Optimization of injection moulding parameters for recycled high density polyethylene

Most plastics dispose very slowly in landfills, and these will not only occupy valuable space but will also generate toxic emissions and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. It can remain in the environment for a long period of time, thereby causing problems to the environment and to the health...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Ramle, Zuraimi
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2017
Subjects:	T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/21435/1/Optimization%20Of%20Injection%20Moulding%20Parameters%20For%20Recycled%20High%20Density%20Polyethylene.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/21435/2/Optimization%20of%20injection%20moulding%20parameters%20for%20recycled%20high%20density%20polyethylene.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-utem-ep.21435
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection	UTeM Repository
language	English English
advisor	Sulaiman, Mohd Amri
topic	T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology Ramle, Zuraimi Optimization of injection moulding parameters for recycled high density polyethylene
description	Most plastics dispose very slowly in landfills, and these will not only occupy valuable space but will also generate toxic emissions and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. It can remain in the environment for a long period of time, thereby causing problems to the environment and to the health of the society. The practical solution is to recycle and reuse the plastics that have already been used. Nearly all the plastic products that can be seen in our daily life, such as mobile phone housings, automobile bumpers, lunch boxes or bottles are produced by injection moulding. However, incorrect parameter settings in injection moulding will cause bad performance on the specimens such as lack of mechanical strength. Therefore, finding the optimized parameters is highly desirable. This research investigated the usability of recycled HDPE as a substitute for pure HDPE by determines their tensile and flexural strength. The parameters evaluated were melting temperature, injection pressure, holding pressure, holding time, cooling time and injection time. Design Expert 7.0.0 software was used for the screening process by Factorial method and melting temperature, injection pressure and holding time were found as significant parameters. These three parameters then were analysed and optimized by RSM analysis and four process models (tensile of p-HDPE, flexural of p-HDPE, tensile of r-HDPE and flexural of r-HDPE) are successfully developed and validated. The ANOVA suggested that melting temperature is the most significant parameter affecting the tensile and flexural strength of both materials and it was followed by injection pressure and holding time. The optimal result of tensile strength of p-HDPE (27.405 MPa), flexural strength of p-HDPE (21.744 MPa), tensile strength of r-HDPE (15.86 MPa) and flexural strength of r-HDPE (14.353) was obtained at the melting temperature of 240 ºC, injection pressure of 95 MPa and holding time of 30 s. This study also found that the comparison of tensile and flexural strength between p-HDPE and r-HDPE is 42.13% and 33.99% respectively. The specimens of r-HDPE were crushed and injected again by injection machine to produce the specimens. The specimens were tested and compared by the performance of r-HDPE where the reduction of tensile and flexural strength is 10.33% and 20.32% respectively. Some applications such toys, laboratory tubing and plastic pipe have been compared to these three materials based on their strength properties. The result shows the tensile and flexural strength of all materials in the range of the applications strength, and it automatically indicates that r-HDPE can be utilised as a substitutes of p-HDPE in some applications.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Ramle, Zuraimi
author_facet	Ramle, Zuraimi
author_sort	Ramle, Zuraimi
title	Optimization of injection moulding parameters for recycled high density polyethylene
title_short	Optimization of injection moulding parameters for recycled high density polyethylene
title_full	Optimization of injection moulding parameters for recycled high density polyethylene
title_fullStr	Optimization of injection moulding parameters for recycled high density polyethylene
