The Process Parameter Effects On Hybrid Structure Of Dissimilar Materials Made By Friction Stir Welding

In order to accommodate the demand for low weight product, significant effort is being directed towards the replacement of steel by Al Alloys for particular structural parts in transport applications. However, it is difficult to find the most suitable joining method due to dissimilarities in the the...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Hussein, Sadiq Aziz
Format: Thesis
Language:English
English
Published: 2016
Subjects:
Online Access:http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18614/1/The%20Process%20Parameter%20Effects%20On%20Hybrid%20Structure%20Of%20Dissimilar%20Materials%20Made%20By%20Friction%20Stir%20Welding%2024%20Pages.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18614/2/The%20Process%20Parameter%20Effects%20On%20Hybrid%20Structure%20Of%20Dissimilar%20Materials%20Made%20By%20Friction%20Stir%20Welding.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-utem-ep.18614
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection UTeM Repository
language English
English
advisor Md Tahir, Abd Salam

topic T Technology (General)
TS Manufactures
spellingShingle T Technology (General)
TS Manufactures
Hussein, Sadiq Aziz
The Process Parameter Effects On Hybrid Structure Of Dissimilar Materials Made By Friction Stir Welding
description In order to accommodate the demand for low weight product, significant effort is being directed towards the replacement of steel by Al Alloys for particular structural parts in transport applications. However, it is difficult to find the most suitable joining method due to dissimilarities in the thermal and mechanical properties of the materials in such structures. For example, joining of Al Alloy to steel by fusion welding methods produces deleterious reactions as a result of the associated melting and resolidification processes. Friction stir welding could be a better choice by exploiting its solid-state process behaviour to join such dissimilar materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the process parameters effect on a joint made by friction stir welding for three dissimilar materials. It also aims to produce this joint in low cost manner, and with modification of tools used. Single pass friction stir welding has been used to join three dissimilar metallic alloys of hardened and tempered Al Alloys in butt configuration, to steel in lap configuration. Preliminary investigation and pilot test have been conducted to achieve low-cost welding process and detect the initial levels of the welding process parameters. Few steps have been implemented to attain suitable range of these parameters of both joints. In Al Alloys to steel joining, diffusion and plunging have been investigated for eligibility, matching with low-cost welding process, and attaining robust joint. The design of experiments and analysis of variance have been used to explain the effects of welding parameters on joint strength in this study. Rule of thumb has been established from preliminary investigation to mitigate the high generated forces during the critical stages of the welding process. This preliminary investigation suggests significant experimental steps for the next stage which is welding of dissimilar materials. The pilot investigation succeeds in detecting the initial level of the welding parameters, selection of best technique for the welding of Al Alloys to steel, and arrangement of Al Alloys sheets on the retreating and advancing sides. The final collected data shows that low welding speed (such as 20 mm/min) is important to attain robust Al Alloy to steel joint, while high speed (such as 300 mm/min) produces high tensile strength of Al Alloys joint. Generally, low rotational speed such as 400-900 rpm, will result in poor weld quality, while high rotational speeds, such as 1800 and 2000 rpm, produce consistent range of joint strengths and good weld quality. Extremely high welding (400 mm/min) and rotational (≥ 2000 rpm) speeds will produce weld defects as well. Steel fragments spattered at the weld zone, weld defects, and the mechanical properties of the formed intermetallic layer and its thickness are the influential factors in the Al Alloy to steel joint. Diffusion technique is known to be able to avoid the limitation of pin plunging into steel. Though the strain failure values may be low as compared to the base materials, dissimilar Al Alloys joint efficiency can achieve 85% of the AA6061-T6 base material, while Al Alloys to steel joints can attain approximately 100% of the steel base material. A new tool, multi-adjustable, has been proposed for the future work. The new design accommodates some of the main affected parameters in the targeted structures as suggested by the final results of this study. The use of this tool could further reduce the cost of the friction stir welding process.
format Thesis
qualification_name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level Doctorate
author Hussein, Sadiq Aziz
author_facet Hussein, Sadiq Aziz
author_sort Hussein, Sadiq Aziz
title The Process Parameter Effects On Hybrid Structure Of Dissimilar Materials Made By Friction Stir Welding
title_short The Process Parameter Effects On Hybrid Structure Of Dissimilar Materials Made By Friction Stir Welding
title_full The Process Parameter Effects On Hybrid Structure Of Dissimilar Materials Made By Friction Stir Welding
title_fullStr The Process Parameter Effects On Hybrid Structure Of Dissimilar Materials Made By Friction Stir Welding
title_full_unstemmed The Process Parameter Effects On Hybrid Structure Of Dissimilar Materials Made By Friction Stir Welding
