Friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hBN and PKAC additives

Friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hBN and PKAC additives

In recent years, development of recycle, renewable and sustainable products to replace fossil products is an essential and crucial aspects to environment, industrial and academic perceptions. The bases of most lubricants nowadays are from petroleum oils. There has been in-creasing demand for green l...

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Main Author: Abdul Rashid, Nur Saidatul Fatimah
Format: Thesis
Language:English
English
Published: 2017
Subjects:
T Technology (General)
TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
Online Access:http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/20527/1/Friction%20And%20Wear%20Characteristics%20Of%20Bio-Lubricant%20Enhanced%20With%20hBN%20And%20PKAC%20Additives.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/20527/2/Friction%20and%20wear%20characteristics%20of%20bio-lubricant%20enhanced%20with%20hBN%20and%20PKAC%20additives.pdf
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id my-utem-ep.20527
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection UTeM Repository
language English
English
advisor Abdollah, Mohd Fadzli
topic T Technology (General)
TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
spellingShingle T Technology (General)
TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
Abdul Rashid, Nur Saidatul Fatimah
Friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hBN and PKAC additives
description In recent years, development of recycle, renewable and sustainable products to replace fossil products is an essential and crucial aspects to environment, industrial and academic perceptions. The bases of most lubricants nowadays are from petroleum oils. There has been in-creasing demand for green lubricants and lubricants additives. Previous study on vegetable oil is a good alternative to replace mineral oil in lubricant but the price is high. Thus due to waste vegetable cooking oil and fat have created serious problems for their disposal. Further study in managing waste cooking oil as a lubricant enhanced with different type of additives; hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and palm kernel activated carbon (PKAC) have been study in this project. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of hBN and PKAC additives on tribological characteristics of waste cooking oil (WCO) at different temperature performance. Garcinia atroviridis and Zinngiber officinale were used as a natural adsorbent to treat and recover the waste cooking oil. To formulate the bio-lubricant by using 0.1 vol.%, 0.3 vol.% and 0.5 vol.% of 70 nm hBN and 63 μm PKAC additives separately dispersed with WCO, and then the properties of bio-lubricant in term of flash point and viscosity index were measured. The experimental test was conducted by using four ball tribometer at different temperature setting of 27°C, 50°C and 100°C. This experiment used the standard test method of ASTM D-4172 condition B under the applied load of 392.4N (40kg) at a spindle speed of 1200 revolution per minute (rpm) for one hour. In summary, at low temperature the WCO without any additives be the lowest value of COF compared to other sample; but at higher temperature 0.3 vol.%hBN and 0.3-0.5 vol.%PKAC addition to the WCO could effectively improve the anti-friction performance of waste cooking oil. However 0.3vol.%hBN and 0.1v.% PKAC was good enough to improve the anti-wear performance start from low to high temperature. Beside that, 0.5 vol.% of hBN additive have positively impact in lubricant’s properties (flash point and viscosity index) while PKAC additive can increased the flash point value but reduced the viscosity index of WCO. Overall, this study have contributed to our knowledged about the effectiveness of hBN and PKAC additives on tribological characteristics of waste cooking oil (WCO) in three difference temperature performance. This research study also can assist in meeting both customer demand and green technology.
