Friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hBN and PKAC additives
In recent years, development of recycle, renewable and sustainable products to replace fossil products is an essential and crucial aspects to environment, industrial and academic perceptions. The bases of most lubricants nowadays are from petroleum oils. There has been in-creasing demand for green l...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English English |
| Published: |
2017
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/20527/1/Friction%20And%20Wear%20Characteristics%20Of%20Bio-Lubricant%20Enhanced%20With%20hBN%20And%20PKAC%20Additives.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/20527/2/Friction%20and%20wear%20characteristics%20of%20bio-lubricant%20enhanced%20with%20hBN%20and%20PKAC%20additives.pdf |
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| Summary: | In recent years, development of recycle, renewable and sustainable products to replace fossil products is an essential and crucial aspects to environment, industrial and academic perceptions. The bases of most lubricants nowadays are from petroleum oils. There has been in-creasing demand for green lubricants and lubricants additives. Previous study on vegetable oil is a good alternative to replace mineral oil in lubricant but the price is high. Thus due to waste vegetable cooking oil and fat have created serious problems for their disposal. Further study in managing waste cooking oil as a lubricant enhanced with different type of additives; hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and palm kernel activated carbon (PKAC) have been study in this project. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of hBN and PKAC additives on tribological characteristics of waste cooking oil (WCO) at different temperature performance. Garcinia atroviridis and Zinngiber officinale were used as a natural adsorbent to treat and recover the waste cooking oil. To formulate the bio-lubricant by using 0.1 vol.%, 0.3 vol.% and 0.5 vol.% of 70 nm hBN and 63 μm PKAC additives separately dispersed with WCO, and then the properties of bio-lubricant in term of flash point and viscosity index were measured. The experimental test was conducted by using four ball tribometer at different temperature setting of 27°C, 50°C and 100°C. This experiment used the standard test method of ASTM D-4172 condition B under the applied load of 392.4N (40kg) at a spindle speed of 1200 revolution per minute (rpm) for one hour. In summary, at low temperature the WCO without any additives be the lowest value of COF compared to other sample; but at higher temperature 0.3 vol.%hBN and 0.3-0.5 vol.%PKAC addition to the WCO could effectively improve the anti-friction performance of waste cooking oil. However 0.3vol.%hBN and 0.1v.% PKAC was good enough to improve the anti-wear performance start from low to high temperature. Beside that, 0.5 vol.% of hBN additive have positively impact in lubricant’s properties (flash point and viscosity index) while PKAC additive can increased the flash point value but reduced the viscosity index of WCO. Overall, this study have contributed to our knowledged about the effectiveness of hBN and PKAC additives on tribological characteristics of waste cooking oil (WCO) in three difference temperature performance. This research study also can assist in meeting both customer demand and green technology. |
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