title_sort process parameter effects on hybrid structure of dissimilar materials made by friction stir welding
granting_institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
publishDate 2016
url http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18614/1/The%20Process%20Parameter%20Effects%20On%20Hybrid%20Structure%20Of%20Dissimilar%20Materials%20Made%20By%20Friction%20Stir%20Welding%2024%20Pages.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18614/2/The%20Process%20Parameter%20Effects%20On%20Hybrid%20Structure%20Of%20Dissimilar%20Materials%20Made%20By%20Friction%20Stir%20Welding.pdf
_version_ 1747833943661477888
spelling my-utem-ep.186142021-10-10T22:38:17Z The Process Parameter Effects On Hybrid Structure Of Dissimilar Materials Made By Friction Stir Welding 2016 Hussein, Sadiq Aziz T Technology (General) TS Manufactures In order to accommodate the demand for low weight product, significant effort is being directed towards the replacement of steel by Al Alloys for particular structural parts in transport applications. However, it is difficult to find the most suitable joining method due to dissimilarities in the thermal and mechanical properties of the materials in such structures. For example, joining of Al Alloy to steel by fusion welding methods produces deleterious reactions as a result of the associated melting and resolidification processes. Friction stir welding could be a better choice by exploiting its solid-state process behaviour to join such dissimilar materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the process parameters effect on a joint made by friction stir welding for three dissimilar materials. It also aims to produce this joint in low cost manner, and with modification of tools used. Single pass friction stir welding has been used to join three dissimilar metallic alloys of hardened and tempered Al Alloys in butt configuration, to steel in lap configuration. Preliminary investigation and pilot test have been conducted to achieve low-cost welding process and detect the initial levels of the welding process parameters. Few steps have been implemented to attain suitable range of these parameters of both joints. In Al Alloys to steel joining, diffusion and plunging have been investigated for eligibility, matching with low-cost welding process, and attaining robust joint. The design of experiments and analysis of variance have been used to explain the effects of welding parameters on joint strength in this study. Rule of thumb has been established from preliminary investigation to mitigate the high generated forces during the critical stages of the welding process. This preliminary investigation suggests significant experimental steps for the next stage which is welding of dissimilar materials. The pilot investigation succeeds in detecting the initial level of the welding parameters, selection of best technique for the welding of Al Alloys to steel, and arrangement of Al Alloys sheets on the retreating and advancing sides. The final collected data shows that low welding speed (such as 20 mm/min) is important to attain robust Al Alloy to steel joint, while high speed (such as 300 mm/min) produces high tensile strength of Al Alloys joint. Generally, low rotational speed such as 400-900 rpm, will result in poor weld quality, while high rotational speeds, such as 1800 and 2000 rpm, produce consistent range of joint strengths and good weld quality. Extremely high welding (400 mm/min) and rotational (≥ 2000 rpm) speeds will produce weld defects as well. Steel fragments spattered at the weld zone, weld defects, and the mechanical properties of the formed intermetallic layer and its thickness are the influential factors in the Al Alloy to steel joint. Diffusion technique is known to be able to avoid the limitation of pin plunging into steel. Though the strain failure values may be low as compared to the base materials, dissimilar Al Alloys joint efficiency can achieve 85% of the AA6061-T6 base material, while Al Alloys to steel joints can attain approximately 100% of the steel base material. A new tool, multi-adjustable, has been proposed for the future work. The new design accommodates some of the main affected parameters in the targeted structures as suggested by the final results of this study. The use of this tool could further reduce the cost of the friction stir welding process. UTeM 2016 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18614/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18614/1/The%20Process%20Parameter%20Effects%20On%20Hybrid%20Structure%20Of%20Dissimilar%20Materials%20Made%20By%20Friction%20Stir%20Welding%2024%20Pages.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18614/2/The%20Process%20Parameter%20Effects%20On%20Hybrid%20Structure%20Of%20Dissimilar%20Materials%20Made%20By%20Friction%20Stir%20Welding.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=100385 phd doctoral Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Md Tahir, Abd Salam 1. Alumar Yachts, 2010. Frames and Bulkheads Erected, Stringers Installed Steel and Aluminium [online], Available at: http://www.alumaryachts.com/construction.html, [Accessed on 12 Nov 2013]. 2. Arbegast, W.J., 2008. A Flow-Partitioned Deformation Zone Model for Defect Formation During Friction Stir Welding. Scripta Materialia, 58(5), pp.372–376. 3. Arora, A., De, A., and Debroy, T., 2011. Toward Optimum Friction Stir Welding Tool Shoulder Diameter. Scripta Materialia, 64(1), pp.9–12. 4. Arora, K.S., Pandey, S., Schaper, M., and Kumar, R., 2010. Effect of Process Parameters on Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy 2219-T87. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 50(9-12), pp.941–952. 5. