Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites

To-date, there is a large body of knowledge in the literature on the development of biocomposites. Nonetheless, some of the main limitation is the brittleness of the biocomposites when using PLA matrix which lead to relatively poor mechanical performance of the biocomposites. Thus, the main objectiv...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Ramli, Siti Nur Rabiatutadawiah
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2018
Subjects:	T Technology (General)
Online Access:	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/23240/1/Mechanical%20Performance%20Of%20Pineapple%20Leaf%20Fibre%20Reinforced%20Polylactic%20Acid%20Biocomposites%20-%20Siti%20Nur%20Rabiatutadawiah%20Ramli%20-%2024%20Pages.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/23240/2/Mechanical%20performance%20of%20pineapple%20leaf%20fibre%20reinforced%20polylactic%20acid%20biocomposites.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-utem-ep.23240
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection	UTeM Repository
language	English English
advisor	Sheikh Md Fadzullah, Siti Hajar
topic	T Technology (General) T Technology (General)
spellingShingle	T Technology (General) T Technology (General) Ramli, Siti Nur Rabiatutadawiah Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites
description	To-date, there is a large body of knowledge in the literature on the development of biocomposites. Nonetheless, some of the main limitation is the brittleness of the biocomposites when using PLA matrix which lead to relatively poor mechanical performance of the biocomposites. Thus, the main objectives of this research project are (i) to evaluate the effect of alkaline pre-treatment and fibre length on PALF reinforced biocomposites; (ii) to determine the effect of varying PLA matrix on the mechanical properties of the biocomposites and (iii) to study the effect of strain rate on the impact response of PALF reinforced PLA biocomposites (quasi-static vs. dynamic loading). The pineapple leaf fibre was pre-treated using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) prior to fabrication. The biocomposite with fibre loading of 30 wt.%. were fabricated either using two-step compression moulding (long fibre biocomposites) or melt-mixing and compression moulding (short fibre biocomposites) with fibre length of approximately 30 mm and 150 mm respectively. Following these, the biocomposites were characterized in terms of their flexural properties as a function of fibre length, surface modification and use of different grades of the PLA matrix, in accordance with ASTM D 790. Sodium hydroxide was found to augment mechanical performance by promoting enhanced adhesion at the fibre/matrix interface. Alkaline-treated biocomposites exhibit much greater flexural strength and modulus in comparison to those of the untreated samples, an indication of an improved interfacial bonding between the fibre and the matrix, as evident in the SEM micrographs, with rough surface on the alkaline-treated PALF. Moreover, the flexural properties of the biocomposites exhibit superior performance when fabricated using long PALF (150 mm) rather than the short PALF (30 mm), suggesting an efficient load transfer capability. In addition, the biocomposite samples based on PLA 6100D grade exhibit superior flexural and tensile properties, relative to those of the 3251D based biocomposites, due to its ductile nature. In addition, thermal analysis of the PLA matrices showed that different degree of crystallinity is observed for both types of matrices. Lastly, in terms of strain rate effect, results following quasi-static and dynamic loading on the long PALF reinforced biocomposites show that higher magnitude of the maximum force and greater amount of damage are present in the biocomposites when subjected to the dynamic loading. In addition, the PLA 6100D based biocomposites exhibit significantly much better performance in flexural, tensile and impact tests compared to 3251D based biocomposites. These findings suggest that fibre length, matrix material, surface modification and strain rate have an effect on the mechanical performance of the pineapple leaf fibre reinforced biocomposites.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Ramli, Siti Nur Rabiatutadawiah
author_facet	Ramli, Siti Nur Rabiatutadawiah
author_sort	Ramli, Siti Nur Rabiatutadawiah
title	Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites
title_short	Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites
title_full	Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites
title_fullStr	Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites
title_full_unstemmed	Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites
title_sort	mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites
granting_institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department	Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering
publishDate	2018
url	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/23240/1/Mechanical%20Performance%20Of%20Pineapple%20Leaf%20Fibre%20Reinforced%20Polylactic%20Acid%20Biocomposites%20-%20Siti%20Nur%20Rabiatutadawiah%20Ramli%20-%2024%20Pages.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/23240/2/Mechanical%20performance%20of%20pineapple%20leaf%20fibre%20reinforced%20polylactic%20acid%20biocomposites.pdf
_version_	1747834025627615232
