Single Phase And Two Phase Flow For Heat Transfer In Micro Channel Heat Sink

Advancements in microprocessors and other high power electronics have resulted in increased heat dissipation from those devices. In addition, to reduce cost, the functionality of microprocessor per unit area had been increasing. The increase in functionality accompanied by reduction in chip size had...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Shkarah, Ahmed Jassim
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2016
Subjects:	T Technology (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
Online Access:	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18615/1/Single%20Phase%20And%20Two%20Phase%20Flow%20For%20Heat%20Transfer%20In%20Micro%20Channel%20Heat%20Sink%2024%20Pages.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18615/2/Single%20Phase%20And%20Two%20Phase%20Flow%20For%20Heat%20Transfer%20In%20Micro%20Channel%20Heat%20Sink.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-utem-ep.18615
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection	UTeM Repository
language	English English
topic	T Technology (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
spellingShingle	T Technology (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Shkarah, Ahmed Jassim Single Phase And Two Phase Flow For Heat Transfer In Micro Channel Heat Sink
description	Advancements in microprocessors and other high power electronics have resulted in increased heat dissipation from those devices. In addition, to reduce cost, the functionality of microprocessor per unit area had been increasing. The increase in functionality accompanied by reduction in chip size had caused its thermal management to be challenging. In order to dissipate the increase in heat generation, the size of conventional microchannel heat sinks had to be increased. As a result, the performance of these high heat flux generating electronics was often limited by the available cooling technology and space to accommodate the larger conventional microchannel heat sink. One way to enhance heat transfer from electronics without sacrificing their performance was the use of heat sink with many microchannels and liquid passing through it recently, the microchannel heat sink have been widely used to transfer heat from the microprocessors in the computer industry. As the heat flux increases, the thin film evaporation occurring in the evaporator plays a key role in a heat transfer. It had been shown that most of the heat input to the evaporator of the microchannel heat sink was transferred through the evaporating thin film region. A better understanding of heat transfer characteristics in the evaporating thin film region will lead to develop new equation in the thin film region and enhancing the evaporating heat transfer in the heat pipe. An analytical model describing thin film evaporation was developed including the thin film interface and disjoining pressure. A mathematical equation was then developed to investigate the effect of heat flux on film thickness in the thin film evaporation region. Results are provided for liquid film thickness, total heat flux, and evaporating heat flux distribution. In addition to the sample calculations that were used to illustrate the transport characteristics. The calculated results from the current model match closely with those of analytical results of Wang et al. (2008) and Wayner jr. et al. (1976). This work will lead to a better understanding of heat transfer and fluid flow occurring in the evaporating film region and develop an analytical equation for evaporating liquid film thickness.numerical analysis and experimental tests to predict the heat transfer and chf are the focus of this work. The experimental test section had three microchannels with having of 30 mm x 25.4 mm x 53.34 mm in size. The effect of flow instabilities in microchannels was investigated of each microchannel to stabilize the water flow boiling process. Water flow boiling was investigated in this study using degassed, deionized water in an aluminum, copper and a graphene rectangular microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 540 μm and 426 μm for Re 650-3000. The power input was adjusted for constant heat flux (630-520) kw/m2 for each flow rate. High speed images were taken periodically for water flow boiling. The change in regime timing revealed the effect of deposition on the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) cycle duration and bubble frequencies are reported for different flow boiling durations. The addition bubble formation was found to stabilize bubble nucleation and growth and limit the recession rate of the upstream and downstream interfaces, mitigating the spreading of dry spots and elongating the thin film regions to increase thin film evaporation.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Shkarah, Ahmed Jassim
author_facet	Shkarah, Ahmed Jassim
author_sort	Shkarah, Ahmed Jassim
title	Single Phase And Two Phase Flow For Heat Transfer In Micro Channel Heat Sink
title_short	Single Phase And Two Phase Flow For Heat Transfer In Micro Channel Heat Sink
title_full	Single Phase And Two Phase Flow For Heat Transfer In Micro Channel Heat Sink
title_fullStr	Single Phase And Two Phase Flow For Heat Transfer In Micro Channel Heat Sink
title_full_unstemmed	Single Phase And Two Phase Flow For Heat Transfer In Micro Channel Heat Sink
title_sort	single phase and two phase flow for heat transfer in micro channel heat sink
granting_institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department	Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
publishDate	2016
url	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18615/1/Single%20Phase%20And%20Two%20Phase%20Flow%20For%20Heat%20Transfer%20In%20Micro%20Channel%20Heat%20Sink%2024%20Pages.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18615/2/Single%20Phase%20And%20Two%20Phase%20Flow%20For%20Heat%20Transfer%20In%20Micro%20Channel%20Heat%20Sink.pdf
_version_	1747833944000167936
spelling	my-utem-ep.186152021-10-08T15:59:22Z Single Phase And Two Phase Flow For Heat Transfer In Micro Channel Heat Sink 2016 Shkarah, Ahmed Jassim T Technology (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Advancements in microprocessors and other high power electronics have resulted in increased heat dissipation from those devices. In addition, to reduce cost, the functionality of microprocessor per unit area had been increasing. The increase in functionality accompanied by reduction in chip size had caused its thermal management to be challenging. In order to dissipate the increase in heat generation, the size of conventional microchannel heat sinks had to be increased. As a result, the performance of these high heat flux generating electronics was often limited by the available cooling technology and space to accommodate the larger conventional microchannel heat sink. One way to enhance heat transfer from electronics without sacrificing their performance was the use of heat sink with many microchannels and liquid passing through it recently, the microchannel heat sink have been widely used to transfer heat from the microprocessors in the computer industry. As the heat flux increases, the thin film evaporation occurring in the evaporator plays a key role