Exploration of handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison

Class characteristics in handwritings is useful in writer profiling when exemplar samples are unavailable for comparison. The unique education system in Malaysia may have established specific characteristic handwritten allographic features that deserve investigation within the intelligence contex...

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Main Author:	Gannetion, Linthini A/P
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2023
Subjects:	R Medicine
Online Access:	http://eprints.usm.my/59871/1/LINTHINI%20GANNETION-FINAL%20THESIS%20S-SKD000317%28R%29%20-E.pdf
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id	my-usm-ep.59871
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spelling	my-usm-ep.598712024-02-15T02:37:27Z Exploration of handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison 2023-09 Gannetion, Linthini A/P R Medicine RA1001 Forensic Medicine. Medical jurisprudence. Legal medicine Class characteristics in handwritings is useful in writer profiling when exemplar samples are unavailable for comparison. The unique education system in Malaysia may have established specific characteristic handwritten allographic features that deserve investigation within the intelligence context. This study aims to investigate the common and distinguishable handwriting allographic features attributed to the primary education backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison. At the preliminary stage, 50 sets of handwriting samples regardless of primary education background were thoroughly reviewed to determine the general handwritten features. Subsequently, characteristic handwritten features potentially attributed to the primary education backgrounds (i.e., National Schools, Chinesemedium vernacular schools, Tamil-medium vernacular schools, and Islamic Religious Schools) were identified and their associations among the four backgrounds were analysed using Chi-square test followed by multinomial logistic regression (MLR). Selected handwritten features were then examined on newly recruited 400 writers (100 writers for each background) in the field study. A classification and regression tree (CART) was established, and the predictive capability was determined using blind exemplars. From a total of 189 features determined at the preliminary stage, 23 of them were significantly attributable to primary education backgrounds (p-value <0.05) based on the Chi-square test and MLR model. In the field study, the number of statistically significant features were further reduced to 17 features, comprising of letters ‘B’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘G’, ‘H’, ‘I’, ‘p’, and ‘t’, and nine features were recognised to be capable of distinguishing writers from a single education background from the others. Through CART, five handwritten features carrying greater importance in discriminating the writers were determined, including letter ‘t’ with crossbar written first followed by vertical stroke, letter ‘B’ with no protruding initial stroke, letter ‘E’ constructed with three individual strokes, letter ‘E’ with the stem written first followed by the top arm, crossbar and base arm, and letter ‘G’ with stress written first followed by chin and barb. It allowed for a 71.0% accurate classification, and testing on blind exemplars demonstrating an 85.0% prediction accuracy. To conclude, this study had successfully determined the handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers, providing the foundation data for the establishment of forensic intelligence framework for handwriting examination, which would be beneficial to the investigation of document related cases, especially when reference samples are not available. 2023-09 Thesis http://eprints.usm.my/59871/ http://eprints.usm.my/59871/1/LINTHINI%20GANNETION-FINAL%20THESIS%20S-SKD000317%28R%29%20-E.pdf application/pdf en public phd doctoral Universiti Sains Malaysia Pusat Pengajian Sains Kesihatan
institution	Universiti Sains Malaysia
collection	USM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	R Medicine R Medicine
spellingShingle	R Medicine R Medicine Gannetion, Linthini A/P Exploration of handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison
description	Class characteristics in handwritings is useful in writer profiling when exemplar samples are unavailable for comparison. The unique education system in Malaysia may have established specific characteristic handwritten allographic features that deserve investigation within the intelligence context. This study aims to investigate the common and distinguishable handwriting allographic features attributed to the primary education backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison. At the preliminary stage, 50 sets of handwriting samples regardless of primary education background were thoroughly reviewed to determine the general handwritten features. Subsequently, characteristic handwritten features potentially attributed to the primary education backgrounds (i.e., National Schools, Chinesemedium vernacular schools, Tamil-medium vernacular schools, and Islamic Religious Schools) were identified and their associations among the four backgrounds were analysed using Chi-square test followed by multinomial logistic regression (MLR). Selected handwritten features were then examined on newly recruited 400 writers (100 writers for each background) in the field study. A classification and regression tree (CART) was established, and the predictive capability was determined using blind exemplars. From a total of 189 features determined at the preliminary stage, 23 of them were significantly attributable to primary education backgrounds (p-value <0.05) based on the Chi-square test and MLR model. In the field study, the number of statistically significant features were further reduced to 17 features, comprising of letters ‘B’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘G’, ‘H’, ‘I’, ‘p’, and ‘t’, and nine features were recognised to be capable of distinguishing writers from a single education background from the others. Through CART, five handwritten features carrying greater importance in discriminating the writers were determined, including letter ‘t’ with crossbar written first followed by vertical stroke, letter ‘B’ with no protruding initial stroke, letter ‘E’ constructed with three individual strokes, letter ‘E’ with the stem written first followed by the top arm, crossbar and base arm, and letter ‘G’ with stress written first followed by chin and barb. It allowed for a 71.0% accurate classification, and testing on blind exemplars demonstrating an 85.0% prediction accuracy. To conclude, this study had successfully determined the handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers, providing the foundation data for the establishment of forensic intelligence framework for handwriting examination, which would be beneficial to the investigation of document related cases, especially when reference samples are not available.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Gannetion, Linthini A/P
author_facet	Gannetion, Linthini A/P
author_sort	Gannetion, Linthini A/P
title	Exploration of handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison
title_short	Exploration of handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison
title_full	Exploration of handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison
title_fullStr	Exploration of handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison
title_full_unstemmed	Exploration of handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison
title_sort	exploration of handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of malaysian writers for forensic comparison
granting_institution	Universiti Sains Malaysia
granting_department	Pusat Pengajian Sains Kesihatan
publishDate	2023
url	http://eprints.usm.my/59871/1/LINTHINI%20GANNETION-FINAL%20THESIS%20S-SKD000317%28R%29%20-E.pdf
_version_	1794024066005336064

Exploration of handwritten allographic features attributed to the primary educational backgrounds of Malaysian writers for forensic comparison

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