spelling	my-utem-ep.232402022-06-09T15:49:36Z Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites 2018 Ramli, Siti Nur Rabiatutadawiah T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) To-date, there is a large body of knowledge in the literature on the development of biocomposites. Nonetheless, some of the main limitation is the brittleness of the biocomposites when using PLA matrix which lead to relatively poor mechanical performance of the biocomposites. Thus, the main objectives of this research project are (i) to evaluate the effect of alkaline pre-treatment and fibre length on PALF reinforced biocomposites; (ii) to determine the effect of varying PLA matrix on the mechanical properties of the biocomposites and (iii) to study the effect of strain rate on the impact response of PALF reinforced PLA biocomposites (quasi-static vs. dynamic loading). The pineapple leaf fibre was pre-treated using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) prior to fabrication. The biocomposite with fibre loading of 30 wt.%. were fabricated either using two-step compression moulding (long fibre biocomposites) or melt-mixing and compression moulding (short fibre biocomposites) with fibre length of approximately 30 mm and 150 mm respectively. Following these, the biocomposites were characterized in terms of their flexural properties as a function of fibre length, surface modification and use of different grades of the PLA matrix, in accordance with ASTM D 790. Sodium hydroxide was found to augment mechanical performance by promoting enhanced adhesion at the fibre/matrix interface. Alkaline-treated biocomposites exhibit much greater flexural strength and modulus in comparison to those of the untreated samples, an indication of an improved interfacial bonding between the fibre and the matrix, as evident in the SEM micrographs, with rough surface on the alkaline-treated PALF. Moreover, the flexural properties of the biocomposites exhibit superior performance when fabricated using long PALF (150 mm) rather than the short PALF (30 mm), suggesting an efficient load transfer capability. In addition, the biocomposite samples based on PLA 6100D grade exhibit superior flexural and tensile properties, relative to those of the 3251D based biocomposites, due to its ductile nature. In addition, thermal analysis of the PLA matrices showed that different degree of crystallinity is observed for both types of matrices. Lastly, in terms of strain rate effect, results following quasi-static and dynamic loading on the long PALF reinforced biocomposites show that higher magnitude of the maximum force and greater amount of damage are present in the biocomposites when subjected to the dynamic loading. In addition, the PLA 6100D based biocomposites exhibit significantly much better performance in flexural, tensile and impact tests compared to 3251D based biocomposites. These findings suggest that fibre length, matrix material, surface modification and strain rate have an effect on the mechanical performance of the pineapple leaf fibre reinforced biocomposites. UTeM 2018 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/23240/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/23240/1/Mechanical%20Performance%20Of%20Pineapple%20Leaf%20Fibre%20Reinforced%20Polylactic%20Acid%20Biocomposites%20-%20Siti%20Nur%20Rabiatutadawiah%20Ramli%20-%2024%20Pages.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/23240/2/Mechanical%20performance%20of%20pineapple%20leaf%20fibre%20reinforced%20polylactic%20acid%20biocomposites.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=112770 mphil masters Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering Sheikh Md Fadzullah, Siti Hajar 1. Aji, I., Zainudin, E., Abdan, K., Sapuan, S.M, , and Khairul, M., 2013. Mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of hybridized kenaf pineapple leaf fibre-reinforced high-density polyethylene composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 47(8), pp.979–990. 2. Akil, H.M., Omar, M.F., Mazuki, A.A.M., Safiee, S., Ishak, Z.A.M., and Abu Bakar, A., 2011. Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: A review. Materials and Design, 32 (8–9), pp.4107–4121. 3. Al-Hamid. A., 2010. Current Application of Polymers and Nano Materials. Swizeland: Tran Tech Publications Ltd. 4. American Composites Manufacturing Association, (2016). History of Composites. [online] Available at: http://compositeslab.com/ [Accessed on 5 November 2017]. 5. Andrzej, M., Martyna, E., Anna, M.-C., and Tadeusz, U., 2016. Influence of density and environmental factors on decomposition kinetics of amorphous polylactide - Reactive molecular dynamics studies. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 67, pp.54–61. 6. Anoymous, 2015. Carta 1 : Keluasan & Pengeluaran Nanas Dalam Tempoh RMKe10. [online] Available at: http://www.mpib.gov.my/ [Accessed on 10 July 2017]. 7. Arib, R.M.N., Sapuan, S.M., Ahmad, M.M.H.M., Paridah, M.T., and Khairul Zaman, H.M.D., 2006. Mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Materials and Design, 27, pp.391–396. 8. Asim, M., Jawaid, M., Abdan, K., and Ishak, M.R., 2016. Effect of Alkali and Silane Treatments on Mechanical and Fibre-matrix Bond Strength of Kenaf and Pineapple Leaf Fibres. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 13 (3), pp.426–435. 9. Asumani, O.M.L., Reid, R.G., and Paskaramoorthy, R., 2012. The effects of alkali – silane treatment on the tensile and flexural properties of short fibre non-woven kenaf reinforced polypropylene composites. Composites Part A, 43, pp.1431–1440. 