in a heat transfer. It had been shown that most of the heat input to the evaporator of the microchannel heat sink was transferred through the evaporating thin film region. A better understanding of heat transfer characteristics in the evaporating thin film region will lead to develop new equation in the thin film region and enhancing the evaporating heat transfer in the heat pipe. An analytical model describing thin film evaporation was developed including the thin film interface and disjoining pressure. A mathematical equation was then developed to investigate the effect of heat flux on film thickness in the thin film evaporation region. Results are provided for liquid film thickness, total heat flux, and evaporating heat flux distribution. In addition to the sample calculations that were used to illustrate the transport characteristics. The calculated results from the current model match closely with those of analytical results of Wang et al. (2008) and Wayner jr. et al. (1976). This work will lead to a better understanding of heat transfer and fluid flow occurring in the evaporating film region and develop an analytical equation for evaporating liquid film thickness.numerical analysis and experimental tests to predict the heat transfer and chf are the focus of this work. The experimental test section had three microchannels with having of 30 mm x 25.4 mm x 53.34 mm in size. The effect of flow instabilities in microchannels was investigated of each microchannel to stabilize the water flow boiling process. Water flow boiling was investigated in this study using degassed, deionized water in an aluminum, copper and a graphene rectangular microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 540 μm and 426 μm for Re 650-3000. The power input was adjusted for constant heat flux (630-520) kw/m2 for each flow rate. High speed images were taken periodically for water flow boiling. The change in regime timing revealed the effect of deposition on the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) cycle duration and bubble frequencies are reported for different flow boiling durations. The addition bubble formation was found to stabilize bubble nucleation and growth and limit the recession rate of the upstream and downstream interfaces, mitigating the spreading of dry spots and elongating the thin film regions to increase thin film evaporation. UTeM 2016 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18615/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18615/1/Single%20Phase%20And%20Two%20Phase%20Flow%20For%20Heat%20Transfer%20In%20Micro%20Channel%20Heat%20Sink%2024%20Pages.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18615/2/Single%20Phase%20And%20Two%20Phase%20Flow%20For%20Heat%20Transfer%20In%20Micro%20Channel%20Heat%20Sink.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=100390 phd doctoral Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 1. Agostini, B., Fabbri, M., Park, J. E., Wojtan, L., Thome, J. R. & Michel, B. 2007. State of the Art of High Heat Flux Cooling Technologies. Heat Transfer Engineering, 28, 258-281. 2. Amador, C., Salman, W., Sanguanpiyapan, S., Gavriilidis, A. & Angeli, P. 2004. Effect of Gas-Inlet Conditions on the Mechanism of Taylor Flow Formation. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Multiphase Flow. 3. Andresen, U. C. 2006. Supercritical Gas Cooling and Near-Critical-Pressure Condensation of Refrigerant Blends in Microchannels. Georgia Institute of Technology. 4. Ansys Inc., C. November 2011. Ansys Fluent Theory Guide,Release 14.0. 5. Bahrami, M., Yovanovich, M. & Culham, J. 2006. Pressure Drop of Fully Developed, Laminar Flow in Rough Microtubes. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 128, 632-637. 6. Bai, L., Lin, G. & Peterson, G. 2013. Evaporative Heat Transfer Analysis of a Heat Pipe with Hybrid Axial Groove. Journal of Heat Transfer, 135, 031503. 7. Baker, O. 1954. Simultaneous Flow of Oil and Gas. Oil Gas J, 53, 183-195. 8. Balandin, A. A., Ghosh, S., Bao, W., Calizo, I., Teweldebrhan, D., Miao, F. & Lau, C. N. 2008. Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene. Nano Letters, 8, 902-907. 9. Baldassari, C., Mameli, M. & Marengo, M. 2014. Non-Uniform Onset of Nucleate Flow Boiling of R-134a Inside a Glass Minichannel. Experimental Heat Transfer, 27, 316-328. 10. Baldassari, C. & Marengo, M. 2013. Flow Boiling in Microchannels and Microgravity. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 39, 1-36. 11. Barthelat, F., Tang, H., Zavattieri, P. D., Li, C. M. & Espinosa, H. D. 2007. on the Mechanics of Mother-of-Pearl: a Key Feature in the Material Hierarchical Structure. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 55, 306-337. 12. Bartnea, D., Shoham, O. & Taitel, Y. 1980. Flow Pattern Transition for Horizontal and Inclined Pipes; Experimental and Comparison with Theory. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 6, 217-225. 13. Basu, N., Warrier, G. R. & Dhir, V. K. 2002. onset of Nucleate Boiling and Active Nucleation Site Density During Subcooled Flow Boiling. Transactions-American Society of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Heat Transfer, 124, 717-728. 14. Baus, M., Echtermeyer, T. J., Szafranek, B. N., Lemme, M. C. & Kurz, H. Device Architectures Based on Graphene Channels. Integrated Circuit Design and Technology and Tutorial, 2008. Icicdt 2008. Ieee International Conference on, 2-4 June 2008 2008. 269-272. 15. Benselama, A. M., Harmand, S. & Sefiane, K. 2011. a Perturbation Method for Solving the Micro-Region Heat Transfer Problem. Physics of Fluids (1994-Present), 23, -. 16. Bergles, A. & Rohsenow, W. 1964. The Determination of Forced-Convection Surface-Boiling Heat Transfer. Journal of Heat Transfer, 86, 365-372. 17. Bergles, A. E., Collier, J. G., Delhaye, J.-M., Hewitt, G. F. & Mayinger, F. 1981. Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer in the Power and Process Industries, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation Washington. 18. Bertsch, S. S., Groll, E. A. & Garimella, S. V. 2008. Refrigerant Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Parallel Microchannels as a Function of Local Vapor Quality. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51, 4775-4787. 19. Beskok, A. & Karniadakis, G. E. 1994. Simulation of Heat and Momentum Transfer in Complex Microgeometries. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 8, 647-655. 20. Biswal, L., Som, S. & Chakraborty, S. 2011. Thin Film Evaporation in Microchannels with Interfacial Slip. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 10, 155-163. 21. Biswal, L., Som, S. & Chakraborty, S. 2013. Thin Film Evaporation in Microchannels with Slope-and Curvature-Dependent Disjoining Pressure. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 57, 402-410. 22. Bogojevic, D., Sefiane, K., Duursma, G. & Walton, A. 2013. Bubble Dynamics and Flow Boiling Instabilities in Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 58, 663-675. 23. Boure, J., Bergles, A. & Tong, L. S. 1973. Review of Two-Phase Flow Instability. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 25, 165-192. 24. Bowers, M. & Mudawar, I. 1994a. High Flux Boiling in Low Flow Rate, Low Pressure Drop Mini-Channel and Micro-Channel Heat Sinks. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 37, 321-332. 