Potential Utilization Of Modified Oil Palm Ash As Filler In Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

This work studied the possibility of utilizing oil palm ash (OPA) as filler to reinforce the natural rubber vulcanizates. The OPA loading used in this study was ranged from 0 to 9 phr. The characterization of OPA was carried out prior to compounding by using conventional laboratory-sized two roll mi...

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Main Author:	Ooi , Zhong Xian
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2015
Subjects:	TA404 Composite materials
Online Access:	http://eprints.usm.my/41224/1/Ooi_Zhong_Xian_24_Pages.pdf
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spelling	my-usm-ep.412242018-08-01T08:05:24Z Potential Utilization Of Modified Oil Palm Ash As Filler In Natural Rubber Vulcanizates 2015 Ooi , Zhong Xian TA404 Composite materials This work studied the possibility of utilizing oil palm ash (OPA) as filler to reinforce the natural rubber vulcanizates. The OPA loading used in this study was ranged from 0 to 9 phr. The characterization of OPA was carried out prior to compounding by using conventional laboratory-sized two roll mills. Morphological study revealed that the OPA particle was irregular with rough surface and porous structure. The two main mineralogical components in OPA were quartz and calcite which elucidated by Energy dispersive X-ray, X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction analysis. Results of the OPA-filled vulcanizates showed that the scorch time and cure time decreased with the incorporation of OPA whereas maximum torque, tensile modulus, and hardness increased. From a reinforcement point’s perspective, it was worthwhile to note that the tensile strength improved by 16 % when 1 phr OPA was incorporated. When compared to the commercial fillers, this OPA-filled vulcanizate showed comparable strength to the 50 phr carbon black-filled vulcanizate and even higher than silica-filled vulcanizate. Besides, the incorporation of low OPA loading has increased the elongation at break whereas silica and carbon black reduced the elongation at break of the natural rubber vulcanizates. The measurement of rubber-filler interaction and morphological studies of tensile fractured surface of OPA, silica, and carbon black-filled natural rubber vulcanizates supported the result obtained from tensile properties. The thermal stability and retention properties after thermal ageing were notably enhanced with the incorporation of OPA and improved as the OPA loading was increased. xxx Thermogravimetric analysis also denoted the thermal stability was depending on the filler loading, thus higher thermal stability was found for higher loading of filler-filled vulcanizates. Last but not least, the effectiveness of three different pre-treatment methods was carried out in order to further improve the tensile strength of the OPA-filled vulcanizates. The pre-treatment media, i.e. cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR) improved the tensile strength of natural rubber vulcanizates. However, other properties such as curing characteristics, elongation at break, hardness, tensile modulus, and swelling resistance were varied depend on the pre-treatment media utilized. Thermal properties of OPA-filled vulcanizates have been affected after CTAB and LENR modification, but the HCl pretreatment method showed no significant effect and behaves almost the same manner as raw OPA-filled vulcanizates. The CTAB, HCl, and LENR modification method also contribute the positive effect on retention properties of OPA-filled natural rubber vulcanizates after thermal ageing. 2015 Thesis http://eprints.usm.my/41224/ http://eprints.usm.my/41224/1/Ooi_Zhong_Xian_24_Pages.pdf application/pdf en public phd doctoral Universiti Sains Malaysia Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral
institution	Universiti Sains Malaysia
collection	USM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TA404 Composite materials
spellingShingle	TA404 Composite materials Ooi , Zhong Xian Potential Utilization Of Modified Oil Palm Ash As Filler In Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
description	This work studied the possibility of utilizing oil palm ash (OPA) as filler to reinforce the natural rubber vulcanizates. The OPA loading used in this study was ranged from 0 to 9 phr. The characterization of OPA was carried out prior to compounding by using conventional laboratory-sized two roll mills. Morphological study revealed that the OPA particle was irregular with rough surface and porous structure. The two main mineralogical components in OPA were quartz and calcite which elucidated by Energy dispersive X-ray, X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction analysis. Results of the OPA-filled vulcanizates showed that the scorch time and cure time decreased with the incorporation of OPA whereas maximum torque, tensile modulus, and hardness increased. From a reinforcement point’s perspective, it was worthwhile to note that the tensile strength improved by 16 % when 1 phr OPA was incorporated. When compared to the commercial fillers, this OPA-filled vulcanizate showed comparable strength to the 50 phr carbon black-filled vulcanizate and even higher than silica-filled vulcanizate. Besides, the incorporation of low OPA loading has increased the elongation at break whereas silica and carbon black reduced the elongation at break of the natural rubber vulcanizates. The measurement of rubber-filler interaction and morphological studies of tensile fractured surface of OPA, silica, and carbon black-filled natural rubber vulcanizates supported the result obtained from tensile properties. The thermal stability and retention properties after thermal ageing were notably enhanced with the incorporation of OPA and improved as the OPA loading was increased. xxx Thermogravimetric analysis also denoted the thermal stability was depending on the filler loading, thus higher thermal stability was found for higher loading of filler-filled vulcanizates. Last but not least, the effectiveness of three different pre-treatment methods was carried out in order to further improve the tensile strength of the OPA-filled vulcanizates. The pre-treatment media, i.e. cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR) improved the tensile strength of natural rubber vulcanizates. However, other properties such as curing characteristics, elongation at break, hardness, tensile modulus, and swelling resistance were varied depend on the pre-treatment media utilized. Thermal properties of OPA-filled vulcanizates have been affected after CTAB and LENR modification, but the HCl pretreatment method showed no significant effect and behaves almost the same manner as raw OPA-filled vulcanizates. The CTAB, HCl, and LENR modification method also contribute the positive effect on retention properties of OPA-filled natural rubber vulcanizates after thermal ageing.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Ooi , Zhong Xian
author_facet	Ooi , Zhong Xian
author_sort	Ooi , Zhong Xian
title	Potential Utilization Of Modified Oil Palm Ash As Filler In Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
title_short	Potential Utilization Of Modified Oil Palm Ash As Filler In Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
title_full	Potential Utilization Of Modified Oil Palm Ash As Filler In Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
title_fullStr	Potential Utilization Of Modified Oil Palm Ash As Filler In Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
title_full_unstemmed	Potential Utilization Of Modified Oil Palm Ash As Filler In Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
title_sort	potential utilization of modified oil palm ash as filler in natural rubber vulcanizates
granting_institution	Universiti Sains Malaysia
granting_department	Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral
publishDate	2015
url	http://eprints.usm.my/41224/1/Ooi_Zhong_Xian_24_Pages.pdf
_version_	1747820891504377856

Potential Utilization Of Modified Oil Palm Ash As Filler In Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

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