format Thesis
qualification_name Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
qualification_level Master's degree
author Abdul Rashid, Nur Saidatul Fatimah
author_facet Abdul Rashid, Nur Saidatul Fatimah
author_sort Abdul Rashid, Nur Saidatul Fatimah
title Friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hBN and PKAC additives
title_short Friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hBN and PKAC additives
title_full Friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hBN and PKAC additives
title_fullStr Friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hBN and PKAC additives
title_full_unstemmed Friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hBN and PKAC additives
title_sort friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hbn and pkac additives
granting_institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering
publishDate 2017
url http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/20527/1/Friction%20And%20Wear%20Characteristics%20Of%20Bio-Lubricant%20Enhanced%20With%20hBN%20And%20PKAC%20Additives.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/20527/2/Friction%20and%20wear%20characteristics%20of%20bio-lubricant%20enhanced%20with%20hBN%20and%20PKAC%20additives.pdf
_version_ 1747833975055843328
spelling my-utem-ep.205272022-06-08T12:07:04Z Friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricant enhanced with hBN and PKAC additives 2017 Abdul Rashid, Nur Saidatul Fatimah T Technology (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery In recent years, development of recycle, renewable and sustainable products to replace fossil products is an essential and crucial aspects to environment, industrial and academic perceptions. The bases of most lubricants nowadays are from petroleum oils. There has been in-creasing demand for green lubricants and lubricants additives. Previous study on vegetable oil is a good alternative to replace mineral oil in lubricant but the price is high. Thus due to waste vegetable cooking oil and fat have created serious problems for their disposal. Further study in managing waste cooking oil as a lubricant enhanced with different type of additives; hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and palm kernel activated carbon (PKAC) have been study in this project. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of hBN and PKAC additives on tribological characteristics of waste cooking oil (WCO) at different temperature performance. Garcinia atroviridis and Zinngiber officinale were used as a natural adsorbent to treat and recover the waste cooking oil. To formulate the bio-lubricant by using 0.1 vol.%, 0.3 vol.% and 0.5 vol.% of 70 nm hBN and 63 μm PKAC additives separately dispersed with WCO, and then the properties of bio-lubricant in term of flash point and viscosity index were measured. The experimental test was conducted by using four ball tribometer at different temperature setting of 27°C, 50°C and 100°C. This experiment used the standard test method of ASTM D-4172 condition B under the applied load of 392.4N (40kg) at a spindle speed of 1200 revolution per minute (rpm) for one hour. In summary, at low temperature the WCO without any additives be the lowest value of COF compared to other sample; but at higher temperature 0.3 vol.%hBN and 0.3-0.5 vol.%PKAC addition to the WCO could effectively improve the anti-friction performance of waste cooking oil. However 0.3vol.%hBN and 0.1v.% PKAC was good enough to improve the anti-wear performance start from low to high temperature. Beside that, 0.5 vol.% of hBN additive have positively impact in lubricant’s properties (flash point and viscosity index) while PKAC additive can increased the flash point value but reduced the viscosity index of WCO. Overall, this study have contributed to our knowledged about the effectiveness of hBN and PKAC additives on tribological characteristics of waste cooking oil (WCO) in three difference temperature performance. This research study also can assist in meeting both customer demand and green technology. 2017 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/20527/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/20527/1/Friction%20And%20Wear%20Characteristics%20Of%20Bio-Lubricant%20Enhanced%20With%20hBN%20And%20PKAC%20Additives.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/20527/2/Friction%20and%20wear%20characteristics%20of%20bio-lubricant%20enhanced%20with%20hBN%20and%20PKAC%20additives.