25. Bowers, M. B. & Mudawar, I. 1994b. Two-Phase Electronic Cooling Using Mini-Channel and Micro-Channel Heat Sinks: Part 1—Design Criteria and Heat Diffusion Constraints. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 116, 290-297. 26. Bowers, M. B. & Mudawar, I. 1994c. Two-Phase Electronic Cooling Using Mini-Channel and Micro-Channel Heat Sinks: Part 2—Flow Rate and Pressure Drop Constraints. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 116, 298-305. 27. Brackbill, J., Kothe, D. B. & Zemach, C. 1992. A Continuum Method for Modeling Surface Tension. Journal of Computational Physics, 100, 335-354. 28. Brackbill, T. P. & Kandlikar, S. G. 2010. Application of Lubrication Theory and Study of Roughness Pitch During Laminar, Transition, and Low Reynolds Number Turbulent Flow at Microscale. Heat Transfer Engineering, 31, 635-645. 29. Brauner, N. & Maron, D. M. 1992. Identification of the Range of ‘Small Diameters’ Conduits, Regarding Two-Phase Flow Pattern Transitions. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 19, 29-39. 30. Brutin, D. & Tadrist, L. 2004. Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Analysis of Flow Boiling in a Minichannel: Influence of the Inlet Condition on Two-Phase Flow Stability. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, 2365-2377. 31. Brutin, D., Topin, F. & Tadrist, L. 2003. Experimental Study of Unsteady Convective Boiling in Heated Minichannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46, 2957-2965. 32. Butterworth, D. & Hewitt, G. F. 1977. Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer. 33. Carey, V. P. & Phenomena, L.-V. P.-C. 1992. An Introduction to the Thermophysics of Vaporization and Condensation Processes in Heat Transfer Equipment, Hemisphere Pub. Corp., Washington, Dc, 399-452. 34. Catton, I. & Stroes, G. R. 2002. A Semi-Analytical Model to Predict the Capillary Limit of Heated Inclined Triangular Capillary Grooves. Journal of Heat Transfer, 124, 162-168. 35. Celata, G. P., Cumo, M. & Mariani, A. 1997. Experimental Evaluation of the Onset of Subcooled Flow Boiling at High Liquid Velocity and Subcooling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 40, 2879-2885. 36. Celata, G. P., Saha, S. K., Zummo, G. & Dossevi, D. 2010. Heat Transfer Characteristics of Flow Boiling in a Single Horizontal Microchannel. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 49, 1086-1094. 37. Chai, L., Wang, L., Zhou, M. & Xia, G. 2015. Two-Phase Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop in Silicon Multi-Microchannel with Expansion–Constriction Cross-Section. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 60, 241-251. 38. Chang, K. & Pan, C. 2007. Two-Phase Flow Instability for Boiling in a Microchannel Heat Sink. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50, 2078-2088. 39. Charnay, R., Bonjour, J. & Revellin, R. 2014. Experimental Investigation of R-245fa Flow Boiling in Minichannels at High Saturation Temperatures: Flow Patterns and Flow Pattern Maps. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 46, 1-16. 40. Chen, L., Tian, Y. & Karayiannis, T. 2006. The Effect of Tube Diameter on Vertical Two-Phase Flow Regimes in Small Tubes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49, 4220-4230. 41. Chen, T. & Garimella, S. V. 2011. Local Heat Transfer Distribution and Effect of Instabilities During Flow Boiling in a Silicon Microchannel Heat Sink. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54, 3179-3190. 42. Chisholm, D. 1983. Two-Phase Flow in Pipelines and Heat Exchangers, George Godwin London. 43. Choi, C.-H., Westin, K. J. A. & Breuer, K. S. To Slip or Not to Slip: Water Flows in Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Microchannels. ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2002. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 557-564. 44. Choi, C.-H., Westin, K. J. A. & Breuer, K. S. 2003. Apparent Slip Flows in Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Microchannels. Physics of Fluids (1994-Present), 15, 2897-2902. 45. Choi, C., Yu, D. & Kim, M. 2011. Adiabatic Two-Phase Flow in Rectangular Microchannels with Different Aspect Ratios: Part I–Flow Pattern, Pressure Drop and Void Fraction. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54, 616-624. 46. Chung, P.-Y. & Kawaji, M. 2004. The Effect of Channel Diameter on Adiabatic Two-Phase Flow Characteristics in Microchannels. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 30, 735-761. 47. Cole, R. & Rohsenow, W. Correlation of Bubble Departure Diameters for Boiling of Saturated Liquids. Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser, 1969. 211-213. 48. Coleman, J. W. & Garimella, S. 1999. Characterization of Two-Phase Flow Patterns in Small Diameter Round and Rectangular Tubes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 42, 2869-2881. 49. Collier, J. G. & Thome, J. R. 1994. Convective Boiling and Condensation, Oxford University Press. 50. Cornwell, K. & Kew, P. A. 1993. Boiling in Small Parallel Channels. Energy Efficiency in Process Technology. Springer. 51. Costaschuk, D., Elsnab, J., Petersen, S., Klewicki, J. & Ameel, T. 2007. Axial Static Pressure Measurements of Water Flow in a Rectangular Microchannel. Experiments in Fluids, 43, 907-916. 52. Dall’olio, S. & Marengo, M. 2012. Boiling of R134a Inside a Glass Minichannel. a New Statistical Approach of Flow Pattern Characterization Based on Flow Visualization. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55, 1048-1065. 53. Dasgupta, S., Kim, I. & Wayner, P. 1994. Use of the Kelvin-Clapeyron Equation to Model an Evaporating Curved Microfilm. Journal of Heat Transfer, 116, 1007-1015. 54. Dasgupta, S., Schonberg, J. A., Kim, I. Y. & Wayner, P. C. 1993. Use of the Augmented Young-Laplace Equation to Model Equilibrium and Evaporating Extended Menisci. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 157, 332-342. 55. Davis, E. J. & Anderson, G. 1966. The Incipience of Nucleate Boiling in Forced Convection Flow. Aiche Journal, 12, 774-780. 56. Demsky, S. & Ma, H. 2004. Thin Film Evaporation on a Curved Surface. Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 8, 285-299. 57. Deng, D., Tang, Y., Shao, H., Zeng, J., Zhou, W. & Liang, D. 2014. Effects of Structural Parameters on Flow Boiling Performance of Reentrant Porous Microchannels. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 24, 065025. 58. Derjaguin, B., Nerpin, S. & Churaev, N. 1965. Effect of Film Transfer Upon Evaporation of Liquids from Capillaries. Bulletin Rilem, 29, 93-98. 59. Derjaguin, B. V. & Zorin, Z. M. 1956. Optical Study of the Absorption and Surface Condensation of Vapors in The Vicinity of Saturation on a Smooth Surface. in Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Surface Activity ,London, Uk, 1956., 2, 145-152. 60. Dharaiya, V. & Kandlikar, S. 2012. Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer in Rectangular Microchannels Under H2 Boundary Condition During Developing and Fully Developed Laminar Flow. Journal of Heat Transfer, 134, 020911. 61. Ebadian, M. & Lin, C. 2011. A Review of High-Heat-Flux Heat Removal Technologies. Journal of Heat Transfer, 133, 110801. 62. Feng, Z. & Serizawa, A. Visualization of Two-Phase Flow Patterns in an Ultra-Small Tube. Proceedings of the 18th Multiphase Flow Symposium of Japan, Osaka, Japan, 1999. 