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials, 2009. E8, Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials., Philadelphia, PA. 6. Aval, H., Serajzadeh, S., Sakharova, N. A., Kokabi, A. H., and Loureiro, A., 2012. A Study on Microstructures and Residual Stress Distributions in Dissimilar Friction-Stir Welding of AA5086-AA6061. Journal of Materials Science, 47(14), pp.5428–5437. 7. Azimzadegan, T., and Serajzadeh, S., 2010. An Investigation Into Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of AA7075-T6 During Friction Stir Welding at Relatively High Rotational Speeds. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 19(9), pp.1256–1263. 8. Bagheri, A., Azdast, T., and Doniavi, A., 2013. An Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded ABS Sheets. Materials and Design, 43, pp.402–409. 9. Bozzi, S., Helbert-Etter, A.L., Baudin, T., Criqui, B., and Kerbiguet, J.G., 2010. Intermetallic Compounds in Al 6016/IF-Steel Friction Stir Spot Welds. Materials Science and Engineering A, 527(16-17), pp.4505–4509. 10. Burford, D.A, Tweedy, B.M., and Widener, C. A, 2006. Influence of Shoulder Configuration and Geometric Features on FSW Track Properties. 6th International Symposium on Friction Stir Welding. 2006 Saint-Sauveur, Nr Montréal, Canada, p. PAPER 36. 11. Çam, G., and Mistikoglu, S., 2014. Recent Developments in Friction Stir Welding of Al-alloys. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 23(6), pp.1936–1953. 12. Cederqvist, L., Garpinger, O., Hägglund, T., and Robertsson, a., 2012. Cascade control of the friction stir welding process to seal canisters for spent nuclear fuel. Control Engineering Practice, 20(1), pp.35–48. 13. Chang, C.C., and Uan, J.Y., 2008. Ductile-to-brittle transition for the aluminum alloy contacting to liquid gallium metal. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 464(1-2), pp.146–149. 14. Chao, Y.J., Liu, S., and Chien, C., 2008. Friction Stir Welding of AL 6061‐T6 Thick Plates: Part II ‐ Numerical Modeling of the Thermal and Heat Transfer Phenomena. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 31(5), pp.769–779. 15. Chen, C.M., and Kovacevic, R., 2004. Joining of Al 6061 Alloy to AISI 1018 Steel by Combined Effects of Fusion and Solid State Welding. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 44(11), pp.1205–1214. 16. Chen, C.M., and Kovacevic, R., 2003. Finite Element Modeling of Friction Stir Welding—Thermal and Thermomechanical Analysis. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 43(13), pp.1319–1326. 17. Chen, S., Huang, J., Ma, K., Zhao, X., and Vivek, A., 2014. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Laser Penetration Welding Joint With/Without Ni-Foil in an Overlap Steel-on-Aluminum Configuration. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 45(7), pp.3064–3073. 18. Chen, Y.C., Komazaki, T., Kim, Y.G., Tsumura, T., and Nakata, K., 2008. Interface Microstructure Study of Friction Stir Lap Joint of AC4C Cast Aluminum Alloy and Zinc-Coated Steel. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 111(2-3), pp.375–380. 19. Chen, Y.C., and Nakata, K., 2008. Effect of the Surface State of Steel on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Lap Joints of Aluminum and Steel by Friction Stir Welding. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 39(8), pp.1985–1992. 20. Chen, Z.W., and Yazdanian, S., 2012. Friction Stir Lap Welding : Material Flow , Joint Structure and Strength. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 55(2), pp.629–637. 21. Chen, Z.W., Yazdanian, S., and Littlefair, G., 2013. Effects of Tool Positioning on Joint Interface Microstructure and Fracture Strength of Friction Stir Lap Al-to-Steel Welds. Journal of Materials Science, 48(6), pp.2624–2634. 22. Chowdhury, S.M., Chen, D.L., Bhole, S.D., and Cao, X., 2010. Effect of Pin Tool Thread Orientation on Fatigue Strength of Friction Stir Welded AZ31B-H24 Mg Butt Joints. Procedia Engineering, 2(1), pp.825–833. 23. Coelho, R.S. , Kostka, A., Sheikhi, S., dos Santos, J., and Pyzalla, A. R., 2008. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an AA6181-T4 Aluminium Alloy to HC340LA High Strength Steel Friction Stir Overlap Weld. Advanced Engineering Materials, 10(10), pp.961–972. 24. Coelho, R.S., Kostka, A., dos Santos, J.F., and Kaysser-Pyzalla, A., 2012. Friction-Stir Dissimilar Welding of Aluminium Alloy to High Strength Steels: Mechanical Properties and their Relation to Microstructure. Materials Science and Engineering A, 556, pp.175–183. 25. Dalder, E., Pastrnak, J.W., Engel, J., Forrest, R.S., and Kokko, E., Ternan, K.M., and Waldron, D., 2008. Friction Stir Welding of Thick-Walled Aluminum Pressure Vessels. Welding Journal-New York, 87(4), pp.40–44. 26. Das, H., Basak, S., and Das, G., 2013. Influence of Energy Induced from Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Lap Joint of Aluminum to Coated Steel Sheet. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 64, pp.1653–1661. 27. Das, H., Ghosh, R.N., and Pal, T.K., 2014. Study on the Formation and Characterization of the Intermetallics in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy to Coated Steel Sheet Lap Joint. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 45(11), pp.5098–5106. 28. Das, H., Jana, S.S., Pal, T.K., and De, A., 2014. Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Friction Stir Lap Welding of Aluminium to Steel. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 19(1), pp.69–75. 29. Das, S.K., Green, J.A.S., and Kaufman, G.K., 2010. Aluminum Recycling: Economic and Environmental Benefits. Light Metal Age, 68(1), pp.42–46. 30. DebRoy, T., and Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H., 2010. Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Alloys – A Perspective. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 15(4), pp.266–270. 31. Dehghani, M., Amadeh, A., and Akbari Mousavi, S.A.A., 2013. Investigations on the Effects of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Intermetallic and Defect Formation in Joining Aluminum Alloy to Mild Steel. Materials and Design, 49, pp.433–441. 32. Ding, R.J., The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2012. Thermal Stir Welder, US Patent Application No 8,127,977 B1. 33. Dressler, U., Biallas, G., and Alfaro Mercado, U., 2009. Friction Stir Welding of Titanium Alloy TiAl6V4 to Aluminium Alloy AA2024-T3. Materials Science and Engineering A, 526(1-2), pp.113–117. 34. Dursun, T., and Soutis, C., 2014. Recent Developments in Advanced Aircraft Aluminium Alloys. Materials and Design, 56, pp.862–871. 35. Eclipse 550, 2013. Eclipse 550 Flipbook - Eclipse Aerospace, USA. 36. Elangovan, K., and Balasubramanian, V., 2007. Influences of Pin Profile and Rotational Speed of the Tool on the Formation of Friction Stir Processing Zone in AA2219 Aluminium Alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A, 459(1-2), pp.7–18. 37. Elangovan, K., and Balasubramanian, V., 2008. Influences of Tool Pin Profile and Welding Speed on the Formation of Friction Stir Processing Zone in AA2219 Aluminium Alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 200(1-3), pp.163–175. 38. Elangovan, K., Balasubramanian, V., and Valliappan, M., 2008a. Effect of Tool Pin Profile and Tool Rotational Speed on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA6061 Aluminium Alloy. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 23(3), pp.251–260. 39. Elangovan, K., Balasubramanian, V., and Valliappan, M., 2008b. Influences of Tool Pin Profile and Axial Force on the Formation of Friction Stir Processing Zone in AA6061 Aluminium Alloy. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 38(3-4), pp.285–295. 40. Elrefaey, a., Gouda, M., Takahashi, M., and Ikeuchi, K., 2005. Characterization of Aluminum/Steel Lap Joint by Friction Stir Welding. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 14(1), pp.10–17. 41. ETH, 2009. Smart Airfoil-Multidisciplinary Structural Analysis and Optimization for Morphing Aero-foils. [online] Available at: https://www1.ethz.ch/structures/ people/people_detail ?id=54 [Accessed on 1 Jan 2016]. 42. Faes, K., Dhooge, A., Baets, P.D, Donckt, E.V.D., and Waele, W.D, 2009. Parameter Optimisation for Automatic Pipeline Girth Welding using a New Friction Welding Method. Materials and Design, 30(3), pp.581–589. 43. Fratini, L., Micari, F., Buffa, G., and Ruisi, V.F., 2010. A New Fixture for FSW Processes of Titanium Alloys. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 59(1), pp.271–274. 44. Frigaard, Ø., Grong, Ø., and Midling, O.T., 2001. A Process Model for Friction Stir Welding of Age Hardening Aluminum Alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 32(5), pp.1189–1200. 45. Fu, R.-D., Sun, R.-C., Zhang, F.-C., and Liu, H.-J., 2012. Improvement of Formation Quality for Friction Stir Welded Joints. Welding Journal, 91(6), pp.169–173. 46. Fuller, C.B., 2007. Friction Stir Tooling: Tool Materials and Designs. In Friction Stir Welding and Processing (Mishra, R.S., Mahoney, M.W., 1st ed.), pp. 7-35. Ohio, ASM International. 47. Fujii, H., Cui, L., Maeda, M., and Nogi, K., 2006. Effect of Tool Shape on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 419(1-2), pp.25–31. 48. Galvão, I., Leal, R.M., Rodrigues, D.M., and Loureiro, A., 2013. Influence of Tool Shoulder Geometry on Properties of Friction Stir Welds in Thin Copper Sheets. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 213(2), pp.129–135. 49. Gaustad, G., Olivetti, E. and Kirchain, R., 2012. Improving aluminum recycling: A Survey of Sorting and Impurity Removal Technologies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 58, pp.79–87. 50. Ghaffarpour, M., Kolahgar, S., Dariani, B.M., and Dehghani, K., 2013. Evaluation of Dissimilar Welds of 5083-H12 and 6061-T6 Produced by Friction Stir Welding. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 44(8), pp.3697–3707. 51. Gibson, B.T., Lammlein, D.H., Prater, T.J., Longhurst, W.R., Cox, C.D., Ballun, M.C., Dharmaraj, K.J., Cook, G.E., and Strauss, A.M., 2014. Friction Stir Welding: Process, Automation, and Control. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 16(1), pp.56–73. 52. Girard, M., Huneau, B., Genevois, C., Sauvage, X., and Racineux, G., 2010. Friction Stir Diffusion Bonding of Dissimilar Metals. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 15(8), pp.661–665. 53. Grujicic, M., Arakere, G., Yalavarthy, H.V., He, T., Yen, C.F., and Cheeseman, B.A., 2010. Modeling of AA5083 Material-Microstructure Evolution During Butt Friction-Stir Welding. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 19(5), pp.672–684. 54. Guo, J., Gougeon, P., and Chen, X.-G., 2012. Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded Joints Between AA1100-B4C MMC and AA6063 Alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 553, pp.149–156. 55. Haghshenas, M., Abdel-Gwad, A., Omran, A.M., Gökçe, B., Sahraeinejad, S., and Gerlich, A.P., 2014. Friction Stir Weld Assisted Diffusion Bonding of 5754 Aluminum Alloy to Coated High Strength Steels. Materials & Design, 55, pp.442–449. 56. Hilgert, J., 2012. Knowledge Based Process Development of Bobbin Tool Friction Stir Welding. PhD Thesis, Technischen Universität Hamburg-Harburg. 57. Hirsch, J., 2011. Aluminium in Innovative Light-Weight Car Design. Materials Transactions, 52(5), pp.818–824. 58. Honda Motor Co., Ltd., 2013. Honda Develops New Technology to Join Steel and Aluminum of Mass Production Vehicles. [online] Available at: http://world.honda.com/news /2013/4130218New-Technology-Join-Steel-Aluminum/ [Accessed on 4 Feb 2016]. 