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=105994 mphil masters Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering Abdollah, Mohd Fadzli 1. Abugu, Hillary Onyeka, Okoye, P.A.C. Ajiwe, V.I.E.Professor and Ofordile. P.C. (2014). Environmental Analytical Chemistry, DepartmentPreparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Agrowastes Peanut Seed (African Canarium) and Palm Kernel Shell. International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, 3, pp. 418-441. 2. Ahmed, Nehal S. and Nassar, Amal M., 2011. Lubricating Oil Additives, Tribology - Lubricants and Lubrication, Dr. Chang-Hung Kuo (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-371-2. 3. Arwin, G. Z. and Rashmi G. W., 2013. Tribological Evaluation of Nano Graphene Platelets as an Additive to Biolubricant Base Fluid. Engineering Undergraduate Research Graduate Catalyst (UERECA) 2013 - Tribological Evaluation of Nano Graphene Platelets as an Additive to Biolubricant, pp. 7-8. 4. Bansal, Jai G., 2012. Engine Lubricants : Trends and Challenges. DEER (Directions in Engine-Efficiency and Emissions Research) Conference 2012. 5. CAI Jiyuan, GAN Quan & DAI Lixia, 2001. Investigation on tribology behavior of lubricants using the coefficient of friction test method. Science in China (Series A), pp. 200-206. Chhetri, Arjun B., Chris Watts, K. and Rafiqul Islam, M., 2008. Waste Cooking Oil as an Alternate Feedstock for Biodiesel Production. Energies, pp. 3-18. 6. Chua, K.W., Abdollah, M.F.B., Mat Tahir, N.A. and Amiruddin, H., 2014. Potential of palm kernel activated carbon epoxy (PKAC-E) composite as solid lubricant: Effect of load on friction and wear properties. Jurnal Tribologi 2, pp. 31-38. 65 7. Cursaru, D. L., Ramadan, I., Tanasescu, C. And Ripeanu, R., 2013. Study Of The Tribological Behavior Of Different Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Such As Antiwear Additives For An Environmentally Friendly Lubricant. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 8, pp. 805 – 815. 8. Gawrilow J., 2004. Vegetable Oil Usage in Lubricants. Oleochemicals, 15, pp 702-705. 9. Georgescua, C., Soleaa, L. C. and Deleanua, L., The Influence of Degumming Process on Tribological Behaviour of Soybean Oil. Tribology in Industry, pp. 330-335. Gschwender, Lois J., Kramer, David C., Lok, Brent K., Sharma, Shashi K., Snyder Jr., Carl E. and Sztenderowicz, Mark L., 2001). CRC Press LLC.Hafidzal, M. H. M., Razi, M. Z. M., Hamzah, A.,Razak, N. H., Zulkafli, N. I., Abdollah, M. F. B., Shamsudin, A. and Roslizar, A., 2015. Potential of Mixed Zingiber officinale and Garcinia atroviridis as a Treating Medium for Used Cooking Oil. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10, pp. 7784-7787. 10. Hakimi Chua Abdullah, M. I., Abdollah, M. F., Hilmi, A. and Saleman, A. R., 2104. Effect of hBN/Al2O3 nanoparticles on engine oil properties. Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research, pp. 3261-3268. 11. Hakimi Chua Abdullah, M. I., Abdollah, M. F., Hilmi, A., Noreffendy, T. and Nur Rashid Mat Nuri, 2015). The potential of hBN nanoparticles as friction modifier and antiwear additive in engine oil. Mechanics & Industry, pp. 77-104. 66 12. Hristova, M. and Tchaoushev, S., 2006. Calculation Of Flash Points And Flammability Limits Of Substances And Mixtures. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 41, pp. 291-296. 13. Kalam, M. A., Masjuki, H. 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Effect of Nitrogen on Growth, Nutrient Assimilation, Essential Oil Contact, Yield and Quantity Attributes In Zingiber officinale Rosc.. Journal of The Saudi Society and Agricultural Sciences, 15, pp. 171-178. 18. Mobarak, H.M., Niza Mohamad, E., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M.A., Al Mahmud, K.A.H., Habibullah M. and Ashraful, A.M., 2014. The prospects of biolubricants as alternatives in automotive applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33, pp. 34-43. 19. Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullah, Mohd Fadzli Bin Abdollah, Hilmi Amiruddin, Noreffendy Tamaldina, Nur Rashid Mat Nuria, 2013. The Malaysian International Tribology Conference Optimization of Tribological Performance of hBN/AL2O3 Nanoparticles as Engine Oil Additives. Procedia Engineering, pp. 313 – 319. 20. Nizam, M. K. and Abdul Bari, H. A., 2009. The Use Of Vegetable Oil In Lubricant As Base Oil: A Review. National Conference on Postgraduate Research (NCON-PGR) 2009, pp. 123-127. 21. 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