33-36. 63. Feng, Z. & Serizawa, A. Measurement of Steam-Water Bubbly Flows in Ultra-Small Capillary Tube. National Heat Transfer Symposium of Japan, 2000. Japan Heat Transfer Society; 1999, 351-352. 64. Fratzl, P. & Weiner, S. 2010. Bio-Inspired Materials – Mining the Old Literature for New Ideas. Advanced Materials, 22, 4547-4550. 65. Friedel, L. Improved Friction Pressure Drop Correlations for Horizontal and Vertical Two-Phase Pipe Flow. European Two-Phase Flow Group Meeting, Paper E, 1979. 1979. 66. Fritz, W. 1935. Maximum Volume of Vapor Bubbles. Phys. Z, 36, 379-384. 67. Galbiati, L. & Andreini, P. 1994. Flow Pattern Transition for Horizontal Air-Water Flow in Capillary Tubes. a Microgravity “Equivalent System” Simulation. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 21, 461-468. 68. Gao, P., Le Person, S. & Favre-Marinet, M. 2002. Scale Effects on Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer in Two-Dimensional Mini and Microchannels. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 41, 1017-1027. 69. Garimella, S., Agarwal, A. & Killion, J. D. 2005. Condensation Pressure Drop in Circular Microchannels. Heat Transfer Engineering, 26, 28-35. 70. Garimella, S. V. & Sobhan, C. 2003. Transport in Microchannels-a Critical Review. Annual Review of Heat Transfer, 13. 71. Ghiaasiaan, S. & Chedester, R. 2002. Boiling Incipience in Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45, 4599-4606. 72. Ghiaasiaan, S. M. 2007. Two-Phase Flow, Boiling, and Condensation: in Conventional and Miniature Systems, Cambridge University Press. 73. Ghosh, S., Calizo, I., Teweldebrhan, D., Pokatilov, E. P., Nika, D. L., Balandin, A. A., Bao, W., Miao, F. & Lau, C. N. 2008. Extremely High Thermal Conductivity of Graphene: Prospects for Thermal Management Applications in Nanoelectronic Circuits. Applied Physics Letters, 92, 151911-3. 74. Ghosh, S., Subrina, S., Goyal, V., Nika, D. L., Pokatilov, E. P. & Balandin, A. A. Extraordinary Thermal Conductivity of Graphene: Possibility of Thermal Management Applications. Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (Itherm), 2010 12th Ieee Intersociety Conference on, 2-5 June 2010 2010. 1-5. 75. Gorenflo, D., Knabe, V. & Bieling, V. Bubble Density on Surfaces with Nucleate Boiling–Its Influence on Heat Transfer and Burnout Heat Flux at Elevated Saturation Pressures. Proceedings of the 8th International Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, 1986. 1995-2000. 76. Hanlon, M. & Ma, H. 2003. Evaporation Heat Transfer in Sintered Porous Media. Journal of Heat Transfer, 125, 644-652. 77. Hapke, I., Boye, H. & Schmidt, J. 2000. Onset of Nucleate Boiling in Minichannels. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 39, 505-513. 78. Harirchian, T. & Garimella, S. V. 2008. Microchannel Size Effects on Local Flow Boiling Heat Transfer To a Dielectric Fluid. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51, 3724-3735. 79. Harirchian, T. & Garimella, S. V. 2009. The Critical Role of Channel Cross-Sectional Area in Microchannel Flow Boiling Heat Transfer. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 35, 904-913. 80. Harms, T. M., Kazmierczak, M. J. & Gerner, F. M. 1999. Developing Convective Heat Transfer in Deep Rectangular Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 20, 149-157. 81. Haynes, B. & Fletcher, D. 2003. Subcooled Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Narrow Passages. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46, 3673-3682. 82. Hetsroni, G., Mosyak, A., Pogrebnyak, E. & Segal, Z. 2005. Explosive Boiling of Water in Parallel Micro-Channels. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 31, 371-392. 83. Hetsroni, G., Mosyak, A., Segal, Z. & Ziskind, G. 2002. A Uniform Temperature Heat Sink for Cooling of Electronic Devices. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45, 3275-3286. 84. Hino, R. & Ueda, T. 1985. Studies on Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics in Subcooled Flow Boiling—Part 1. Boiling Characteristics. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 11, 269-281. 85. Hsu, Y. 1962. On the Size Range of Active Nucleation Cavities on a Heating Surface. Journal of Heat Transfer, 84, 207-213. 86. Huh, C., Kim, J. & Kim, M. H. 2007. Flow Pattern Transition Instability During Flow Boiling in a Single Microchannel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50, 1049-1060. 87. Hwang, Y. W. & Kim, M. S. 2006. The Pressure Drop in Microtubes and the Correlation Development. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49, 1804-1812. 88. Ide, H., Ide, M. & Kawaji, M. Study of Ring Film Formation and Motion in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in a Microchannel. Asme 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels Collocated with The Asme 2014 4th Joint Us-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, 2014. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, V001t03a007-V001t03a007. 89. Incropera, F. P. 2011. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons. 90. Jakob, M. & Fritz, W. 1931. Versuche Über Den Verdampfungsvorgang. Forschung Im Ingenieurwesen, 2, 435-447. 91. Jassim, E. & Newell, T. 2006. Prediction of Two-Phase Pressure Drop and Void Fraction in Microchannels Using Probabilistic Flow Regime Mapping. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49, 2446-2457. 92. Jassim Shkarah, A., Bin Sulaiman, M. Y. & Ayob, R. H. 2012. Numerical Analysis of Two Phase Flow Heat Transfer in Rectangular Micro Channel Heat Sink. Archives Des Sciences, 65, 602-613. 93. Ji, L. & Peterson, G. P. 2006. Geometric Optimization of a Micro Heat Sink with Liquid Flow. Components and Packaging Technologies, Ieee Transactions on, 29, 145-154. 94. Jiang, P.-X., Fan, M.-H., Si, G.-S. & Ren, Z.-P. 2001. Thermal–Hydraulic Performance of Small Scale Micro-Channel and Porous-Media Heat-Exchangers. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 44, 1039-1051. 95. Jiang, Y. 2004. Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Refrigerant R404a at Near-Critical and Supercritical Pressures. 96. Jiao, A., Riegler, R., Ma, H. & Peterson, G. 2005. Thin Film Evaporation Effect on Heat Transport Capability in a Grooved Heat Pipe. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 1, 227-233. 97. Judy, J., Maynes, D. & Webb, B. 2002. Characterization of Frictional Pressure Drop for Liquid Flows Through Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45, 3477-3489. 98. Kakac, S. & Bon, B. 2008. A Review of Two-Phase Flow Dynamic Instabilities in Tube Boiling Systems. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51, 399-433. 99. Kakac, S., Cao, L. & Avelino, M. 2003. The Effect of Inlet Subcooling on Two-Phase Flow Dynamic Instabilities In-Tube Boiling Systems. Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration. Springer. 100. Kandlikar, S., Garimella, S., Li, D., Colin, S. & King, M. R. 2005. Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Minichannels and Microchannels, Elsevier. 101. Kandlikar, S., Mizo, V. & Cartwright, M. 1997. Bubble Nucleation and Growth Characteristics in Subcooled Flow Boiling of Water. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Asme). 