title_full_unstemmed	Optimization of injection moulding parameters for recycled high density polyethylene
title_sort	optimization of injection moulding parameters for recycled high density polyethylene
granting_institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department	Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
publishDate	2017
url	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/21435/1/Optimization%20Of%20Injection%20Moulding%20Parameters%20For%20Recycled%20High%20Density%20Polyethylene.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/21435/2/Optimization%20of%20injection%20moulding%20parameters%20for%20recycled%20high%20density%20polyethylene.pdf
_version_	1747834012278194176
spelling	my-utem-ep.214352022-06-13T15:04:53Z Optimization of injection moulding parameters for recycled high density polyethylene 2017 Ramle, Zuraimi T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology Most plastics dispose very slowly in landfills, and these will not only occupy valuable space but will also generate toxic emissions and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. It can remain in the environment for a long period of time, thereby causing problems to the environment and to the health of the society. The practical solution is to recycle and reuse the plastics that have already been used. Nearly all the plastic products that can be seen in our daily life, such as mobile phone housings, automobile bumpers, lunch boxes or bottles are produced by injection moulding. However, incorrect parameter settings in injection moulding will cause bad performance on the specimens such as lack of mechanical strength. Therefore, finding the optimized parameters is highly desirable. This research investigated the usability of recycled HDPE as a substitute for pure HDPE by determines their tensile and flexural strength. The parameters evaluated were melting temperature, injection pressure, holding pressure, holding time, cooling time and injection time. Design Expert 7.0.0 software was used for the screening process by Factorial method and melting temperature, injection pressure and holding time were found as significant parameters. These three parameters then were analysed and optimized by RSM analysis and four process models (tensile of p-HDPE, flexural of p-HDPE, tensile of r-HDPE and flexural of r-HDPE) are successfully developed and validated. The ANOVA suggested that melting temperature is the most significant parameter affecting the tensile and flexural strength of both materials and it was followed by injection pressure and holding time. The optimal result of tensile strength of p-HDPE (27.405 MPa), flexural strength of p-HDPE (21.744 MPa), tensile strength of r-HDPE (15.86 MPa) and flexural strength of r-HDPE (14.353) was obtained at the melting temperature of 240 ºC, injection pressure of 95 MPa and holding time of 30 s. This study also found that the comparison of tensile and flexural strength between p-HDPE and r-HDPE is 42.13% and 33.99% respectively. The specimens of r-HDPE were crushed and injected again by injection machine to produce the specimens. The specimens were tested and compared by the performance of r-HDPE where the reduction of tensile and flexural strength is 10.33% and 20.32% respectively. Some applications such toys, laboratory tubing and plastic pipe have been compared to these three materials based on their strength properties. The result shows the tensile and flexural strength of all materials in the range of the applications strength, and it automatically indicates that r-HDPE can be utilised as a substitutes of p-HDPE in some applications. 2017 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/21435/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/21435/1/Optimization%20Of%20Injection%20Moulding%20Parameters%20For%20Recycled%20High%20Density%20Polyethylene.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/21435/2/Optimization%20of%20injection%20moulding%20parameters%20for%20recycled%20high%20density%20polyethylene.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=107684 mphil masters Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering Sulaiman, Mohd Amri 1. Abou-El-Hossein, K.A., Kadirgama, K., Hamdi, M. and Benyounis, K.Y., 2007. Prediction of cutting force in end-milling operation of modified AISI P20 tool steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 182 (1), pp. 241-247. 