Factors Influencing Collaboration Between Academic Researchers And Industry Practitioners For Commercialising Research Product

In a competitive globalised world, research product commercialisation has been recognised as a new engine for wealth creation of a nation. Malaysia is not lagging behind in the mission of creating wealth and prosperities for the country. However, studies reveal that commercialisation of research pr...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Md Zaini, Syamimi
Format: Thesis
Language:English
English
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/22414/1/Factors%20Influencing%20Collaboration%20Between%20Academic%20Researchers%20And%20Industry%20Practitioners%20For%20Commercialising%20Research%20Product%20-%20Syamimi%20Md%20Zaini%20-%2024%20Pages.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/22414/2/Factors%20Influencing%20Collaboration%20Between%20Academic%20Researchers%20And%20Industry%20Practitioners%20For%20Commercialising%20Research%20Product.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-utem-ep.22414
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection UTeM Repository
language English
English
advisor Ismail, Norain

topic H Social Sciences (General)
HC Economic History and Conditions
spellingShingle H Social Sciences (General)
HC Economic History and Conditions
Md Zaini, Syamimi
Factors Influencing Collaboration Between Academic Researchers And Industry Practitioners For Commercialising Research Product
description In a competitive globalised world, research product commercialisation has been recognised as a new engine for wealth creation of a nation. Malaysia is not lagging behind in the mission of creating wealth and prosperities for the country. However, studies reveal that commercialisation of research product in Malaysia is still not at satisfactory level. One of the reasons is due to the weakness of collaboration between academic researchers and industry practitioners in commercialising research products. As such, this research aimed to investigate factors which influence a collaboration between academic researchers and industry practitioners in commercialising research products. For this purpose, a case study was employed within the context of the Malaysian Technical Universities (MTU) in order to gain an in depth understanding. As a case study requires multiple sources of data collection, a document analysis on Intellectual Property (IP) policies of MTU and interviews session with eight academic researchers and four industry practitioners have been conducted. The findings of this study yielded that four elements were needed in order to achieve collaboration between academic researchers and industry practitioners in commercialising research products; university, academic researcher, industry practitioner and research products. These elements are interdependent in which each role is crucial in complementing others in order to achieve high level of collaboration. The relationship between the elements were shaped by interdependence theory where they are required to promote each other‘s effort. If one element is missing, it would be difficult to achieve the collaboration. The findings were then developed into a framework. This study contributes to the literature by establishing the framework of the factors influencing collaboration between academic researchers and industry practitioners for research products commercialisation. Besides, this study also portrays a comparison of the perceptions from academic researchers and industry practitioners in discovering the real issues of collaboration and factors influencing them in achieving a collaboration in research products commercialisation endeavour. The findings of this study will be able to give valuable insights for academic researchers as well as industry practitioners to plan their strategies in commercialising research products. A series of recommendation were presented as well.