102. Kandlikar, S. G. Heat Transfer Mechanisms During Flow Boiling in Microchannels. Asme 2003 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 2003. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 33-46. 103. Kandlikar, S. G. 2012. History, Advances, and Challenges in Liquid Flow and Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels: a Critical Review. Journal of Heat Transfer, 134, 034001. 104. Kandlikar, S. G., Colin, S., Peles, Y., Garimella, S., Pease, R. F., Brandner, J. J. & Tuckerman, D. B. 2013. Heat Transfer in Microchannels—2012 Status and Research Needs. Journal of Heat Transfer, 135, 091001. 105. Kandlikar, S. G. & Grande, W. J. 2003. Evolution of Microchannel Flow Passages--Thermohydraulic Performance and Fabrication Technology. Heat Transfer Engineering, 24, 3-17. 106. Kandlikar, S. G. & M. E. Steinke, E. A. 2001. High-Speed Photographic Observation of Flow Boiling of Water in Parallel Mini-Channels. 35th National Heat Transfer Conference (Nhtc2001), 2001. Ananheim, Ca, United States, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 107. Kawahara, A., Chung, P.-Y. & Kawaji, M. 2002. Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Pattern, Void Fraction and Pressure Drop in a Microchannel. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 28, 1411-1435. 108. Kaya, A., Özdemir, M. R., Keskinöz, M. & Koşar, A. 2014. The Effects of Inlet Restriction and Tube Size on Boiling Instabilities and Detection of Resulting Premature Critical Heat Flux in Microtubes Using Data Analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 65, 575-587. 109. Kim, S.-M. & Mudawar, I. 2014. Theoretical Model for Local Heat Transfer Coefficient for Annular Flow Boiling in Circular Mini/Micro-Channels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 73, 731-742. 110. Kocamustafaogullari, G. & Ishii, M. 1983. Interfacial Area and Nucleation Site Density in Boiling Systems. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 26, 1377-1387. 111. Kohl, M., Abdel-Khalik, S., Jeter, S. & Sadowski, D. 2005. An Experimental Investigation of Microchannel Flow with Internal Pressure Measurements. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 48, 1518-1533. 112. Koşar, A., Kuo, C.-J. & Peles, Y. 2006. Suppression of Boiling Flow Oscillations in Parallel Microchannels By Inlet Restrictors. Journal of Heat Transfer, 128, 251-260. 113. Kuo, C.-J. & Peles, Y. 2009. Pressure Effects on Flow Boiling Instabilities in Parallel Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52, 271-280. 114. Kuznetsov, V. & Shamirzaev, A. 1999. Two-Phase Flow Pattern and Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Noncircular Channel with a Small Gap. Two-Phase Flow Modeling and Experimentation, 249-253. 115. Ledinegg, M. 1938. Instability of Flow During Natural and Forced Circulation. Die Warme, 61, 891-898. 116. Lee, H. J. & Lee, S. Y. 2001a. Heat Transfer Correlation for Boiling Flows in Small Rectangular Horizontal Channels with Low Aspect Ratios. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 27, 2043-2062. 117. Lee, H. J. & Lee, S. Y. 2001b. Pressure Drop Correlations for Two-Phase Flow Within Horizontal Rectangular Channels with Small Heights. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 27, 783-796. 118. Lee, J. & Mudawar, I. 2005a. Two-Phase Flow in High-Heat-Flux Micro-Channel Heat Sink for Refrigeration Cooling Applications: Part I––Pressure Drop Characteristics. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 48, 928-940. 119. Lee, J. & Mudawar, I. 2005b. Two-Phase Flow in High-Heat-Flux Micro-Channel Heat Sink for Refrigeration Cooling Applications: Part Ii—Heat Transfer Characteristics. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 48, 941-955. 120. Lee, P.-S. & Garimella, S. V. 2008. Saturated Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Silicon Microchannel Arrays. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51, 789-806. 121. Lee, P., Tseng, F. & Pan, C. 2004. Bubble Dynamics in Microchannels. Part I: Single Microchannel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, 5575-5589. 122. Lee, W. H. 1980. Pressure Iteration Scheme for Two-Phase Flow Modeling. In" Multiphase Transport: Fundamentals, Reactor Safety, Applications". 407-432. 123. Li, H., Tseng, F. & Pan, C. 2004. Bubble Dynamics in Microchannels. Part Ii: Two Parallel Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, 5591-5601. 124. Li, J. & Cheng, P. 2004. Bubble Cavitation in a Microchannel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, 2689-2698. 125. Li, J. M. & Wang, B. X. 2003. Size Effect on Two‐Phase Regime for Condensation in Micro/Mini Tubes. Heat Transfer—Asian Research, 32, 65-71. 126. Li, W. & Wu, Z. 2010. A General Correlation for Evaporative Heat Transfer in Micro/Mini-Channels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53, 1778-1787. 127. Lin, L., Chen, Y.-Y., Zhang, X.-X. & Wang, X.-D. 2014. Optimization of Geometry and Flow Rate Distribution for Double-Layer Microchannel Heat Sink. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 78, 158-168. 128. Lin, T.-Y. & Kandlikar, S. G. 2012a. An Experimental Investigation of Structured Roughness Effect on Heat Transfer During Single-Phase Liquid Flow at Microscale. Journal of Heat Transfer, 134, 101-107. 129. Lin, T.-Y. & Kandlikar, S. G. 2012b. A Theoretical Model for Axial Heat Conduction Effects During Single-Phase Flow in Microchannels. Journal of Heat Transfer, 134, 20-29. 130. Liu, C.-K., Yang, S.-J., Chao, Y.-L., Liou, K. Y. & Wang, C.-C. 2013. Effect of Non-Uniform Heating on the Performance of the Microchannel Heat Sinks. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 43, 57-62. 131. Liu, X., Guo, D., Xie, G., Liu, S. & Luo, J. 2012a. “Boiling” in the Water Evaporating Meniscus Induced By Marangoni Flow. Applied Physics Letters, 101, -. 132. Liu, Y., Xie, B., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Q. & Xu, Z. 2012b. Mechanical Properties of Graphene Papers. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 60, 591-605. 133. Lockhart, R. & Martinelli, R. 1949. Proposed Correlation of Data for Isothermal Two-Phase, Two-Component Flow in Pipes. Chem. Eng. Prog, 45, 39-48. 134. M. Potash Jr., P. C. W. J. Evaporative from a Two-Dimensional Extended Meniscus. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 15 1851–1863. 135. Ma, H., Cheng, P., Borgmeyer, B. & Wang, Y. 2008. Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in the Evaporating Thin Film Region. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 4, 237-243. 136. Ma, H. & Peterson, G. 1997. Temperature Variation and Heat Transfer in Triangular Grooves with An Evaporating Film. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 11, 90-97. 137. Mala, G. M. & Li, D. 1999. Flow Characteristics of Water in Microtubes. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 20, 142-148. 138. Malenkov, I. 1971. Detachment Frequency as a Function of Size for Vapor Bubbles. Journal of Engineering Physics, 20, 704-708. 139. Mandhane, J., Gregory, G. & Aziz, K. 1974. A Flow Pattern Map for Gas—Liquid Flow in Horizontal Pipes. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 1, 537-553. 140. Martinelli, R. T. & Nelson, D. 1948. Prediction of Pressure Drop During Forced-Circulation Boiling of Water. Trans. Asme, 70, 695-702. 