59. Horie, S., Shinozaki, K., Yamamoto, M., Kadoi, K., and North, T.H., 2011. Effects of Tool Geometry and Process Conditions on Material Flow and Strength of Friction Stir Spot Welded Joints. Transactions of JWRI, 39(2), pp.28-30. 60. Hou, X., Yang, X., Cui, L., and Zhou, G., 2014. Influences of Joint Geometry on Defects and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA6061-T4 T-Joints. Materials & Design, 53, pp.106–117. 61. Hussein, S.A., Tahir, A.S.M., and Hadzley, A.B., 2015a. Characteristics of Aluminum-to-Steel Joint Made by Friction Stir Welding: A review. Materials Today Communications, 5, pp.32–49. 62. Hussein, S.A., Tahir, A.S.M., and Izamshah, R., 2015b. Generated Forces and Heat During the Critical Stages of Friction Stir Welding and Processing. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 29(10), pp.4319–4328. 63. Hussein, S.A., Thiru, S., Izamshah, R., and Tahir, A.S.M, 2014. Unstable Temperature Distribution in Friction Stir Welding. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014, pp.1–8. 64. I-STIR™ technology, Inc., 2012. Friction Stir Welding Solutions, USA. 65. Jacquin, D., de Meester, B., Simar, A., Deloison, D., Montheillet, F., and Desrayaud, C., 2011. A Simple Eulerian thermomechanical Modeling of Friction Stir Welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 211(1), pp.57–65. 66. Jayaraman, M., Sivasubramanian, R., Balasubramanian, V., and Lakshminarayanan, A.K., 2009. Optimization of Process Parameters for Friction Stir Welding of Cast Aluminium Alloy A319 by Taguchi Method. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 68(1), pp.36–43. 67. Jian, Z., and Hejing, W., 2003. The Physical Meanings of 5 Basic Parameters for an X-Ray Diffraction Peak and Their Application. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 22(1), pp.38–44. 68. Kah, P., Jibril, A., Martikainen, J., and Suoranta, R., 2012. Process Possibility of Welding Thin Aluminium Alloys. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 7(3), pp.232–242. 69. Karthikeyan, L. and Senthil Kumar, V.S., 2011. Relationship Between Process Parameters and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Processed AA6063-T6 Aluminum Alloy. Materials and Design, 32(5), pp.3085–3091. 70. Khaled, T., 2005. An Outsider Looks at Friction Stir Welding. Fed Aviat Admin, 25(July), pp.27–29. 71. Kimapong, K., and Watanabe, T., 2004. Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy to Steel. Welding Journal, 83(10), pp.277–282. 72. Kimapong, K., and Watanabe, T., 2005. Lap Joint of A5083 Aluminum Alloy and SS400 Steel by Friction Stir Welding. Materials Transactions, 46(4), pp.835–841. 73. Kobayashi, S., and Yakou, T., 2002. Control of Intermetallic Compound Layers at Interface Between Steel and Aluminum by Diffusion-Treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 338(1-2), pp.44–53. 74. Koilraj, M., Sundareswaran, V., Vijayan, S., and Koteswara Rao, S.R., 2012. Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys AA2219 to AA5083 - Optimization of Process Parameters using Taguchi Technique. Materials and Design, 42, pp.1–7. 75. Kumbhar, N.T., and Bhanumurthy, K., 2012. Friction Stir Welding of Al 5052 with Al 6061 Alloys. Journal of Metallurgy, 2012, pp.1–7. 76. Kundu, S., Roy, D., Bhola, R., Bhattacharjee, D., Mishra, B., and Chatterjee, S., 2013. Microstructure and Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welded Joints Between Interstitial Free Steel and Commercially Pure Aluminium. Materials & Design, 50, pp.370–375. 77. Kusuda, Y., 2013. Honda Develops Robotized FSW Technology to Weld Steel and Aluminum and Applied It to a Mass‐Production Vehicle. Industrial Robot: An International Journal, 40(3), pp.208–212. 78. Lakshminarayanan, A.K., and Balasubramanian, V., 2009. Comparison of RSM with ANN in Predicting Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welded AA7039 Aluminium Alloy Joints. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 19(1), pp.9–18. 79. Leal, R.M. , Leitao, C., Loureiro, A., Rodrigues, D. M., and Vilaca, P., 2008. Material Flow in Heterogeneous Friction Stir Welding of Thin Aluminium Sheets: Effect of Shoulder Geometry. Materials Science and Engineering A, 498(1-2), pp.384–391. 80. Leitão, C., Emílio, B., Chaparro, B.M., and Rodrigues, D.M., 2009. Formability of Similar and Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded AA 5182-H111 and AA 6016-T4 Tailored Blanks. Materials and Design, 30(8), pp.3235–3242. 81. Li, J.Q., and Liu, H.J., 2013. Effects of Tool Rotation Speed on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of AA2219-T6 Welded by The External Non-Rotational Shoulder Assisted Friction Stir Welding. Materials and Design, 43, pp.299–306. 82. Li, W., Vairis, A., and Ward, R.M., 2014. Advances in Friction Welding. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014, pp.1. 83. Liu, H.J., Hou, J.C., and Guo, H., 2013. Effect of Welding Speed on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Self-Reacting Friction Stir Welded 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy. Materials and Design, 50, pp.872–878. 84. Liu, H.J., and Zhang, H.J., 2009. Repair Welding Process of Friction Stir Welding Groove Defect. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 19(3), pp.563–567. 85. Liu, J., Tan, M.J., Jarfors, A.E.W., Aue-u-lan, Y., and Castagne, S., 2010. Formability in AA5083 and AA6061 Alloys for Light Weight Applications. Materials and Design, 31, pp.S66–S70. 86. Liu, W., Ma, J., Mazar Atabaki, M., and Kovacevic, R., 2015. Joining of Advanced High-Strength Steel to AA 6061 Alloy by using Fe/Al Structural Transition Joint. Materials & Design, 68, pp.146–157. 