Association Between Walkability Index And Pedestrians’ Perspective In Reducing Exposure Of Schoolchildren To Ground Level Ozone

Ground level ozone (O3) is one of the gaseous pollutants that significantly affects human health and environment. Exposure to this pollutant and its precursors is more severe to children than adult due to lower breathing height. O3 precursors are mainly emitted from vehicle exhausts. Non-motorized t...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Zainordin, Nazatul Syadia
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2017
Subjects:	T Technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.usm.my/45819/1/Association%20Between%20Walkability%20Index%20And%20Pedestrians%E2%80%99%20Perspective%20In%20Reducing%20Exposure%20Of%20Schoolchildren%20To%20Ground%20Level%20Ozone.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-usm-ep.45819
record_format	uketd_dc
spelling	my-usm-ep.458192021-11-17T03:42:17Z Association Between Walkability Index And Pedestrians’ Perspective In Reducing Exposure Of Schoolchildren To Ground Level Ozone 2017-02 Zainordin, Nazatul Syadia T Technology TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) Ground level ozone (O3) is one of the gaseous pollutants that significantly affects human health and environment. Exposure to this pollutant and its precursors is more severe to children than adult due to lower breathing height. O3 precursors are mainly emitted from vehicle exhausts. Non-motorized travel has become an option in solving these problems. Therefore, this research is focus on school children and the aims are to assess availability and current condition of the facilities by developing the walkability index. Pedestrians’ perspectives and attitudes were also considered to gain their perceptions on provided pedestrian facilities and their attitudes in changing current mode to walking. Ambient O3 concentrations and its precursors were also investigated to observe the current level of exposure of these pollutants to school children. Based on the walkability index for all 22 selected schools, SPP recorded the highest index which is nine while SPC, SBJ, SSA, and STK recorded the lowest which are one. Much attention has been given in terms of geometric designs of pedestrian facilities in urban area compared to sub-urban and rural area due to high traffic volume. From the analysis of one-way ANOVA and independent t-test, respondents’ score on the elements of the pedestrian facilities and level of agreement with environmental problems, awareness and potential in changing the current mode to walking were related to types of respondents, race and gender. Nevertheless, factor of travel distance did not influence the given score and level of agreement by respondents. While assessing the ambient concentrations, most pollutants mainly O3 precursors were much higher at SST due to more anthropogenic sources nearby the area when O3 concentrations were higher at SSH (32.48 ± 15.97 ppb). Lastly, FFBP models were developed and it is found that SSN has the best FFBP models with the highest accuracy measures and lower error measures. In conclusion, higher walkability index is expected to increase the willingness amongst school children to walk to school regardless of the travel distance from home to school. Geometric design of pedestrian facilities and safety measures nearby schools area were found to be the most important issues to look through in order to encourage them to change current mode to walking. This change could reduce the exposure of schoolchildren to O3, and its precursors. As for development of a new predictive tool for future concentrations nearby four schools area may help local authorities to observe and predict the exposure of O3 concentrations on school children with the availability of independent parameters. 2017-02 Thesis http://eprints.usm.my/45819/ http://eprints.usm.my/45819/1/Association%20Between%20Walkability%20Index%20And%20Pedestrians%E2%80%99%20Perspective%20In%20Reducing%20Exposure%20Of%20Schoolchildren%20To%20Ground%20Level%20Ozone.pdf application/pdf en public phd doctoral Universiti Sains Malaysia Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam
institution	Universiti Sains Malaysia
collection	USM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	T Technology T Technology
spellingShingle	T Technology T Technology Zainordin, Nazatul Syadia Association Between Walkability Index And Pedestrians’ Perspective In Reducing Exposure Of Schoolchildren To Ground Level Ozone
description	Ground level ozone (O3) is one of the gaseous pollutants that significantly affects human health and environment. Exposure to this pollutant and its precursors is more severe to children than adult due to lower breathing height. O3 precursors are mainly emitted from vehicle exhausts. Non-motorized travel has become an option in solving these problems. Therefore, this research is focus on school children and the aims are to assess availability and current condition of the facilities by developing the walkability index. Pedestrians’ perspectives and attitudes were also considered to gain their perceptions on provided pedestrian facilities and their attitudes in changing current mode to walking. Ambient O3 concentrations and its precursors were also investigated to observe the current level of exposure of these pollutants to school children. Based on the walkability index for all 22 selected schools, SPP recorded the highest index which is nine while SPC, SBJ, SSA, and STK recorded the lowest which are one. Much attention has been given in terms of geometric designs of pedestrian facilities in urban area compared to sub-urban and rural area due to high traffic volume. From the analysis of one-way ANOVA and independent t-test, respondents’ score on the elements of the pedestrian facilities and level of agreement with environmental problems, awareness and potential in changing the current mode to walking were related to types of respondents, race and gender. Nevertheless, factor of travel distance did not influence the given score and level of agreement by respondents. While assessing the ambient concentrations, most pollutants mainly O3 precursors were much higher at SST due to more anthropogenic sources nearby the area when O3 concentrations were higher at SSH (32.48 ± 15.97 ppb). Lastly, FFBP models were developed and it is found that SSN has the best FFBP models with the highest accuracy measures and lower error measures. In conclusion, higher walkability index is expected to increase the willingness amongst school children to walk to school regardless of the travel distance from home to school. Geometric design of pedestrian facilities and safety measures nearby schools area were found to be the most important issues to look through in order to encourage them to change current mode to walking. This change could reduce the exposure of schoolchildren to O3, and its precursors. As for development of a new predictive tool for future concentrations nearby four schools area may help local authorities to observe and predict the exposure of O3 concentrations on school children with the availability of independent parameters.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Zainordin, Nazatul Syadia
author_facet	Zainordin, Nazatul Syadia
author_sort	Zainordin, Nazatul Syadia
title	Association Between Walkability Index And Pedestrians’ Perspective In Reducing Exposure Of Schoolchildren To Ground Level Ozone
title_short	Association Between Walkability Index And Pedestrians’ Perspective In Reducing Exposure Of Schoolchildren To Ground Level Ozone
title_full	Association Between Walkability Index And Pedestrians’ Perspective In Reducing Exposure Of Schoolchildren To Ground Level Ozone
title_fullStr	Association Between Walkability Index And Pedestrians’ Perspective In Reducing Exposure Of Schoolchildren To Ground Level Ozone
title_full_unstemmed	Association Between Walkability Index And Pedestrians’ Perspective In Reducing Exposure Of Schoolchildren To Ground Level Ozone
title_sort	association between walkability index and pedestrians’ perspective in reducing exposure of schoolchildren to ground level ozone
granting_institution	Universiti Sains Malaysia
granting_department	Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam
publishDate	2017
url	http://eprints.usm.my/45819/1/Association%20Between%20Walkability%20Index%20And%20Pedestrians%E2%80%99%20Perspective%20In%20Reducing%20Exposure%20Of%20Schoolchildren%20To%20Ground%20Level%20Ozone.pdf
_version_	1747821573958533120

Association Between Walkability Index And Pedestrians’ Perspective In Reducing Exposure Of Schoolchildren To Ground Level Ozone

Similar Items