2. Adewole, A., Dackson, K. and Wolkowicz, M., 1994. Response surface modeling in compounding recycled polyolefinic blends. Advances in Polymer Technology, 13 (3), pp. 219-230. 3. Agamuthu, P., 2001. Solid Waste: Principle and Management, Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. 4. Agamuthu, P., Hamid, F.S. and Khidzir, K., 2009. Evolution of solid waste management in Malaysia: impacts and implications of the solid waste bill, 2007. Journal of material cycles and waste management, 11 (2), pp. 96-103. 5. Aguado, J. and Serrano, D.P., 1999. Feedstock recycling of plastic wastes. London: Royal society of chemistry. 6. Akbarzadeh, A. and Sadeghi, M., 2011. Parameter study in plastic injection molding process using statistical methods and IWO algorithm. International Journal of Modeling and Optimization, 1 (2), p.141. 7. Allen, D.M., 1974. The relationship between variable selection and data augmentation and a method for prediction. Technometrics, 16 (1), pp. 125-127. 8. American Chemistry Council Inc., 2005. Plastic Packaging Resins. [online] Available at: https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Plastic-Resin-Codes-PDF/ 9. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2014. D3350-14, Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. 10. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2014. D638-14, Standard Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Plastics. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. 11. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2014. D790-14, Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. 12. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2016. F936-16, Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. 13. Anderson, V. and McLean, R., 1974. Design Of Experiments: A Realistic Approach, Florida: CRC Press. 14. Andrady, A.L. and Neal, M.A., 2009. Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364 (1526), pp.1977-1984. 15. Autodesk Moldflow Communicator, 2012. Process settings. [online] Available at: http://de0qmbqba3hfm.cloudfront.net/attachments/67924/0 [Accessed on 22 April 2015]. 16. Ballman, R. and Shusman, T., 1959. Easy way to calculate injection molding set-up time. Modern Plastics, 126, pp. 130-131. 17. Barnes, D.K., Galgani, F., Thompson, R.C. and Barlaz, M., 2009. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364 (1526), pp. 1985-1998. 18. Barrentine, L., 1999. An Introduction To Design Of Experiments: A Simplified Approach, Wisconsin: ASQ Press. 19. Barsoum, I. and Faleskog, J., 2007. Rupture mechanisms in combined tension and shear—Experiments. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44 (6), pp. 1768-1786. 20. Battenfeld, 2007. Micro-Moulding Injection Molding. [online] Available at: http:// www.battenfeld.ru/fileadmin/templates/docs/imm/microsystem_presentation.pdf [Accessed on 20 October 2015]. 21. Bellmann, K. and Khare, A., 1999. European response to issues in recycling car plastics. Technovation, 19 (12), pp. 721-734. 22. Benyounis, K.Y., Olabi, A.G. and Hashmi, M.S.J., 2008. Multi-response optimization of CO 2 laser-welding process of austenitic stainless steel. Optics & Laser Technology, 40 (1), pp. 76-87. 23. Blyskal, P.J. and Meheran, P., 1994. Applying design of experiment analysis techniques to the injection molding process. In: Society of Plastics Engineers., Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference, San Francisco, USA, 1 - 5 May 1994. SPE ANTEC. 24. Bonhomme, S., Cuer, A., Delort, A.M., Lemaire, J., Sancelme, M. and Scott, G., 2003. Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 81 (3), pp. 441-452. 25. Box, G.E. and Draper, N.R., 1987. Empirical model-building and response surfaces (Vol. 424), New York: John Wiley & Sons. 26. Box, G.E., Hunter, W.G. and Hunter, J.S., 1978. Statistics for experimenters: an introduction to design, data analysis, and model building, New York: John Wiley & Sons. 27. Brandrup, J., Bittner, M., Michaeli, W. and Menges, G., 1996. Recycling and recovery of plastics. Munich: Hanser. 28. Bryce, D.M., 1996. Plastic Injection Molding: Manufacturing Process Fundamentals, Michigan: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. 29. Bryce, D.M., 1997. Plastic injection molding: Material Selection and Product Design Fundamentals (Vol. 2). Dearborn, Michigan: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. 30. Callister, W.D., 2000. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 5th ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons. 31. Callister, W.D., 2007. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 7th ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons. 32. Carteaux, W.R., 2013. Plastic in Today’s Re-Emerging U.S Economy: The Shale Gas Boom’s Impact on Packaging Films. The SPI Magazine, 23 Sep, pp.15. 33. Chang, K.H., 2013. Product Performance Evaluation using CAD/CAE: The Computer Aided Engineering Design Series. Massachusetts: Academic press. 34. Chen, W.L., Huang, C.Y. and Huang, C.Y., 2013. Finding efficient frontier of process parameters for plastic injection molding. Journal of Industrial Engineering International, 9 (1), p. 25. 35. Chris. O., 2011. Optimising Plastics Material Selection. Sustainable Manufacturing: A Guide For The Plastics Processing [online] Available at: http://www.bpf.co.uk/sustainable_manufacturing/Guide.aspx [Accessed on 9 April 2016]. 36. Contreras, A. and Andres, J., 2007. Micromechanical modelling of polyethylene. University of Waterloo. 37. Cornish, E.H., 1991. Materials and the Designer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 38. Crawford, R.J., 1998. Plastics engineering, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 39. Cruz, S.A. and Zanin, M. 2004. Dielectric Strength of the Blends of Virgin and Recycled HDPE, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 91(3), 1730-1735. 40. Dabnun, M.A., Hashmi, M.S.J. and El-Baradie, M.A., 2005. Surface roughness prediction model by design of experiments for turning machinable glass–ceramic (Macor). Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 164, pp. 1289-1293. 41. Dasari, A. and Misra, R.D.K., 2003. On the strain rate sensitivity of high density polyethylene and polypropylenes. Materials Science and Engineering, 358 (1), pp. 356-371. 42. Dave, P., Brown, K., MacIver, W., Chundury, D., Draucker, C. and Lightener, L. 1997. Injection Molding Applications of Polyolefin-based Filled and Reinforced Products by the Use of Designed of Experiment Technique. In: Society of Plastics Engineers., Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference, Toronto, USA, 27 April – 2 May 1997. SPE ANTEC. 43. Davis, J.R. ed., 2004. Tensile testing. Materials Park: ASM international. 44. Deanin, R.D. and Mead, J.L., 2007. Synthetic resins and plastics. In Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology (Kent, J.A., ed.), pp. 623-688. New York: Springer US. 45. Design-Expert User’s Guide, 2009. Design-Expert Software, Stat-Ease Inc. 46. Dieter, G.E., 2005. Mechanical Metallurgy. 3rd ed., New York: Mc Graw Hill. 47. Duever, T.A., Tripp, M.T. and Tzoganakis, C., 2002. The effect of processing variables on the quality of injection molded foamed parts. Journal of cellular plastics, 38 (2), pp. 103-112. 48. Dylingowski, P.J. and Hamel, R.G., 2004. Microbial degradation of plastics. In Directory of Microbicides for the Protection of Materials, pp. 325-342. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 49. Efunda, 2017. Specific Grades of Polyethylene. [online] Available at: http://www.efunda.com/materials/polymers/properties/polymer_index.cfm [Accessed on 5 May 2015]. 50. Elias, J.S., 2007. Science terms made easy: a lexicon of scientific words and their root language origins. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. 51. Eubeler, J.P., Bernhard, M. and Knepper, T.P., 2010. Environmental biodegradation of synthetic polymers II. Biodegradation of different polymer groups. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 29 (1), pp. 84-100. 52. European Commission Department of Environment, 2011. Plastic Waste: Ecological and Human Health Impacts. Department of Environment, Brussels. 53. Fei, N.C., Kamaruddin, S., Siddiquee, A.N. and Khan, Z.A., 2011. Experimental investigation on the recycled HDPE and optimization of injection moulding process parameters via Taguchi method. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 6 (1), pp. 81-91. 54. Fisher, R., 1971. The Design Of Experiment, New York: Haffner Press. 55. Fletcher, B.L. and Mackay, M.E., 1996. A model of plastics recycling: does recycling reduce the amount of waste? Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 17 (2), pp. 141-151. 56. Fritz, H.G., Seidenstücker, T., Bölz, U., Juza, M., Schroeter, J. and Endres, H.J., 1994. Directorate-General XII Science: Study on production of thermoplastics and fibres based on mainly biological materials, Luxembourg: European Commision. 