11.5 g/dL. After IDA conformation, the negative control (Group 2) was continuously given a low iron diet and acted as the IDA model group while the positive control (Group 3) was given iron tablets as the standard treatment for IDA. The date palm (Group 4) and goat milk (Group 5) were given date palm and goat milk, respectively while the date palm and goat milk (Group 6) were supplemented with both date palm and goat milk. Supplementation was given every morning for 4 weeks in accordance with the animal equivalent dosage (AED). Bodyweight, RBC parameters, iron profile, iron bioavailability and iron metabolism-related genes and protein expression were investigated accordingly. After the intervention, improvement in body weight was observed in all intervention groups, with an increment of at least 110g. Up-regulation of indices of iron deficiency was noted, with intervention groups recording Hb and serum iron levels ranging from 13.85 to 16.18 g/dL and 29.35 to 31.95 μmol/L, respectively as compared to the negative control (6.68 ± 3.09 g/dL; 3.13 ± 0.74 μmol/L). A significant increase was also seen in RBC, PCV and serum transferrin saturation levels post-intervention. Investigation of iron bioavailability using haemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) demonstrated a significant increase in negative control with a value of 21.7%, as compared to normal control with 3.7%, while intervention groups recorded HRE values ranging from 4.58% to 5.58%. Results from the gene expressions study showed that iron deficiency increased the expression of Dcytb, transferrin, ferroportin and TfR mRNA by 13, 9, 1.5 and 1.2-fold respectively, as compared to normal control. Supplementation with date palm and goat milk for 4 weeks successfully normalises the expression of those genes in the small intestine. In the liver, significant up-regulation of TfR mRNA up to 11.6-folds was seen in the negative control as compared to normal control and that the intervention of date palm and goat milk normalize the TfR expression. Immunohistochemistry results showed that DMT1 and Dcytb were expressed along the brush border membrane of epithelial enterocytes consistent with their function in iron import. TfR was expressed in the epithelial cell of the crypts and villi, with decreased intensity as epithelial cells migrated apically toward the villus tip consistent with its function in supplying iron for new cell growth. Iron deficiency significantly increases the reactivity of TfR in the small intestine with positive reactivity observed on both apical and basolateral sides of the epithelium villi with brush border membrane also stained positive. Intervention with date palm and goat milk normalises the TfR expression. The results obtained suggest that supplementation of date palm and goat milk improves functional iron availability for erythropoiesis following IDA. |
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Thesis |
| author |
Nurainna Binti Abd Majid |
| spellingShingle |
Nurainna Binti Abd Majid The Effect of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) and Goat Milk on Iron Metabolism in Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) Induced Rat |
| author_facet |
Nurainna Binti Abd Majid |
| author_sort |
Nurainna Binti Abd Majid |
| title |
The Effect of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) and Goat Milk on Iron Metabolism in Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) Induced Rat |
| title_short |
The Effect of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) and Goat Milk on Iron Metabolism in Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) Induced Rat |
| title_full |
The Effect of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) and Goat Milk on Iron Metabolism in Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) Induced Rat |
| title_fullStr |
The Effect of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) and Goat Milk on Iron Metabolism in Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) Induced Rat |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Effect of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) and Goat Milk on Iron Metabolism in Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) Induced Rat |
| title_sort |
effect of date palm (phoenix dactylifera) and goat milk on iron metabolism in iron deficiency anaemia (ida) induced rat |
| granting_institution |
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia |
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my-usim-ddms-133632024-05-29T19:22:43Z The Effect of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) and Goat Milk on Iron Metabolism in Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) Induced Rat Nurainna Binti Abd Majid Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells due to insufficient iron. The current management of IDA is often linked to adverse side effects and issues with compliance. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential of using date palm and goat milk as natural alternative remedies to manage IDA. It has been demonstrated that date palm and goat milk exhibit anti-anaemic properties. In this study, rats were assigned randomly into six groups of four rats; (1) normal control; (2) negative control; (3) positive control; (4) date palm; (5) goat milk; (6) date palm and goat milk. The normal control was given commercial pellets whereas the rest of the groups (Groups 2 -6) were given low-iron diets for two weeks to generate IDA condition. IDA was defined as Hb values less than 11.5 g/dL. After IDA conformation, the negative control (Group 2) was continuously given a low iron diet and acted as the IDA model group while the positive control (Group 3) was given iron tablets as the standard treatment for IDA. The date palm (Group 4) and goat milk (Group 5) were given date palm and goat milk, respectively while the date palm and goat milk (Group 6) were supplemented with both date palm and goat milk. Supplementation was given every morning for 4 weeks in accordance with the animal equivalent dosage (AED). Bodyweight, RBC parameters, iron profile, iron bioavailability and iron metabolism-related genes and protein expression were investigated accordingly. After the intervention, improvement in body weight was observed in all intervention groups, with an increment of at least 110g. Up-regulation of indices of iron deficiency was noted, with intervention groups recording Hb and serum iron levels ranging from 13.85 to 16.18 g/dL and 29.35 to 31.95 μmol/L, respectively as compared to the negative control (6.68 ± 3.09 g/dL; 3.13 ± 0.74 μmol/L). A significant increase was also seen in RBC, PCV and serum transferrin saturation levels post-intervention. Investigation of iron bioavailability using haemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) demonstrated a significant increase in negative control with a value of 21.7%, as compared to normal control with 3.7%, while intervention groups recorded HRE values ranging from 4.58% to 5.58%. Results from the gene expressions study showed that iron deficiency increased the expression of Dcytb, transferrin, ferroportin and TfR mRNA by 13, 9, 1.5 and 1.2-fold respectively, as compared to normal control. Supplementation with date palm and goat milk for 4 weeks successfully normalises the expression of those genes in the small intestine. In the liver, significant up-regulation of TfR mRNA up to 11.6-folds was seen in the negative control as compared to normal control and that the intervention of date palm and goat milk normalize the TfR expression. Immunohistochemistry results showed that DMT1 and Dcytb were expressed along the brush border membrane of epithelial enterocytes consistent with their function in iron import. TfR was expressed in the epithelial cell of the crypts and villi, with decreased intensity as epithelial cells migrated apically toward the villus tip consistent with its function in supplying iron for new cell growth. Iron deficiency significantly increases the reactivity of TfR in the small intestine with positive reactivity observed on both apical and basolateral sides of the epithelium villi with brush border membrane also stained positive. Intervention with date palm and goat milk normalises the TfR expression. The results obtained suggest that supplementation of date palm and goat milk improves functional iron availability for erythropoiesis following IDA. Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia 2023-08 Thesis en_US https://oarep.usim.edu.my/handle/123456789/13363 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/b31d5662-3dbe-4a69-ae55-0cfefc0f6f9f/download 28e87f67ddf3e49e2330e09027c445f4 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/b3dd8ec5-1b2b-4cfb-a2cd-7d4a7c0bc231/download 419aff7d19f6b0aebb0b6cb6ed05f664 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/380f6f29-45f0-43d1-ab66-b894b4b592fd/download f2b7c15efc8c00501bae76ce98de76c0 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/3b138ba7-f6ae-4529-8347-a27d97cc4806/download 670cdae8d79a862a572175b406e9e342 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/56ff3899-2037-4e60-adfb-7fa8cb0dd89c/download 4afdfd1712a6ac1f199ccab794a37191 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/f3513872-e87a-4cf9-ab77-c940210564d4/download 06f69be7b2c838bc61ed8b80f292057e https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/b43a7c3a-bff2-4483-afd7-cfcae8315397/download 4dec8a09c6663903ac0c9eabe030e12c https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/4c66942f-5d3a-4d25-93b0-983d2dcbb467/download 6805a16207946a1cbf2c894f466b0c3d https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/cd88024a-488d-470d-aafd-c8d7bf0377d9/download 9dc7810bc4a5bb4d7c600d513321fa26 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/383e857e-f053-44da-b6a7-f9f0815130ef/download 49f53a8459c214979705f25d4064fe3d https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/a13230c5-7ca8-43a1-a3a3-99fe0b087a75/download 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/e43f7ea6-4eab-48e9-9e9d-170d248f0d4b/download e9ef1de242abe5885943b6b377eb4d8f https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/64e53e8c-964d-4e4c-b677-6d59c79cf982/download 745a919f39e1a1384b12a058f8873bb8 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/252cdb2a-6e36-46e7-9fbc-c245a9eb38c6/download de20ff891c9dd19f65dce347c72ce3b5 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/bf58aa4b-ea6b-40fe-9856-7dc9a8f48346/download 29d920142b817520f691f92b8ff59c93 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/d681a5a0-a613-41c6-9c6b-550079d8316e/download fe5ee25536f45682360afa9eb3c34694 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/3343792d-5a89-48f1-be9f-f2d34bf8540d/download f10959b1fc05f336ec728f84c3ad1a4d https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/9de2d7ff-8efe-4150-a96d-0c5554ca09e1/download bb989961dbc47eb16a2c427d27b441a2 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/c8b3ae48-3641-4954-ab83-dd8d2446dae8/download 9830d98899063c6e7c1aee221a380879 https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/85eba361-2826-4426-b9c3-4f4c9ea9f38c/download 9f4ddceafc75dbe0d91fe3f5a9b924cf https://oarep.usim.edu.my/bitstreams/d962831f-af31-4d86-a9c8-17d7efd994a1/download ac5ff86b0ca14ac5dea6e6bd57eb12c3 |