141. Maynes, D. & Webb, B. 2003. Fully Developed Electro-Osmotic Heat Transfer in Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46, 1359-1369. 142. Mertz, R., Wein, A. & Groll, M. 1996. Experimental Investigation of Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Narrow Channels. Heat and Technology, 14, 47-54. 143. Miller, C. & Jain, K. 1973. Stability of Moving Surfaces in Fluid Systems with Heat and Mass Transport—I: Stability in the Absence of Surface Tension Effects. Chemical Engineering Science, 28, 157-165. 144. Mishima, K. & Hibiki, T. 1996. Some Characteristics of Air-Water Two-Phase Flow in Small Diameter Vertical Tubes. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 22, 703-712. 145. Moore, F. D. & Mesler, R. B. 1961. The Measurement of Rapid Surface Temperature Fluctuations During Nucleate Boiling of Water. Aiche Journal, 7, 620-624. 146. Moosman, S. & Homsy, G. 1980a. Evaporating Menisci of Wetting Fluids. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 73, 212-223. 147. Moosman, S. & Homsy, G. M. 1980b. Evaporating Menisci of Wetting Fluids. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 73, 212-223. 148. Morris, S. J. S. 2003. The Evaporating Meniscus in a Channel. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 494, 297-317. 149. Morshed, A. K. M. M., Paul, T. C. & Khan, J. A. 2013. Effect of Al2o3 Nanoparticle Deposition on Flow Boiling Performance of Water in a Microchannel. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 47, 6-13. 150. Mosyak, A., Rodes, L. & Hetsroni, G. 2012. Boiling Incipience in Parallel Micro-Channels with Low Mass Flux Subcooled Water Flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 47, 150-159. 151. Mukherjee, A. & Dhir, V. 2004. Study of Lateral Merger of Vapor Bubbles During Nucleate Pool Boiling. Journal of Heat Transfer, 126, 1023-1039. 152. Mukherjee, A. & Kandlikar, S. 2009. The Effect of Inlet Constriction on Bubble Growth During Flow Boiling in Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52, 5204-5212. 153. Mukherjee, A. & Kandlikar, S. G. 2005. Numerical Simulation of Growth of a Vapor Bubble During Flow Boiling of Water in a Microchannel. Journal of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 1, 137-145. 154. Mukherjee, H. & Brill, J. P. 1985. Empirical Equations To Predict Flow Patterns in Two-Phase Inclined Flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 11, 299-315. 155. Muwanga, R., Hassan, I. & Macdonald, R. 2007. Characteristics of Flow Boiling Oscillations in Silicon Microchannel Heat Sinks. Journal of Heat Transfer, 129, 1341-1351. 156. Na, Y. W., Chung, J. & Forster, F. Numerical Modeling of Pressure Drop and Pump Design for High Power Density Microchannel Heat Sinks with Boiling. Asme 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2005. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 349-357. 157. Nayak, A., Vijayan, P., Jain, V., Saha, D. & Sinha, R. 2003. Study on the Flow-Pattern-Transition Instability in a Natural Circulation Heavy Water Moderated Boiling Light Water Cooled Reactor. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 225, 159-172. 158. Park, K. & Lee, K.-S. 2003. Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of the Evaporating Extended Meniscus in a Micro-Capillary Channel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46, 4587-4594. 159. Patankar, S. 1980. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Crc Press. 160. Patil, C. M. & Kandlikar, S. G. 2014. Review of the Manufacturing Techniques for Porous Surfaces Used in Enhanced Pool Boiling. Heat Transfer Engineering, 35, 887-902. 161. Peebles, F. N. & Garber, H. J. 1953. Studies on the Motion of Gas Bubbles in Liquids. Chemical Engineering Progress, 49, 88-97. 162. Peiyi, W. & Little, W. 1983. Measurement of Friction Factors for the Flow of Gases in Very Fine Channels Used for Microminiature Joule-Thomson Refrigerators. Cryogenics, 23, 273-277. 163. Peng, X. & Peterson, G. 1996. Convective Heat Transfer and Flow Friction for Water Flow in Microchannel Structures. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 39, 2599-2608. 164. Phillips, R. 1990. Advances in Thermal Modeling of Electronic Components. Microchannel Heat Sink, 2, 109-184. 165. Phillips, R. J. 1988. Forced-Convection, Liquid-Cooled, Microchannel Heat Sinks. Dtic Document. 166. Pismen, L. M. & Pomeau, Y. 2000. Disjoining Potential and Spreading of Thin Liquid Layers in the Diffuse-Interface Model Coupled To Hydrodynamics. Physical Review E, 62, 2480-2492. 167. Potash, M. & Wayner, P. 1972. Evaporation from a Two-Dimensional Extended Meniscus. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 15, 1851-1863. 168. Qu, W. & Ma, T. 2002. Effects of the Polarity of Working Fluids on Vapor-Liquid Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Capillary. Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 6, 175-190. 169. Qu, W., Mala, G. M. & Li, D. 2000. Heat Transfer for Water Flow in Trapezoidal Silicon Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 43, 3925-3936. 170. Qu, W. & Mudawar, I. 2002. Prediction and Measurement of Incipient Boiling Heat Flux in Micro-Channel Heat Sinks. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45, 3933-3945. 171. Qu, W. & Mudawar, I. 2003. Measurement and Prediction of Pressure Drop in Two-Phase Micro-Channel Heat Sinks. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46, 2737-2753. 172. Qu, W. & Mudawar, I. 2004. Transport Phenomena in Two-Phase Micro-Channel Heat Sinks. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 126, 213-224. 173. Qu, W., Mudawar, I., Lee, S.-Y. & Wereley, S. T. 2006. Experimental and Computational Investigation of Flow Development and Pressure Drop in a Rectangular Micro-Channel. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 128, 1-9. 174. Qu, W., Yoon, S.-M. & Mudawar, I. 2004. Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer in Rectangular Micro-Channels. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 126, 288-300. 175. Ren, T., Chavoshi, A., Ding, G. & Hrnjak, P. S. 2014. Single Phase Pressure Drop in Round Cylindrical Headers of Parallel Flow Mchxs. 176. Renk, F. & Wayner, P. 1979. An Evaporating Ethanol Meniscus—Part Ii: Analytical Studies. Journal of Heat Transfer, 101, 59-62. 177. Revellin, R., Dupont, V., Ursenbacher, T., Thome, J. R. & Zun, I. 2006. Characterization of Diabatic Two-Phase Flows in Microchannels: Flow Parameter Results for R-134a in a 0.5 Mm Channel. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 32, 755-774. 178. Rider, W. J. & Kothe, D. B. 1998. Reconstructing Volume Tracking. Journal of Computational Physics, 141, 112-152. 179. Ruspini, L. C., Marcel, C. P. & Clausse, A. 2014. Two-Phase Flow Instabilities: a Review. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 71, 521-548. 180. Ryu, J. H., Choi, D. H. & Kim, S. J. 2002. Numerical Optimization of the Thermal Performance of a Microchannel Heat Sink. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45, 2823-2827. 181. Sato, T. & Matsumura, H. 1964. On the Conditions of Incipient Subcooled-Boiling with Forced Convection. Bulletin of Jsme, 7, 392-398. 182. Schonberg, J. A. & Ayner, P. C. 1992. Analytical Solution for the Integral Contact Line Evaporative Heat Sink. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 6, 128-134. 