57. Gerd, P. and Walter, M., 1995. Injection moulding, Munich: Hanser. 58. Gill, D.D., 2002. Precision Replication of Co-Molded Meso and Micro Optics Through Injection Molding. North California State University. 59. Global Business Guide Indonesia, 2014. Plastic Packaging Opportunities in Indonesia. [online] Available at: http://www.gbgindonesia.com/en/manufacturing/article/2014/plastic_packaging_opportunities_in_indonesia.php [Accessed on 2 April 2016]. 60. Gobinath, S., Elangovan, D., Sivakumar, E. and Devadasan, S.R., 2016. Viability Study of Use of Reprocessed High Density Polyethylene for Manufacturing Products and Multi Response Optimization of Injection Moulding Parameters Using Grey Relational Analysis. Polymers & Polymer Composites, 24 (7), p. 547. 61. Goh, T.N. and Xie, M., 2004. Improving On The Six Sigma Paradigm. TQM Journal, 16 (4), pp. 235-240. 62. Govindaraju, R., Jagannathan, S., Chinnasamy, M. and Kandhavadivu, P., 2014. Optimization of Process Parameters for Fabrication of Wool Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites with Respect to Mechanical Properties. Journal of Engineered Fabrics & Fibers, 9 (3), pp. 126-133. 63. Gowariker, V.R., Viswanathan, N.V. and Sreedhar, J., 1986. Polymer science. New Age International. 64. Groover, M.P., 2010. Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems, New York: John Wiley & Sons. 65. Gu, F., Hall, P. and Miles, N.J., 2015. Experimental Investigating Effect of Reprocessing on Properties of Composites based on Recycled Polypropylene. In: Power Electronics and Energy Engineering, Proceedings of International Conference on Power Electronics and Energy Engineering, Hong Kong, 2015. PEEE Publisher. 66. Gu, F., Hall, P., Miles, N.J., Ding, Q. and Wu, T., 2014. Improvement of mechanical properties of recycled plastic blends via optimizing processing parameters using the Taguchi method and principal component analysis. Materials and Design, 62, pp. 189 -198. 67. Gunaraj, V. and Murugan, N., 1999. Application of response surface methodology for predicting weld bead quality in submerged arc welding of pipes. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 88 (1), pp. 266-275. 68. Hannequart, J.P., 2004. Good practice guide on waste plastics recycling: A guide by and for local and regional authorities. Association of cities and regions for recycling (ACRR), Belgium. 69. Hassan, M.N., Theng, L.C., Allgaier. G. and Stegmann, R., 2006. Landfilling. In TETRAWAMA – Teaching and Training Modules for Higher Education in The Waste Management Sector (Korner, I., Stegmann, R., Visvanathan, C., Norbu, T., Cossu, R., Gadia, R., Awang, M., Aziz, A.A., Hassan, M.N., Chong, T.L. and Ming, C.T., ed.), pp. 165-185. Hamburg: The TUHH Hamburg University of Technology. 70. Hirai, H., Takada, H., Ogata, Y., Yamashita, R., Mizukawa, K., Saha, M., Kwan, C., Moore, C., Gray, H., Laursen, D. and Zettler, E.R., 2011. Organic micropollutants in marine plastics debris from the open ocean and remote and urban beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62 (8), pp. 1683-1692. 71. Hopewell, J., Dvorak, R. and Kosior, E., 2009. Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364 (1526), pp. 2115-2126. 72. Hsuan, Y.G. and Zhang, J., 2005. Stress Crack Resistance of Corrugated High-Density Polyethylene Pipes in Different Test Environments and Temperatures. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1928), pp. 221-225. 73. Huang, Y., Bird, R.N. and Heidrich, O., 2007. A review of the use of recycled solid waste materials in asphalt pavements. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52 (1), pp. 58-73. 74. Humbe, A.B. and Kadam, M.S., 2014. Optimization of Process Parameters of Plastic Injection Moulding For Polypropylene To Enhance Productivity and Reduce Time For Development. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 5 (5), pp. 157 - 169. 75. Hunter, J.S. and Naylor, T.H., 1970. Experimental designs for computer simulation experiments. Management Science, 16 (7), pp. 422-434. 76. Injection Mould Making and Moulding, 2009. Injection mould sprue and runner. [online] Available at: http://imouldmaking.com/mould-making-2/mould-design/runner-andgate/injection-mould-sprue-and-runner/ [Accessed on 20 Jan 2015]. 77. International Organization for Standardization, 2010. ISO 178 - Plastics–Determination of Flexural Properties. Geneva: ISO. 78. Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R. and Law, K.L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347 (6223), pp. 768-771. 79. Jenny. M., 2015. What Do Those Numbered Recycled Symbols on Plastic Mean Anyway? [online] Available at: http://www.digitaltrends.com/home/what-do-plastics-recycling-numbers-mean [Accessed on 27 April 2016]. 80. Jones, D.R. and Ashby, M.F., 2005. Engineering materials 2: an introduction to microstructures, processing and design, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 81. Kalpakjian, S. and Schmid, S.R., 2010. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 6th ed., New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 82. Kandar, M.M. and Akil, H.M., 2016. Application of Design of Experiment (DoE) for Parameters Optimization in Comprlucasession Moulding for Flax Reinforced Biocomposites. Procedia Chemistry, 19, pp.433-440. 83. Kennedy, P., 1995. Flow Analysis of Injection Molds, Munich: Hanser. 84. Kennedy, P.K., 2008. Practical and Scientific Aspects of Injection Molding Simulation. Universiteit Eindhoven. 85. Khan, Z.A., Kamaruddin, S. and Siddiquee, A.N., 2010. Feasibility study of use of recycled high density polyethylene and multi response optimization of injection moulding parameters using combined grey relational and principal component analyses. Materials and Design, 31(6), pp. 2925-2931. 86. Khoshooee, N., 1995. The use of Taguchi methods in injection moulding quality control. University of Bradford. 87. Kuram, E., Timur, G., Ozcelik, B. and Yilmaz, F., 2014. Influences of injection conditions on strength properties of recycled and virgin PBT/PC/ABS. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 29 (10), pp. 1260-1268. 88. Kurrer, K.E., 2008. The history of the theory of structures: from arch analysis to computational mechanics. International Journal of Space Structures, 23 (3), pp. 193-197. 89. Kyrikou, I. and Briassoulis, D., 2007. Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films: a critical review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 15 (2), pp. 125-150. 90. Liang, S., Yang, H., Wang, K., Zhang, Q., Du, R. and Fu, Q., 2008. Unique crystal morphology and tensile properties of injection-molded bar of LLDPE by adding HDPE with different molecular weights. Acta Materialia, 56 (1), pp. 50-59. 91. Lu, X. and Khim, L.S., 2001. A statistical experimental study of the injection molding of optical lenses. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 113 (1), pp. 189-195. 92. Lu, X., Qian, R. and Brown, N., 1995. The effect of crystallinity on fracture and yielding of polyethylenes. Polymer, 36 (22), pp. 4239-4244. 93. Lucas, J.M., 1994. Using response surface methodology to achieve a robust process. Journal of Quality Technology, 26 (4), pp. 248-260. 94. Lustiger, A. and Markham, R.L., 1983. Importance of tie molecules in preventing polyethylene fracture under long-term loading conditions. Polymer, 24 (12), pp. 1647-1654. 95. Luttropp, C. and Strömberg, E., 2011. Eco Quality Polymers-EQP. In Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing (Hesselbach, J. and Hermann, C. eds.), pp. 482-485. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heideleberg. 96. Mark, J.E., 1996. Ceramic‐reinforced polymers and polymer‐modified ceramics. Polymer Engineering & Science, 36 (24), pp. 2905-2920. 97. Mark, H.F., 2003. Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology, concise, New York: John Wiley & Sons. 98. Marqués-Calvo, M.S., Cerdà-Cuéllar, M., Kint, D.P., Bou, J.J. and Muñoz-Guerra, S., 2006. Enzymatic and microbial biodegradability of poly (ethylene terephthalate) copolymers containing nitrated units. Polymer degradation and stability, 91 (4), pp. 663-671. 99. Mason, R.L., Gunst, R.F. and Hess, J.L., 2003. Statistical design and analysis of experiments: with applications to engineering and science, New York: John Wiley & Sons. 100. Mato, Y., Isobe, T., Takada, H., Kanehiro, H., Ohtake, C. and Kaminuma, T., 2001. Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environmental science & technology, 35 (2), pp. 318-324. 101. Michaeli, W. and Potsch, G., 1995. Injection molding: an introduction, Munich: Hanser. 102. Mills, N., 2005. Plastics: Microstructure and Engineering Applications, 3rd ed., Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 103. Minaei-Zaim, M., Ghasemi, I., Karrabi, M. and Azizi, H., 2012. Effect of injection molding parameters on properties of cross-linked low-density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate/organoclay nanocomposite foams. Iranian Polymer Journal, 8 (21), pp. 537-546. 