format Thesis
qualification_name Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
qualification_level Master's degree
author Md Zaini, Syamimi
author_facet Md Zaini, Syamimi
author_sort Md Zaini, Syamimi
title Factors Influencing Collaboration Between Academic Researchers And Industry Practitioners For Commercialising Research Product
title_short Factors Influencing Collaboration Between Academic Researchers And Industry Practitioners For Commercialising Research Product
title_full Factors Influencing Collaboration Between Academic Researchers And Industry Practitioners For Commercialising Research Product
title_fullStr Factors Influencing Collaboration Between Academic Researchers And Industry Practitioners For Commercialising Research Product
title_full_unstemmed Factors Influencing Collaboration Between Academic Researchers And Industry Practitioners For Commercialising Research Product
title_sort factors influencing collaboration between academic researchers and industry practitioners for commercialising research product
granting_institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship
publishDate 2017
url http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/22414/1/Factors%20Influencing%20Collaboration%20Between%20Academic%20Researchers%20And%20Industry%20Practitioners%20For%20Commercialising%20Research%20Product%20-%20Syamimi%20Md%20Zaini%20-%2024%20Pages.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/22414/2/Factors%20Influencing%20Collaboration%20Between%20Academic%20Researchers%20And%20Industry%20Practitioners%20For%20Commercialising%20Research%20Product.pdf
_version_ 1747834020581867520
spelling my-utem-ep.224142022-02-18T15:31:04Z Factors Influencing Collaboration Between Academic Researchers And Industry Practitioners For Commercialising Research Product 2017 Md Zaini, Syamimi H Social Sciences (General) HC Economic History and Conditions In a competitive globalised world, research product commercialisation has been recognised as a new engine for wealth creation of a nation. Malaysia is not lagging behind in the mission of creating wealth and prosperities for the country. However, studies reveal that commercialisation of research product in Malaysia is still not at satisfactory level. One of the reasons is due to the weakness of collaboration between academic researchers and industry practitioners in commercialising research products. As such, this research aimed to investigate factors which influence a collaboration between academic researchers and industry practitioners in commercialising research products. For this purpose, a case study was employed within the context of the Malaysian Technical Universities (MTU) in order to gain an in depth understanding. As a case study requires multiple sources of data collection, a document analysis on Intellectual Property (IP) policies of MTU and interviews session with eight academic researchers and four industry practitioners have been conducted. The findings of this study yielded that four elements were needed in order to achieve collaboration between academic researchers and industry practitioners in commercialising research products; university, academic researcher, industry practitioner and research products. These elements are interdependent in which each role is crucial in complementing others in order to achieve high level of collaboration. The relationship between the elements were shaped by interdependence theory where they are required to promote each other‘s effort. If one element is missing, it would be difficult to achieve the collaboration. The findings were then developed into a framework. This study contributes to the literature by establishing the framework of the factors influencing collaboration between academic researchers and industry practitioners for research products commercialisation. Besides, this study also portrays a comparison of the perceptions from academic researchers and industry practitioners in discovering the real issues of collaboration and factors influencing them in achieving a collaboration in research products commercialisation endeavour. The findings of this study will be able to give valuable insights for academic researchers as well as industry practitioners to plan their strategies in commercialising research products. A series of recommendation were presented as well. 2017 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/22414/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/22414/1/Factors%20Influencing%20Collaboration%20Between%20Academic%20Researchers%20And%20Industry%20Practitioners%20For%20Commercialising%20Research%20Product%20-%20Syamimi%20Md%20Zaini%20-%2024%20Pages.