183. Schonberg, J. A., Dasgupta, S. & Wayner Jr, P. C. 1995. An Augmented Young-Laplace Model of an Evaporating Meniscus in a Microchannel with High Heat Flux. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 10, 163-170. 184. Schonberg, P. & Wayner, J. 1992. Analytical Solution for the Integral Contact Line Evaporative Heat Sink. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 6, 128-134. 185. Serizawa, A., Feng, Z. & Kawara, Z. 2002. Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 26, 703-714. 186. Shah, R. K. 1978. A Correlation for Laminar Hydrodynamic Entry Length Solutions for Circular and Noncircular Ducts. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 100, 177-179. 187. Shao, N., Gavriilidis, A. & Angeli, P. 2009. Flow Regimes for Adiabatic Gas-Liquid Flow in Microchannels. Chemical Engineer Science, Ucl Discovery, 64, 2749-2761. 188. Shao, W. & Zhang, Y. 2011. Effects of Film Evaporation and Condensation on Oscillatory Flow and Heat Transfer in an Oscillating Heat Pipe. Journal of Heat Transfer, 133, 042901. 189. Shikhmurzaev, Y. D. 1997. Moving Contact Lines in Liquid/Liquid/Solid Systems. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 334, 211-249. 190. Shkarah, A. J., Bin Sulaiman, M. Y. & Bin Hj Ayob, M. R. 2015. Analytical Solutions of Heat Transfer and Film Thickness with Slip Condition Effect in Thin-Film Evaporation for Two-Phase Flow in Microchannel. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015, 15. 191. Shkarah, A. J., Sulaiman, M. Y. B. & Ayob, M. R. B. H. 2013a. Boiling Two Phase Flow in Microchannels: a Review. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 6, 5514–5521. 192. Shkarah, A. J., Sulaiman, M. Y. B. & Ayob, M. R. B. H. 2013b. Two-Phase Flow in Micro-Channel Heat Sink Review Paper. International Review of Mechanical Engineering, 7. 193. Sobhan, C. B. & Garimella, S. V. 2001. A Comparative Analysis of Studies on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Microchannels. Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 5, 293-311. 194. Sobierska, E., Kulenovic, R., Mertz, R. & Groll, M. 2006. Experimental Results of Flow Boiling of Water in a Vertical Microchannel. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 31, 111-119. 195. Spedding, P. & Spence, D. 1993. Flow Regimes in Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 19, 245-280. 196. Steinke, M. E. & Kandlikar, S. G. Single-Phase Liquid Friction Factors in Microchannels. Asme 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 2005. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 291-302. 197. Stenning, A. 1964. Instabilities in the Flow of a Boiling Liquid. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 86, 213-217. 198. Stephan, P. & Busse, C. 1992a. Analysis of the Heat Transfer Coefficient of Grooved Heat Pipe Evaporator Walls. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 35, 383-391. 199. Stephan, P. C. & Busse, C. A. 1992b. Analysis of the Heat Transfer Coefficient of Grooved Heat Pipe Evaporator Walls. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 35, 383-391. 200. Sujanani, M. & Wayner Jr, P. 1992. Transport Processes and Interfacial Phenomena in an Evaporating Meniscus. Chemical Engineering Communications, 118, 89-110. 201. Sultan, E., Boudaoud, A. & Amar, M. B. 2005. Evaporation of a Thin Film: Diffusion of the Vapour and Marangoni Instabilities. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 543, 183-202. 202. Suo, M. & Griffith, P. 1964. Two-Phase Flow in Capillary Tubes. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 86, 576-582. 203. Swanson, L. & Herdt, G. 1992. Model of the Evaporating Meniscus in a Capillary Tube. Journal of Heat Transfer, 114, 434-441. 204. Szewczyk, H. 2008. Entrance and End Effects in Liquid Flow in Smooth Capillary Pipes. Chemical and Process Engineering, 29, 979-996. 205. Tabatabai, A. & Faghri, A. 2001. A New Two-Phase Flow Map and Transition Boundary Accounting for Surface Tension Effects in Horizontal Miniature and Micro Tubes. Journal of Heat Transfer, 123, 958-968. 206. Tadrist, L. 2007. Review on Two-Phase Flow Instabilities in Narrow Spaces. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 28, 54-62. 207. Taitel, Y. & Dukler, A. 1976. A Model for Predicting Flow Regime Transitions in Horizontal and Near Horizontal Gas‐Liquid Flow. Aiche Journal, 22, 47-55. 208. Thippavathini, S. & Moharana, M. K. Flow of Taylor Bubble in Microchannel Having an Obstacle. Asme 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels Collocated with the Asme 2014 4th Joint Us-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, 2014. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, V001t03a012-V001t03a012. 209. Thokchom, A. K., Gupta, A., Jaijus, P. J. & Singh, A. 2014. Analysis of Fluid Flow and Particle Transport in Evaporating Droplets Exposed To Infrared Heating. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 68, 67-77. 210. Thom, J., Walker, W., Fallon, T. & Reising, G. 1967. Boiling in Sub-Cooled Water During Flow Up Heated Tubes Or Annuli. Babcock and Wilcox Ltd., Renfrew, Eng. 211. Thome, J. R. & Cioncolini, A. 2010. Recent Developments in Flow Boiling and Two-Phase Flow in Small Channels and Microchannels. Heat Transfer Engineering, 31, 255-256. 212. Thulasidas, T., Abraham, M. & Cerro, R. 1997. Flow Patterns in Liquid Slugs During Bubble-Train Flow Inside Capillaries. Chemical Engineering Science, 52, 2947-2962. 213. Tiselj, I., Hetsroni, G., Mavko, B., Mosyak, A., Pogrebnyak, E. & Segal, Z. 2004. Effect of Axial Conduction on the Heat Transfer in Micro-Channels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, 2551-2565. 214. Toh, K. C., Chen, X. Y. & Chai, J. C. 2002. Numerical Computation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45, 5133-5141. 215. Tohru, F., Akira, K. & Masazumi, K. 1990. Flow Patterns and Pressure Drop in Isothermal Gas-Liquid Concurrent Flow in a Horizontal Capillary Tube. Ans Proceedings, 1989 National Heat Transfer Conference, Isbn 0-89448-149-5, Ans, 56, 2318-2326. 216. Tran, T., Chyu, M.-C., Wambsganss, M. & France, D. 2000. Two-Phase Pressure Drop of Refrigerants During Flow Boiling in Small Channels: an Experimental Investigation and Correlation Development. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 26, 1739-1754. 217. Triplett, K., Ghiaasiaan, S., Abdel-Khalik, S., Lemouel, A. & Mccord, B. 1999a. Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels: Part Ii: Void Fraction and Pressure Drop. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 25, 395-410. 218. Triplett, K., Ghiaasiaan, S., Abdel-Khalik, S. & Sadowski, D. 1999b. Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels Part I: Two-Phase Flow Patterns. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 25, 377-394. 219. Tuckerman, D. B. 1984. Heat Transfer Microstructures for Integrated Circuits. Stanford University. 220. Tuckerman, D. B. & Pease, R. 1981. High-Performance Heat Sinking for Vlsi. Electron Device Letters, Ieee, 2, 126-129. 221. Wagner, R. N. & Kandlikar, S. G. 2012. Effects of Structured Roughness on Fluid Flow at the Microscale Level. Heat Transfer Engineering, 33, 483-493. 222. Wambsganss, M., Jendrzejczyk, J. & France, D. 1991. Two-Phase Flow Patterns and Transitions in a Small, Horizontal, Rectangular Channel. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 17, 327-342. 