104. Minitab, I.N.C., 2010. MINITAB Statistical Software. Minitab Release, 16. 105. Mirvar, S.E., Kaleybar, R.M. and Afsari, A., 2012. Optimization of Injection Molding Process Parameters to Increase the Tensile Strength in Polyamide-Specimen Using the Taguchi Method. Advanced Materials Research, 341, pp. 395-399. 106. Mitchell, P. ed., 1996. Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook: Plastic Part Manufacturing, 4th ed., Dearborn, Michigan: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. 107. Montgomery, D.C., 1997. Design and Analysis of Experiments, New York: John Wiley & Sons. 108. Montgomery,D.C., 2001. Response surface methods and other approaches to process optimization. Design and analysis of experiments, New York: John Wiley & Sons. 109. Montgomery, D.C., 2005. Design and Analysis of Experiments: Response Surface Method and Designs. NJ, New York: John Wiley & Sons. 110. Montgomery, D.C., 2009. Statistical quality control (Vol. 7), New York: John Wiley & Sons. 111. Montgomery, D.C., Keats, J.B., Perry, L.A., Thompson, J.R. and Messina, W.S., 2000. Using statistically designed experiments for process development and improvement: an application in electronics manufacturing. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 16 (1), pp. 55-63. 112. Muccio, E.A., 1994. Plastics processing technology, Materials Park: Asm International. 113. Mustafa, A., 2012. Introduction to Polymer Science and Technology. [e-book] London: Bookboon. Available through: < www.bookboon.com/en> [Accessed on 25 May 2016]. 114. Myers, R.H., Montgomery, D.C. and Anderson-Cook, C.M., 2009. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments, 3rd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons. 115. Na, B., Zhang, Q., Fu, Q., Zhang, G. and Shen, K., 2002. Super polyolefin blends achieved via dynamic packing injection molding: the morphology and mechanical properties of HDPE/EVA blends. Polymer, 43 (26), pp. 7367-7376. 116. Nikafshar, S., Zabihi, O., Ahmadi, M., Mirmohseni, A., Taseidifar, M. and Naebe, M., 2017. The Effects of UV Light on the Chemical and Mechanical Properties of a Transparent Epoxy-Diamine System in the Presence of an Organic UV Absorber. Materials, 10 (2), p. 180. 117. Pahari, A.K. and Chauhan, B.S., 2006. Engineering chemistry, New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. 118. Pariatamby, A. and Tanaka, M., 2014. Municipal solid waste management in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Gateway East: Springer Singapore. 119. Park, K. and Ahn, J.H., 2004. Design of experiment considering two-way interactions and its application to injection molding processes with numerical analysis. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 146 (2), pp. 221-227. 120. Pasquini, N., 2005. Polypropylene handbook, Munich: Hanser. 121. Peacock, A., 2000. Handbook of polyethylene: structures: properties, and applications, Florida: CRC Press. 122. Plastics Europe, 2015. Plastics - The Facts 2014/2015: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data. [online] Available at: http://www.plasticeurope.org /documents/document/20150227150049final_plastics_the_facts_2014_2015_260215.pdf [Accessed on 3 April 2016]. 123. Procesos Plasticos Inyectados, 2013. What is plastic injection? [online] Available at: http://ppi.com.mx/Servicios/que-es-la-inyeccion-de-plasticos.html [Accessed on 3 Jan 2016]. 124. Ramirez‐Vargas, E., Sandoval‐Arellano, Z., Hernández‐Valdez, J.S., Martínez‐Colunga, J.G. and Sánchez‐Valdés, S., 2006. Compatibility of HDPE/postconsumer HDPE blends using compatibilizing agents. Journal of applied polymer science, 100 (5), pp. 3696-3706. 125. Rauwendaal, C., 2008. SPC: Statistical process control in injection molding and extrusion, Munich: Hanser. 126. Rios, L.M., Moore, C. and Jones, P.R., 2007. Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54 (8), pp. 1230-1237. 127. Rishi, P. and Jaiprakash, B., 2013. Optimization of injection moulding process using Taguchi and ANOVA. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(1). 