87. Liu, X., Lan, S., and Ni, J., 2014. Analysis of Process Parameters Effects on Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloy to Advanced High Strength Steel. Materials & Design, 59, pp.50–62. 88. Lombard, H., Hattingh, D.G., Steuwer, A., and James, M.N., 2008. Optimising FSW Process Parameters to Minimise Defects and Maximise Fatigue Life in 5083-H321 Aluminium Alloy. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 75(3-4), pp.341–354. 89. Lorrain, O., Favier, V., Zahrouni, H., and Lawrjaniec, D., 2010. Understanding the Material Flow Path of Friction Stir Welding Process using Unthreaded Tools. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 210(4), pp.603–609. 90. Lotfi, A.H., and Nourouzi, S., 2014. Effect of Welding Parameters on Microstructure, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Friction-Stir Welded Joints of AA7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 45A, pp.2792–2804. 91. Ma, J., Harooni, M., Carlson, B., and Kovacevic, R., 2014. Dissimilar Joining of Galvanized High-Strength Steel to Aluminum Alloy in a Zero-Gap Lap Joint Configuration by Two-Pass Laser Welding. Materials and Design, 58, pp.390–401. 92. Ma, Z.Y., 2008. Friction Stir Processing Technology: A Review. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 39(3), pp.642–658. 93. Malarvizhi, S., and Balasubramanian, V., 2011. Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance of Gas Tungsten Arc, Electron Beam and Friction Stir Welded Joints of AA2219 Aluminium Alloy. Materials and Design, 32(3), pp.1205–1214. 94. Mandal, S., Rice, J., and Elmustafa, A.A., 2008. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Plunge Stage in Friction Stir Welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 203(1-3), pp.411–419. 95. Meco, S., Pardal, G., Ganguly, S., Williams, S., and McPherson, N., 2015. Application of Laser in Seam Welding of Dissimilar Steel to Aluminium Joints for Thick Structural Components. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 67, pp.22–30. 96. Mehta, M., Arora, A., De, A., and Debroy, T., 2011. Tool Geometry for Friction Stir Welding -Optimum Shoulder Diameter. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 42(9), pp.2716–2722. 97. Meran, C., and Canyurt, O.E., 2010. Friction Stir Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 43(1), pp.432–439. 98. Merklein, M., and Giera, A., 2008. Laser Assisted Friction Stir Welding of Drawable Steel-Aluminium Tailored Hybrids. International Journal of Material Forming, 1(S1), pp.1299–1302. 99. Mertin, C., Naumov, A., Mosecker, L., Bambach, M., and Hirt, G., 2014. Influence of the Process Temperature on the Properties of Friction Stir Welded Blanks Made of Mild Steel and Aluminum. Key Engineering Materials, 611-612, pp.1429–1436. 100. Mishra, R.S., and Ma, Z.Y., 2005. Friction Stir Welding and Processing. Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports, 50(1-2), pp.1–78. 101. Mohanty, H.K., Mahapatra, M.M., Kumar, P., Biswas, P., and Mandal, N. R., 2012. Effect of Tool Shoulder and Pin Probe Profiles on Friction Stirred Aluminum Welds - A Comparative Study. Journal of Marine Science and Application, 11(2), pp.200–207. 102. Moreira, P.M.G.P., Santos, T., Tavares, S.M.O., Richter-Trummer, V., Vilaca, P., and de Castro, P.M.S.T., 2009. Mechanical and Metallurgical Characterization of Friction Stir Welding Joints of AA6061-T6 with AA6082-T6. Materials and Design, 30(1), pp.180–187. 103. Morisada, Y., Imaizumi, T., Fujii, H., Matsushita, M., and Ikeda, R., 2014. Three-Dimensional Visualization of Material Flow During Friction Stir Welding of Steel and Aluminum. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 23(11), pp.4143–4147. 104. Movahedi, M., Kokabi, A. H., Reihani, S. M. S., Cheng, W. J., and Wang, C. J., 2013. Effect of Annealing Treatment on Joint Strength of Aluminum/Steel Friction Stir Lap Weld. Materials and Design, 44, pp.487–492. 105. Movahedi, M., Kokabi, A.H., Reihani, S.M.S., and Najafi, H., 2011. Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Al-5083/St-12 lap Joints Made by Friction Stir Welding. Procedia Engineering, 10, pp.3297–3303. 106. Mun, H.-S., and Seo, S.-I., 2013. Welding Strain Analysis of Friction Stir-Welded Aluminum Alloy Structures using Inherent Strain-Based Equivalent Loads. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 27(9), pp.2775–2782. 107. Mvola, B., Kah, P., and Martikainen, J., 2014. Dissimilar Ferrous Metal Welding using Advanced Gas Metal Arc Welding Processes. REV. aDV. mATER. sCI., 38, pp.125–137. 108. Nandan, R., Roy, G.G., and Debroy, T., 2006. Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Heat Transfer and Plastic Flow During Friction Stir Welding. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 37A, pp.1247–1259. 109. Nandan, R., Roy, G.G., Lienert, T.J., and Debroy, T., 2007. Three-Dimensional Heat and Material Flow During Friction Stir Welding of Mild Steel. Acta Materialia, 55(3), pp.883–895. 110. NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), 2002. Retractable Pin Tools for the Friction Stir Welding Process [online] Available at: http://www.msfc.nasa.gov/ne ws/news/releases/2002/02-009.html, [Accessed on 4 May 2012]. 111. Neto, D.M., and Neto, P., 2012. Numerical Modeling of Friction Stir Welding Process: A Literature Review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 65(1-4), pp.115–126. 112. Ni, D.R., Xue, P., and Ma, Z.Y., 2011. Effect of Multiple-Pass Friction Stir Processing Overlapping on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast Nial Bronze. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 42(8), pp.2125–2135. 113. Oelgoetz, P.A., and Ding, J., The Boing Company, 2000. Manual Adjustable Probe Tool for Friction Stir Welding, US Patent Application No 6,138,895. 