223. Wang, B. & Peng, X. 1994. Experimental Investigation on Liquid Forced-Convection Heat Transfer Through Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 37, 73-82. 224. Wang, G., Cheng, P. & Bergles, A. 2008a. Effects of Inlet/Outlet Configurations on Flow Boiling Instability in Parallel Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51, 2267-2281. 225. Wang, G., Cheng, P. & Wu, H. 2007a. Unstable and Stable Flow Boiling in Parallel Microchannels and in a Single Microchannel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50, 4297-4310. 226. Wang, G., Hao, L. & Cheng, P. 2010. A Four-Zone Model for Saturated Flow Boiling in a Microchannel of Rectangular Cross-Section. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53, 3439-3448. 227. Wang, H., Garimella, S. V. & Murthy, J. Y. 2007b. Characteristics of an Evaporating Thin Film in a Microchannel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50, 3933-3942. 228. Wang, H., Garimella, S. V. & Murthy, J. Y. 2007c. Characteristics of an Evaporating Thin Film in a Microchannel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50, 3933-3942. 229. Wang, H., Garimella, S. V. & Murthy, J. Y. 2008b. An Analytical Solution for the Total Heat Transfer in the Thin-Film Region of an Evaporating Meniscus. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51, 6317-6322. 230. Wang, H., Garimella, S. V. & Murthy, J. Y. 2008c. An Analytical Solution for the Total Heat Transfer in the Thin-Film Region of an Evaporating Meniscus. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51, 6317-6322. 231. Wang, Y. & Sefiane, K. 2012. Effects of Heat Flux, Vapour Quality, Channel Hydraulic Diameter on Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Variable Aspect Ratio Micro-Channels Using Transparent Heating. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55, 2235-2243. 232. Wang, Y., Sefiane, K., Wang, Z.-G. & Harmand, S. 2014. Analysis of Two-Phase Pressure Drop Fluctuations During Micro-Channel Flow Boiling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 70, 353-362. 233. Wayner, P., Kao, Y. & Lacroix, L. 1976. the Interline Heat-Transfer Coefficient of An Evaporating Wetting Film. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 19, 487-492. 234. Wayner, P. C. 1999. Intermolecular Forces in Phase‐Change Heat Transfer: 1998 Kern Award Review. Aiche Journal, 45, 2055-2068. 235. Weisberg, A., Bau, H. H. & Zemel, J. N. 1992. Analysis of Microchannels for Integrated Cooling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 35, 2465-2474. 236. Weisman, J., Duncan, D., Gibson, J. & Crawford, T. 1979. Effects of Fluid Properties and Pipe Diameter on Two-Phase Flow Patterns in Horizontal Lines. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 5, 437-462. 237. Weisman, J. & Kang, S. 1981. Flow Pattern Transitions in Vertical and Upwardly Inclined Lines. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 7, 271-291. 238. Welch, S. W. & Wilson, J. 2000. A Volume of Fluid Based Method for Fluid Flows with Phase Change. Journal of Computational Physics, 160, 662-682. 239. Wu, H. & Cheng, P. 2003a. An Experimental Study of Convective Heat Transfer in Silicon Microchannels with Different Surface Conditions. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46, 2547-2556. 240. Wu, H. & Cheng, P. 2004. Boiling Instability in Parallel Silicon Microchannels at Different Heat Flux. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, 3631-3641. 241. Wu, H. Y. & Cheng, P. 2003b. Visualization and Measurements of Periodic Boiling in Silicon Microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46, 2603-2614. 242. Wu, P. & Little, W. 1984. Measurement of the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gas Flow in Fine Channel Heat Exchangers Used for Microminiature Refrigerators. Cryogenics, 24, 415-420. 243. Xie, G., Zhang, F., Sundén, B. & Zhang, W. 2014. Constructal Design and Thermal Analysis of Microchannel Heat Sinks with Multistage Bifurcations in Single-Phase Liquid Flow. Applied Thermal Engineering, 62, 791-802. 244. Xiong, R. & Chung, J. N. 2007. Flow Characteristics of Water in Straight and Serpentine Micro-Channels with Miter Bends. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 31, 805-812. 245. Xu, B., Ooti, K., Wong, N. & Choi, W. 2000. Experimental Investigation of Flow Friction for Liquid Flow in Microchannels. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 27, 1165-1176. 246. Xu, J., Zhou, J. & Gan, Y. 2005. Static and Dynamic Flow Instability of a Parallel Microchannel Heat Sink at High Heat Fluxes. Energy Conversion and Management, 46, 313-334. 247. Yadigaroglu, G. Two-Phase Flow Instabilities and Propagation Phenomena. in Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Two-Phase Flows in Nucl. Reactors, Vol. 2 71 P (See N79-28497 19-34), 1978. 248. Yang, F., Dai, X., Peles, Y., Cheng, P., Khan, J. & Li, C. 2014a. Flow Boiling Phenomena in a Single Annular Flow Regime in Microchannels (I): Characterization of Flow Boiling Heat Transfer. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 68, 703-715. 249. Yang, F., Dai, X., Peles, Y., Cheng, P., Khan, J. & Li, C. 2014b. Flow Boiling Phenomena in a Single Annular Flow Regime in Microchannels (Ii): Reduced Pressure Drop and Enhanced Critical Heat Flux. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 68, 716-724. 250. Yin, J., Bullard, C. & Hrnjak, P. 2002. Single-Phase Pressure Drop Measurements in a Microchannel Heat Exchanger. Heat Transfer Engineering, 23, 3-12. 251. Yin, S., Zhang, J., Tong, L., Yao, Y. & Wang, L. 2013. Experimental Study on Flow Patterns for Water Boiling in Horizontal Heated Tubes. Chemical Engineering Science, 102, 577-584. 252. Yu, W., France, D., Wambsganss, M. & Hull, J. 2002. Two-Phase Pressure Drop, Boiling Heat Transfer, and Critical Heat Flux To Water in a Small-Diameter Horizontal Tube. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 28, 927-941. 253. Zhang, L., Koo, J.-M., Jiang, L., Asheghi, M., Goodson, K. E., Santiago, J. G. & Kenny, T. W. 2002. Measurements and Modeling of Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels with Nearly Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions. Microelectromechanical Systems, Journal of, 11, 12-19. 254. Zhao, C. & Lu, T. 2002. Analysis of Microchannel Heat Sinks for Electronics Cooling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45, 4857-4869. 255. Zhao, J., Peng, X. & Duan, Y. Scale Effects and Slip Microflow Characteristics of Evaporating Thin Films in a Microchannel. Asme 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer, 2009. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 61-70. 256. Zhao, J. J., Peng, X. F. & Duan, Y. Y. 2010. Slip and Micro Flow Characteristics Near a Wall of Evaporating Thin Films in a Micro Channel. Heat Transfer—Asian Research, 39, 460-474. 257. Zhao, T. & Bi, Q. 2001. Co-Current Air–Water Two-Phase Flow Patterns in Vertical Triangular Microchannels. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 27, 765-782. 258. Zuber, N. 1963. Nucleate Boiling. the Region of Isolated Bubbles and the Similarity with Natural Convection. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6, 53-78.

Single Phase And Two Phase Flow For Heat Transfer In Micro Channel Heat Sink

Similar Items