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/22414/2/Factors%20Influencing%20Collaboration%20Between%20Academic%20Researchers%20And%20Industry%20Practitioners%20For%20Commercialising%20Research%20Product.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=107358 mphil masters Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship Ismail, Norain 1. Acworth, E. B., 2008. University–Industry Engagement: The formation of the Knowledge Integration Community (KIC) Model at the Cambridge-MIT Institute. Research Policy, 37, pp. 1241–1254. 2. Ankrah, S. and Al-Tabbaa, O., 2015. Universities-Industry Collaboration: A Systematic Review. SSRN Electronic Journal, 31, pp. 387-408. 3. Astro Awani, 2015. IPTA Awam Digesa Cari Dana Sendiri-Idris Jusoh. Astro Awani. [online] Available at: http://www.astroawani.com/berita-bisnes/ipta-awam-digesa-caridana- sendiri-idris-jusoh-77918 [Acessed 25 Oct, 2015]. 4. Aziz, A., Harris, K., Zahid, H. and Aziz, N., 2013. Commercialisation of University Research: An Investigation of Researchers’ Behaviour. Communications of IBIMA, pp. 1- 19. 5. Barnes, T., Pashby, I., and Gibbons, A., 2002. Effective University – Industry Interaction: A Multi-case Evaluation of Collaborative R&D Projects. European Management Journal, 20(3), pp. 272–285. 6. Behboudi, M., Jalili, N. and Mousakhani, M., 2011. Examine the Commercialization Research Outcomes in Iran A Structural Equation Model. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(7), pp. 261-275. 7. BERNAMA, 2015. 3 Langkah Tingkatkan Produktiviti, Inovasi Teknologi Hijau. My News Hub. [online] Available at: http://mynewshub.cc/2015/10/23/bajet-2016-tingkatkanproduktiviti- inovasi-teknologi-hijau/#gs.iawJ3IE [Accessed 23 Oct, 2015]. 8. BERNAMA, 2015. Bajet 2016 Bantu Penyelidik Komersialkan Produk. Berita Harian Online. [online] Available at: http://www.bharian.com.my/node/91824 [Acessed 23 Oct, 2015]. 9. Bezic, H., Karanik, P. and Tijan, E., 2011. The Role of University in Efficient Transfer of Scientific Knowledge. MIPRO, Proceedings of the 34th International Convention, Opatija, Croatia, 23-27 May 2011, pp. 1434-1437. 10. Bjerregaard, T., 2010. Industry and Academia in Convergence: Micro-Institutional Dimensions of R&D Collaboration. Technovation, 30, pp. 100–108. 11. Boadu, V. and Metla, C., 2008. Research Faculty, Entrepreneurship and Commercialization: The Case of Kansas State University. Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Dallas, TX, 2-5 February 2008. 12. Boardmana, P. C. and Ponomariov, B. L., 2009. University Researchers Working with Private Companies. Technovation, 29, pp. 142–153. 13. Bodas Freitas, I., Marques, R. and Silva, E., 2013. University–Industry Collaboration and Innovation in Emergent and Mature Industries in New Industrialized Countries. Research Policy, 42(2), pp. 443-453. 14. Bong, K. (2015). Malaysia Aims for 15 Pct Comerercialisation Rate. The Borneo Post. [online] Available at: http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/04/15/malaysia-aims-for-15- pct-commercialisation-rate/ [Accessed 15 Apr. 2015}. 15. Bruneel, J., D’Este, P. and Salter, A., 2010. Investigating the Factors that Diminish the Barriers to University–Industry Collaboration. Research Policy, 39(7), pp. 858–868. Business Dictionary, 2016. BusinessDictionary.com - Online Business Dictionary. [online] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 16. Cambridge Dictionary, (2016). Cambridge Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus. [online] Dictionary.cambridge.org. Available at: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 17. CRIM (2016). UTeM Centre of Research and Innovation Management (CRIM). [online] Available at: http://www3.utem.edu.my/web2012 [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. Cummings, G., 1984. Trans-organizational Development. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. 