114. Ogura, T., Saito, Y., Nishida, T., Nishida, H., and Yoshida, T., 2012. Partitioning Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and the Interfacial Microstructure in a Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy / Stainless Steel Lap Joint. Scripta Materialia, 66(8), pp.531–534. 115. Oosterkamp, A., Oosterkamp, L., and Nordeide, A., 2004. ‘Kissing Bond’ Phenomena in Solid-State Welds of Aluminum Alloys. Welding Journal-New York, 83(8), pp.225–231. 116. Ozaki, H., and Kutsuna, M., 2012. Dissimilar Metal Joining of Zinc Coated Steel and Aluminum Alloy by Laser Roll Welding. In Welding Processes (Kovacevic, R.,), pp.33-54. InTech Publisher. 117. Podržaj, P., Jerman, B., and Klobcar D., 2015. Welding Defects at Friction Stir Welding. METALURGIJA, 54(2), pp.387–389. 118. P´erez-Castellanos, L.J., and Rusinek, A., 2012. Temperature Increase Associated with Plastic Deformation Under Dynamic Compression: Application to Aluminium Alloy AL 6082. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 50(2), pp.377–398. 119. Palanivel, R., Mathews, P.K, Dinaharan, I., and Murugan, N., 2014. Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded AA5083-H111 and AA6351-T6 Aluminum Alloys. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 24(1), pp.58–65. 120. Palanivel, R., Koshy Mathews, P., Murugan, N., and Dinaharan, I., 2012. Effect of Tool Rotational Speed and Pin Profile on Microstructure and Tensile Strength of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded AA5083-H111 and AA6351-T6 Aluminum Alloys. Materials and Design, 40, pp.7–16. 121. Pilchak, a. L., and Williams, J.C., 2011. The Effect of Friction Stir Processing on the Mechanical Properties of Investment Cast and Hot Isostatically Pressed Ti-6Al-4V. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 42(6), pp.1630–1645. 122. Potesser, M., Schoeberl, T., Antrekowitsch, H., and Bruckner, J., 2006. The Characterization of the Intermetallic Fe-Al Layer of Steel-Aluminum Weldings, Curran Associates Incorporated: New York, NY, USA, pp.167-176. 123. Qin, G., and Su, Y., 2014. Microstructures and Properties of Welded Joint of Aluminum Alloy to Galvanized Steel by Nd:YAG Laser + MIG Arc Hybrid Brazing-Fusion Welding. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 24, pp.989–995. 124. Rai, R., De, A., Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H., and DebRoy, T., 2011. Review: Friction Stir Welding Tools. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 16(4), pp.325–342. 125. Rajkumar, V., Venkateshkannan, M., Sadeesh, P., and Arivazhagan, N., 2014. Studies on Effect of Tool Design and Welding Parameters on the Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminium Alloys AA 5052 – AA 6061. Procedia Engineering, 75, pp.93–97. 126. Rao, D., Huber, K., Heerens, J., dos Santos, J. F., and Huber, N., 2013. Asymmetric Mechanical Properties and Tensile Behaviour Prediction of Aluminium Alloy 5083 Friction Stir Welding Joints. Materials Science and Engineering A, 565, pp.44–50. 127. Riahi, M., and Nazari, H., 2011. Analysis of Transient Temperature and Residual Thermal Stresses in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6 via Numerical Simulation. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 55, pp.143–152. 128. Rice, J.M., Mandal, S., and Elmustafa, A.A., 2012. Microstructural Investigation of Donor Material Experiments in Friction Stir Welding. International Journal of Material Forming, 7(2), pp.127–137. 129. Sadeesh, P., Venkatesh, K.M., Rajkumar, V., Avinash, P., Arivazhagan, N., Devendranath, R. K., and Narayanan, S., 2014. Studies on Friction Stir Welding of AA2024 and AA6061 Dissimilar Metals. Procedia Engineering, 75, pp.145–149. 130. Sakthivel, T., Sengar, G.S., and Mukhopadhyay, J., 2009. Effect of Welding Speed on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction-Stir-Welded Aluminum. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 43(5-6), pp.468–473. 131. Schmidt, H., Hattel, J., and Wert, J., 2004. An Analytical Model for the Heat Generation in Friction Stir Welding. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 12(1), pp.143–157. 132. Schneider, J., and Radzilowski, R., 2014. Welding of Very Dissimilar Materials (Fe-Al). Jom, 66(10), pp.2123–2129. 133. Scialpi, A., De Filippis, L.A.C., and Cavaliere, P., 2007. Influence of Shoulder Geometry on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 6082 Aluminium Alloy. Materials and Design, 28(4), pp.1124–1129. 134. Seighalani, K.R., Givi, M.K.B., Nasiri, A.M., and Bahemmat, P., 2010. Investigations on the Effects of the Tool Material, Geometry, and Tilt Angle on Friction Stir Welding of Pure Titanium. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 19(7), pp.955–962. 135. Shen, C., Zhang, J. and Ge, J., 2011. Microstructures and electrochemical behaviors of the friction stir welding dissimilar weld. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 23(SUPPL.), pp.S32–S35. 136. Shigematsu, I., Kwon, Y.J., Suzuki, K., Imai, T., and Saito, N., 2003. Joining of 5083 and 6061 Aluminium Alloys by Friction Stir Welding. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 22, pp.353–356. 137. Sinclair, P.C., Longhurst, W.R., Cox, C.D., Lammlein, D.H., Strauss, A.M., and Cook, G.E., 2010. Heated Friction Stir Welding: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation into How Preheating Influences Process Forces. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 25(11), pp.1283–1291. 138. Song, M., and Kovacevic, R., 2003. Thermal Modeling of Friction Stir Welding in a Moving Coordinate System and its Validation. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 43(6), pp.605–615. 139. Soundararajan, V., Zekovic, S., and Kovacevic, R., 2005. Thermo-Mechanical Model with Adaptive Boundary Conditions for Friction Stir Welding of Al 6061. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 45(14), pp.1577–1587. 140. Springer, H., Kostka, A., dos Santos, J.F., and Raabe, D., 2011. Influence of Intermetallic Phases and Kirkendall-Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Joints Between Steel and Aluminium Alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(13-14), pp.4630–4642. 141. Su, Y., Hua, X., and Wu, Y., 2013. Effect of Input Current Modes on Intermetallic Layer and Mechanical Property of Aluminum–Steel Lap Joint Obtained by Gas Metal Arc Welding. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 578, pp.340–345. 142. Sun,Y., Xu, N., Morisada, Y., and Fujii H., 2012. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Pure Cu Plates. Transactions of JWRI, 14(1), pp.53–58. 143. Sun, Y.F., Fujii, H., Takaki, N., and Okitsu, Y., 2013. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Al Alloy/Steel Joints Prepared by a Flat Spot Friction Stir Welding Technique. Materials & Design, 47, pp.350–357. 144. Sundaram, N.S., and Murugan, N., 2010. Tensile Behavior of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded Joints of Aluminium Alloys. Materials and Design, 31(9), pp.4184–4193. 145. Taban, E., Gould, J.E., and Lippold, J.C., 2010. Dissimilar Friction Welding of 6061-T6 Aluminum and AISI 1018 Steel: Properties and Microstructural Characterization. Materials & Design, 31(5), pp.2305–2311. 146. Tanaka, T., Morishige, T., and Hirata, T., 2009. Comprehensive analysis of Joint Strength for Dissimilar Friction Stir Welds of Mild Steel to Aluminum Alloys. Scripta Materialia, 61(7), pp.756–759. 147. Tempus, G., 2001. New Aluminium Alloys and Fuselage Structures in Aircraft Design, Materials Day: WERKSTOFFE FÜR TRANSPORT UND VERKEHR, ETH Zürich, Switzerland. 148. Thomas, W.M., Nicholas, E.D., Needham, J.C., Murch, M.G., Temple- Smith, P., and Dawes, C.J., The Welding Institute, 1991. Friction Stir Butt Welding, US Patent Application No. 5,460,317. 149. Trimble, D., Monaghan, J., and O’Donnell, G.E., 2012. Force Generation During Friction Stir Welding of AA2024-T3. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 61(1), pp.9–12. 150. Tweedy, B., Widener, C., Merry, J., Brown, J. et al., 2008. Factors Affecting the Properties of Swept Friction Stir Spot Welds, proceeding of the SAE world congress, Detroit, Technical Paper 2008-01-1135, 2008, doi:10.4271/2008-01-1135. 151. TWI., 2006. Better joints using two contra-rotating FSW tools and all with less clamping [online] Available at http://www.twi.co.uk/news-events/publications/connect/archive/2006/ may-june/better-joints-using-two-contra-rotating-fsw-tools-and-all-with-less-clamping/ [Accessed on 5 May 2012] 152. Uzun, H., Dalle Donne, C., Argagnotto, A., Ghidini, T., and Gambaro, C., 2005. Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al 6013-T4 to X5CrNi18-10 Stainless Steel. Materials and Design, 26(1), pp.41–46. 153. Wang, J., Yuan, W., Mishra, R.S., and Charit, I., 2013. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloy. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 432(1-3), pp.274–280. 154. Wang, W. Shi, Q.Y., Liu, P., Li, H.K., and Li, T., 2009. A Novel Way to Produce Bulk SiCp Reinforced Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites by Friction Stir Processing. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 209(4), pp.2099–2103. 155. Watanabe, T., Takayama, H., and Yanagisawa, A., 2006. Joining of Aluminum Alloy to Steel by Friction Stir Welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 178(1-3), pp.342–349. 156. Wei, Y., Li, J., Xiong, J., and Zhang, F., 2013. Effect of Tool Pin Insertion Depth on Friction Stir Lap Welding of Aluminum to Stainless Steel. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 22(10), pp.3005–3013. 157. Williams, R., 2004. A Microstructural and Mechanical Property Correlation of Friction Stir Processed Nickel Aluminum Bronze. Master thesis, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL. 158. Woo, W., Balogh, L., Ungar, T., Choo, H., and Feng, Z., 2008. Grain Structure and Dislocation Density Measurements in a Friction-Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy Using X-Ray Peak Profile Analysis. Materials Science and Engineering A, 498(1-2), pp.308–313. 159. Wykes, D.H., Boing North American, Inc., 1997. Adjustable Pin for Friction Stir Welding Tool, US Patent Application No 5,697,544. 160. Xiao, B.L., Yang, Q., Yang, J., Wang, W.G., Xie, G.M., and Ma, Z.Y., 2011. Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr Casting via Friction Stir Processing. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 509(6), pp.2879–2884. 161. Xie, G.M., Ma, Z.Y. and Geng, L., 2008. Effects of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Brass Joints. Materials Transactions, 49(7), pp.1698–1701. 162. Yan, J., Sutton, M.A., and Reynolds, A.P., 2005. Process–Structure–Property Relationships for Nugget and Heat Affected Zone Regions of AA2524–T351 Friction Stir Welds. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 10(6), pp.725–736. 163. Yeni, C., Sayer, S., Ertu, O., and Pakdil, M., 2008. Effect of Post-Weld Aging on the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy 7075. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 34(2), pp.105–109. 164. Zhang, H., Lin, S.B., Wu, L., Feng, J.C., and Ma, S.L., 2006. Defects formation Procedure and Mathematic Model for Defect Free Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloy. Materials & Design, 27(9), pp.805–809. 165. Zhao, Y., Zhou, L., Wang, Q., Yan, K., and Zou, J., 2014. Defects and Tensile Properties of 6013 Aluminum Alloy T-joints by Friction Stir Welding. Materials & Design, 57, pp.146–155.