128. Rosato, D.V. and Rosato, D.V., 1995. Injection Molding Handbook: The Complete Molding Operation: Technology, Performance, Economics, New York: Chapman & Hall. 129. Rosato, D.V. and Rosato, M.G., 2012. Injection molding handbook, 3rd ed., New York: Springer US. 130. Sarkes, L.A. and Smith, R.B., 1983. Plastic pipe research a historical perspective. In: American Gas Association, Seventh Plastic Fuel Gas Pipe Conference Symposium, New Orleans, 12 - 14 Nov 1983, Arlington VA. 131. Schecter, A., Colacino, J., Haffner, D., Patel, K., Opel, M., Päpke, O. and Birnbaum, L., 2010. Perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticide contamination in composite food samples from Dallas, Texas, USA. Environmental health perspectives, 118 (6), p.796. 132. Scheirs, J., Böhm, L.L., Boot, J.C. and Leevers, P.S., 1996. PE100 Resins for Pipe Applications:-Continuing the Development into the 21st Century. Trends in Polymer Science, 12 (4), pp. 408-415. 133. Seliger, G., Zussman, E. and Kriwet, A., 1994. Integration of recycling considerations into product design - A system approach. In Information and Collaboration Models of Integration, pp. 27-41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 134. Seymour, R.B. and Carraher, C.E., 2000. Polymer chemistry, New York: Marcel Dekker. 135. Sigma-Aldrich, 2017. Labware Product Categories. [online] Available at: www.sigmaaldrich.com/labware/labware-catalog.html [Accessed on 4 January 2017]. 136. Solid Waste Management Act, 2007. Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation Act. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Kuala Lumpur. 137. Sors, L., 1967. Plastic Mould Engineering, Oxford: Pergamon Press. 138. Starkweather, H.W. and Brooks, R.E., 1959. Effect of spherulites on the mechanical properties of nylon 66. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1 (2), pp. 236-239. 139. Steppan. D., Werner. J. and Yeater. B., 1998. Essential regression and experimental design for chemists and engineers. [online] Available at: http://www.jowerner.homepage.t-online.de/ERPref.html [Accessed on 19 June 2016]. 140. Su, R., Wang, K., Zhang, Q., Chen, F. and Fu, Q., 2010. Effect of melt temperature on the phase morphology, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of injection-molded PP/LLDPE blends. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 28 (2), pp. 249-255. 141. The Pennsylvania State University, 2017. Response Surface Methods and Designs. [online] Available at: https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat503/node/59 [Accessed on 7 May 2016]. 142. Trudel, D., Scheringer, M., Von Goetz, N. and Hungerbühler, K., 2011. Total consumer exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in North America and Europe. Environmental science & technology, 45 (6), pp. 2391-2397. 143. Van Der Zee, M., 1997. Structure-Biodegradability Relationships of Polymeric Material. University of Twente. 144. Visvanathan, C., Tränkler, J., Joseph, K., Chiemchaisri, C., Basnayake, B.F.A. and Gongming Z., 2005. Asian regional research programme on sustainable solid waste landfill management in Asia. In: Margherita, S., Proceedings of the Tenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, 3 – 7 October 2005. 145. Voznesensky, V.A., 1974. Statistical Methods of Planning Experiment in Technicomechanical Investigations, Moscow: Izdatelstvo Statistic. 146. WebTechTix, 2014. Tensile Strength or Tension test. [online] Available at: http://www.aboutcivil.org/tension-test-tensile-strength-test.html [Accessed on 12 April 2016]. 147. Wu, C.J., and Hamada, M., 2000. Experiments: Planning, analysis, and parameter design optimization, New York: John Wiley & Sons. 148. Yamada D.K., Mukumoto, H., Katsuyaya, Y., Saiganji, A. and Tani, Y., 2001. Degradation of polyethylene by a fungus, Penicillium simplicissimum YK. Polymer degradation and stability, 72 (2), pp. 323-327. 149. Yu, L., Jiang, Y., Lu, S., Liu, P. and Wang, W., 2012. 3D FEM for sintering of solar cell with boron back surface field based on Solidwork Simulation. IERI Procedia, 1, pp. 81-86. 150. Zheng, R., Tanner, R.I. and Fan, X.J., 2011. Injection molding: integration of theory and modeling methods. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 151. Zheng, Y., Yanful, E.K. and Bassi, A.S., 2005. A review of plastic waste biodegradation. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 25 (4), pp. 243-250. 152. Zhou, Q., Gao, Y. and Xie, G., 2011. Determination of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol by temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector. Talanta, 85 (3), pp. 1598-1602.

Optimization of injection moulding parameters for recycled high density polyethylene

Similar Items