18. Damon, W.W., 2011. The Research University: Allocating Resources within Schools and among Schools. Proceedings of the American Institute of Higher Education 6th International Conference, Charleston, 6-8 April 2011, pp. 395-406. 19. Decter, M., Bennett, D. and Leseure, M., 2007. University to Business Technology Transfer—UK and USA Comparisons. Technovation, 27(3), pp. 145-155. 20. Deutsch, M., 1949. A Theory of Cooperation and Competition. Human Relations, 2, pp. 129–152. 21. Deutsch, M., 1965. Theories in Social Psychology, England: Oxford. 22. Diane, A. I., 2004. S & T Commercialization of federal Research Laboratories and University Research. Carleton University Eric Sport, School of Business, Canada 23. Dilcher, K., 2002. The Commercialization of University Teaching and Research Through. 24. Dooley, L., and Kirk, D., 2007. University-Industry Collaboration: Grafting the Entrepreneurial Paradigm onto Academic Structures. European Journal of Innovation Management, 10 (3), pp. 316-332. 25. Downie, J. Herder, M., 2007. Reflections on the Commercialization of Research Conducted in Public Institutions in Canada,’ The McGill Health Law Publication, pp. 23, 23-44. 26. ECIP. (2016). Center for Entrepreneurship Development, Commercialisation and IP Management (E-CIP) [online] Available at: http://e-cip.unimap.edu.my/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 27. Esham M., 2007. Strategies to Develop University-Industry Linkages in Sri Lanka. Research Studies on Tertiary Education Sector, Study Series 4, National Education Commission, Colombo. 28. Etzkowitz, H., 2002. The Triple Helix of University -Industry -Government Implications for Policy and Evaluation. Science Policy Institute. 29. Etzkowitz, H., and Leydesdorff, L., 1995. The Triple Helix---University-Industry- Government Relations: A Laboratory for Knowledge Based Economic Development. Theme paper Triple Helix I. 30. Farsi, J., Modarresi and Zarea, H., 2011. Obstacles and Solutions of Commercialization of University Research: Case Study of Small Businesses Development Center of University of Tehran. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, 7, pp. 1-23. 31. Fernandes, G., Pinto, E., Machado, R. J., Araújo, M. and Pontes, A., 2015. A Program and Project Management Approach for Collaborative University-Industry R&D Funded Contracts. Procedia Computer Science, 64, pp. 1065-1074. 32. Fiaz, M. and Naiding, Y., 2012. Exploring the Barriers to R&D Collaborations: A Challenge for Industry and Faculty for Sustainable U-I Collaboration Growth. International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology, 5(2), pp. 1-15. 33. Fiaz, M., 2013. An Empirical Study of University–Industry R&D Collaboration in China: Implications for Technology in Society. Technology in Society, 35, pp. 191-202. 34. Galushko, V. and Sagynbekov, K., 2014. Commercialization of University Research in Canada: What Can We Do Better? International Journal of Business Administration, 5(5), pp. 1-13. 35. George, G., Zahra, A., Wheatley, K., and Khan, R., 2001. The Effects of Alliance Portfolio Characteristics and Absorptive Capacity on Performance: A study of Biotechnology Firms. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12, pp. 205-226. 36. Gittell, H. and Weiss, L., 2004. Coordination Networks Within and Across Organizations: A Multi-Level Framework. Journal of Management Studies, 41(1), pp. 127-153. 37. Goldfarb, B. and Henrekson, M., 2003. Bottom-up versus top-down policies towards the commercialization of university intellectual property. Research Policy 32, pp. 639-658. 38. Greenhalgh, C. and Rogers, M., 2010. Innovation, Intellectual Property and Economic Growth. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 39. Guerin, T.F., 1999. Transfer of Australian Environmental Research on the Insecticide Endosulfan to Anhui Province, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 11(4), pp. 443- 448. 40. Gulati, R., 1999. Network Location and Learning: The Influence of Network Resources and Firm Capabilities on Alliance Formation. Strategic Management Journal, 20, pp. 397- 420. 41. Gulati, R., Dialdin, A., and Wang, L., 2002. Organizational Networks. Oxford, Blackwell Business. 42. Hohberger, J., Almeida, P., and Parada, P., 2015. The Direction of Firm Innovation: The Contrasting Roles of Strategic Alliances and Individual Scientific Collaborations. Research Policy, 44, pp: 1473-1487. 43. Holloway, I. and Galvin, K., 2010. Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare, 7th ed., WILEY Blackwell. 44. Howells, J., 2005. The Management of Innovation and Technology. London: SAGE Publication. 45. Iqbal, A., Khan, A., Parveen, S. and Senin, A., 2015. An Efficient Evaluation Model for the Assessment of University-industry Research Collaboration in Malaysia. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 10(3), pp. 298-306. 199 46. Johnson, D. W., and Johnson, R. T., 1974. Instructional Goal Structure: Cooperative, Competitive, or Individualistic. Review of Educational Research, 44, pp. 213–240. 47. Kamaruddin, N. and Samsuddin, A., 2013. A Case Study of R&D Technology Commercialisation: Challenges, Issues and the Way Forward. 2nd International Conference 48. on Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship, Melaka, 5 December 2013, pp. 481-489. 49. Karlsson, M., 2004. Commercialization of Research Results in the United States: An Overview of Federal and Academic Technology Transfer. ITPS, Swedish Institute for Growth Policy Studies. 50. Kaymaz, K. and Eryiðit K. Y., 2011. Determining Factors Hindering University-Industry Collaboration: An Analysis from the Perspective of Academicians in the Context of Entrepreneurial Science Paradigm. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 4(1), pp. 185- 213. 51. Khademi, T. and Ismail, K., 2013. Commercialization Success Factors of University Research Output. Jurnal Teknologi, 64(3), pp. 137-141. 52. Khademi, T., Ismail, K., Tin Lee, C. and Shafaghat, A., 2015. Enhancing Commercialization Level of Academic Research Outputs in Research University. Jurnal Teknologi, 74(4), pp. 141-151. 53. King, N. and Horrocks, C., 2010. Interviews in Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publication. 54. Kollmer, H. and Dowling, M. (2004), Licensing As A Commercialisation Strategy for New Technology-Based Firms. Research Policy, 33, pp. 1141–1151. 55. Kumar, V., Kumar, U. and Persaud, A., 1999. Building Technological Capability through Importing Technology: The Case of Indonesian Manufacturing Industry. Journal of Technology Transfer, 24, pp. 81-96. 200 56. Lai, C., 2009. Motivating Employees through Incentives Programs. Bachelor. Jyvaskyla University of Applied Science. 57. Lan, P. and Young, S., 1996. International Technology Transfer Examined at Technology Component Level: A Case Study in China. Technovation, 16 (6), pp. 277-286. 58. Lee, J. and Win, H. N., 2004. Technology Transfer between University Research Centers and Industry in Singapore. Technovation, 24, pp. 433-442. 59. Lind, F., Styhre, A. and Aaboen, L., 2013. Exploring University-Industry Collaboration in Research Centres. European Journal of Innovation Management, 16(1), pp. 70-91. 60. Madhok, A. and Tallman, B., 1998. Resources, Transactions and Rents: Managing Value through Interfirm Collaborative Relationships. Organization Science, 9(3), pp. 326-339. 61. Maietta, O. W., 2015. Determinants of University–Firm R&D Collaboration and Its Impact on Innovation: A Perspective from A Low-Tech Industry,’ Research Policy, 44, pp. 1341- 1359. 62. Mason, J., 2002. Qualitative Researching, 2nd ed., SAGE Publication. 63. Meigounpoory, M. R. and Ahmadi, B., 2012. Identification of the Factors that Affect in Choosing the University Research Commercialisation Strategies. International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, 12 (1), pp. 140-147. 64. Ministry of Higher Education (2008), ‘Niche 1: commercialization and innovation development, AKEPT (Higher Education Leadership Academy) Centre for Leadership Research and Innovation, Putrajaya. 65. Mitsuhashi, H., 2002. Uncertainty in Selecting Alliance Partners: The Three Reduction Mechanisms and Alliance Formation Processes. International Journal of Organisational Analysis, 10, pp. 109-133. 201 66. MOSTI (2009). Intellectual Property Commercialisation Policy for Research and Development (R&D) Projects Funded by the Government of Malaysia. [online] Available at: http://www.mosti.gov.my/policies-roadmaps/ip-commercialization-policy/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 67. MTUN (2015). Official Web Portal of Malaysia Technical University (MTU). [online] Available at: https://mtun.uthm.edu.my/en/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 68. Mohd Nor, M., Ismail, N. and Sidek, S., 2015. Wealth Creation from Commercialisation of R&D Products. Melaka: Penerbit Universiti. 69. OECD, 2002. Frascati Manual: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development. Paris, France: OECD. 70. ORICC (2016). Research, Innovation, Commercialisation, Consultancy Office. [online] Available at: http://ricc.uthm.edu.my/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 71. Othman, N., 2011. An Assessment of a University-Industry Partnership in a Malaysian University. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(8), pp. 94-103. 72. Oxford Dictionaries (2016). Oxford Dictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar. [online] Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 73. Patton, M. Q., 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, 3rd ed., Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. 74. Perkmann, M., Tartari, V., McKelvey, M., Autio, E., Broström, A., D’Ested, P., Fini, R., Geunae, A., Grimaldi, R., Hughes, A., Krabel, S., Kitson, M., Llerena, P., Lissoni, F., Salter, A., and Sobrero, M., 2013. Academic Engagement and Commercialisation: A Review of the Literature on University-Industry Relations. Research Policy, 42, pp. 423– 442. 75. Peterson, S., 1995. Consortia Partnerships: Linking Industry and Academia. Computers Industrial Engineering, 29, pp. 355—359. 76. Pfeffer, J. and Salancik, G., 1978. The External Control of Organizations. New York, Harper & Row. 77. Phan, P. and Siegel, D., 2006. The Effectiveness of University Technology Transfer: Lessons Learned, Managerial and Policy Implications, and the Road Forward. SSRN Electronic Journal. 78. Plewa, C., Korff, N., Johnson, C., Macpherson, G., Baaken, T, and Rampersad, G. C., 2013. The Evolution of University–Industry Linkages-A Framework. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 30, pp. 21–44. 79. Powell, W., Koput, W., and Smith-Doerr, L., 1996. Inter-organizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology. Administrative Science 80. Quarterly, 41(1), PP. 116-145. 81. Ramli, M. F. and Senin, A. A., 2015. Success Factors to Reduce Orientation and Resources- Related Barriers in University-Industry R&D Collaboration Particularly During Development Research Stages,’ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, pp. 375 – 382. 82. Ramli, N. and Zainol, Z., 2013. University-Industry Collaboration: A Catalyst towards Entrepreneurial University. Persidangan Kebangsaan Ekonomi Malaysia ke VIII (PERKEM VIII) “Dasar Awam Dalam Era Transformasi Ekonomi: Cabaran dan Halatuju”, pp. 1227- 1233. 83. Ramli, N., Zainol, Z., Aziz, J., Ali, H., Hassim, J., Hussein, W., Markom, R., Dahalan, W. and Yaakob, N., 2013. The Concept of Research University: The Implementation in the Context of Malaysian University System. Asian Social Science, 9(5), pp. 307-317. 84. Rasmussen, E., 2008. Government Instruments to Support the Commercialization of University Research: Lessons from Canada. Technovation, 28, pp. 506–517. 85. Rasmussen, E., Moen, Ø. and Gulbrandsen, M., 2006. Initiatives to Promote Commercialization of University Knowledge. Technovation, 26(4), pp. 518-533. 86. Rast, S., Khabiria, N. and Senin, A., 2012. Evaluation Framework for Assessing University- Industry Collaborative Research and Technological Initiative. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, pp. 410-416. 87. Ritchie, J. and Lewis, J., 2003. Qualitative Research Practice. London: Sage Publications. 88. Safiullin, L., Fatkhiev, A., and Grigorian, K., 2014. The Triple Helix Model of Innovation. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MJSS, 5(18), pp. 203-206. 89. Salleh, M. and Omar, M., 2013. University-Industry Collaboration Models in Malaysia. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 102, pp. 654–664. 90. Sanford, L., 1958. The Intellectual Origins and New-Worldliness of American Industry. The Journal of Economic History, 18(1), pp. 116. 91. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A., 2012. Research Methods for Business Students. Harlow, England: Pearson. 92. Sendogdu, A., and Diken, A., 2013. A Research on the Problems Encountered in the Collaboration between University and Industry. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, pp. 966-975. 93. Shane, S., 2004. Academic Entrepreneurship. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 94. Sidek, S., Ismail, N., and Mohd Nor, M., 2014. Determinants for a Successful Commercialisation of Technology Innovation from Malaysian Universities. International Conference on Innovative Trends in Multidisciplinary Academic Research, Istanbul, Turkey, 20-21 October 2014, pp. 167-175. 95. Siegel, D. S., David A. Waldman, D. A., Atwater, L. E. and Link, A. N., 2003. Commercial Knowledge Transfers from Universities to Firms: Improving the Effectiveness of University–Industry Collaboration. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 14, pp. 111–133. 96. Siegel, D., Waldman, D., Atwater, L. and Link, A., 2003. Commercial Knowledge Transfers from Universities to Firms: Improving the Effectiveness of University–Industry Collaboration. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 14(1), pp. 111-133. 97. Stanne, M., Johnson, D. W., and Johnson, R. T., 1999. Social Interdependence and Motor Performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, pp. 133–154. 98. Teller, R. and Validova, A. F., 2015. Innovation Management in the Light of University- Industry Collaboration in Post-socialist Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 24, pp. 691 – 700. 99. Teng, H., 2010. University-Industry Technology Transfer: Framework and Constraints. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(2), pp. 296-300. 100. TTO (2016). Research and Innovation Department, UMP. [online] Available at: http://research.ump.edu.my/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 101. UMP (2016). Official Portal - Universiti Malaysia Pahang (Malaysia University) - Public University in Pahang, Malaysia | A Distinguished Technological University. [online] Available at: http://www.ump.edu.my/en [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 102. UMP IP Policy (n,d). Intellectual Property Policy of University Malaysia Pahang. 103. UniMAP (2016). UniMAP | Universiti Malaysia Perlis. [online] Available at: http://www.unimap.edu.my/index.php/my/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 104. UniMAP IP Policy (n,d). Intellectual Property Policy of University Malaysia Perlis. [online] Available at: http://e-cip.unimap.edu.my/index.php/ipc/ipc-policy [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 105. UTeM (2016). UTeM | Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka - Current Students. [online] Available at: http://www.utem.edu.my/portal/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 106. UTeM IP Policy (2014). Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Research Policy. [online] Available at: http://ceria.utem.edu.my/images/CeRIA-pdf/RnD-POLICY-Versi-2014.pdf [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 107. UTHM (2016). Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia - UTHM Official Portal | Portal Rasmi UTHM. [online] Available at: http://www.uthm.edu.my/v2/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 108. UTHM IP Policy (n.d). Intellectual Property Policy of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. [online] Available at: http://ricc.uthm.edu.my/v3/index.php/en/innovation-andcommercialization/ intellectual-property [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. 109. Viale, R., and Ghiglione, B., 1998. The Triple Helix Model: A Tool for the Study of European Regional Socio-Economic Systems. The IPTS Report. 110. Weiser, P., 2003. The Internet, Innovation and Intellectual Property Policy. Columbia Law Review, 103 (3), pp. 534. 111. Wittamore, K., Bahns, R., Brown, A., Carter, P., Clements, G., Young, C., 1998. International Technology Transfer-A Developing Empirical Model, Management of Technology, Sustainable Development and Eco-efficiency. The Seventh International Conference on Management of Technology. Orlando. 16–20 February. 112. Xu, Z., Parry, M. and Song, M., 2011. The Impact of Technology Transfer Office Characteristics on University Invention Disclosure. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 58(2), pp.212-227. 113. Yaakob, N. Hussain, W., Rahman, M., Zainol, Z., Mujani, W., Jamsari, E., Sulaiman, A. and Jusoff K., 2011. Challenges for Commercialization of University Research for Agricultural Based Invention. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12 (2), pp. 132-138. 114. Yin, R., 2009. Case Study Research. Los Angeles, Calif. Sage Publications.