10. Avella, M., Buzarovska, A., Errico, M.E., Gentile, G., and Grozdanov, A., 2009. Eco-challenges of bio-based polymer composites. Materials, 2 (3), pp.911–925. 11. Bax, B. and Müssig, J., 2008. Impact and tensile properties of PLA/Cordenka and PLA/flax composites. Composites Science and Technology, 68 (7–8), pp.1601–1607. 12. Bieniaś, J., Jakubczak, P., Surowska, B., Obciąśenia, N.A., Niskiej, D.O., Oraz, P., and Statyczne, W., 2013. Comparison Of Polymer Composites Behavior To Low-Velocity Impact And Quasi-Static Indentation. Composites Theory and Practice 13, 3, pp.155–159. 13. Biodegradable Plastics [online], 2009. Nakarin Packaging. [online] Available at: http://www.nkrpackage.com/eng/bioplastic.html [Accessed 10 Feb 2018]. 14. Biomass Plastic [online], 2018. Yamaha Motor. Available at: https://global.yamaha-motor.com/biomass/english/#Top [Accessed 8 Feb 2018]. 15. Bledzki, A.K. and Gassan, J., 1999. Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford), 24 (2), pp.221–274. 16. Bledzki, A.K. and Jaszkiewicz, A., 2010. Mechanical performance of biocomposites based on PLA and PHBV reinforced with natural fibres – A comparative study to PP. Composites Science and Technology, 70 (12), pp.1687–1696. 17. Bledzki, A.K., Mamun, A.A., and Faruk, O., 2007. Abaca fibre reinforced PP composites and comparison with jute and flax fibre PP composites. Express Polymer Letters, 1 (11), pp.755–762. 18. Bouakba, M., Bezazi, A., Boba, K., Scarpa, F., and Bellamy, S., 2013. Cactus fibre/polyester biocomposites: Manufacturing, quasi-static mechanical and fatigue characterisation Mustapha. Composites Science and Technology, 74 (1), pp.150–159. 19. Carrasco, F., Pagès, P., Gámez-Pérez, J., Santana, O.O., and Maspoch, M.L., 2010. Processing of poly(lactic acid): Characterization of chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95 (2), pp.116–125. 20. Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance. (2017) Hemp: Fibre Production - Fibre Processing [online] Available at: http://www.hemptrade.ca/eguide/fibre-production/fibre-processing [Accessed on 23 July 2017] 21. Cheng, S., Lau, K.T., Liu, T., Zhao, Y., Lam, P.M., and Yin, Y., 2009. Mechanical and thermal properties of chicken feather fiber/PLA green composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 40 (7), pp.650–654. 22. Chollakup, R., Rattana, Tantatherdtam Suchada, U., and Sriroth, K., 2010. Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites: Effects of Fiber Length and Fiber Content on Their Characteristics. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 119, pp.1952–1960. 23. Dhakal, H.N., Skrifvars, M., Adekunle, K., and Zhang, Z.Y., 2014. Falling weight impact response of jute/methacrylated soybean oil bio-composites under low velocity impact loading. Composites Science and Technology, 92, pp.134–141. 24. Dong, Y., Ghataura, A., Takagi, H., Haroosh, H.J., Nakagaito, A.N., and Lau, K.T., 2014. Polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites reinforced with coir fibres: Evaluation of mechanical performance and multifunctional properties. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 63, pp.76–84. 25. Fadzullah, S.H.S.M., Mustafa, Z., Ramli, S.N.R., Yaacob, Q., and Yusoff, A.F., 2016. Preliminary Study on the Mechanical Properties of Continuous Long Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced PLA Biocomposites. Key Engineering Materials, 694 (i), pp.18–22. 26. Fadzullah, S.H.S.M., Mustafa, Z., Ramli, S.N.R., Yaacob, Q., and Yusoff, A.F.., 2016b. Preliminary Study on the Mechanical Properties of Continuous Long Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced PLA Biocomposites. Key Engineering Materials, 694 (i), pp.18–22. 27. Faruk, O., Bledzki, A.K., Fink, H.P., and Sain, M., 2012. Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers:2000-2010’’. Progress in Polymer Science, 37 (11), pp.1552–1596. 28. Felix, J.M., 1994. Effect of transcrystalline morphology on interfacial adhesion in cellulose / polypropylene composites. Journal of Materials Science, 29, pp.3043–3049. 29. Ghelli, D., Ubaldo, O.D., Santulli, C., Nisini, E., and Minak, G., 2012. Falling Weight Impact and Indentation Damage Characterisation of Sandwich Panels for Marine Applications. Open Journal of Composite Materials, 2 (January), pp.8–14. 30. Graupner, N., Herrmann, A.S., and Müssig, J., 2009. Natural and man-made cellulose fibre-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites: An overview about mechanical characteristics and application areas. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 40 (6–7), pp.810–821. 31. Hamma, A., Kaci, M., Mohd Ishak, Z. A., and Pegoretti, A., 2014. Starch-grafted-polypropylene/kenaf fibres composites. Part 1: Mechanical performances and viscoelastic behaviour. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 56, pp.328–335. 32. Herrera-Franco, P.J. and Valadez-Gonzalez, A., 2005. A study of the mechanical properties of short natural-fiber reinforced composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 36 (8), pp.597–608. 33. Holbery, J. and Houston, D., 2006. Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites in Automotive Applications. JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 58 (11), pp.80–86. 34. Huda, M.S., Drzal, L.T., Misra, M., and Mohanty, a. K., 2006. Wood-fiber-reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites: Evaluation of the physicomechanical and morphological properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102 (5), pp.4856–4869. 35. Huda, M.S., Drzal, L.T., Mohanty, A.K., and Misra, M., 2007. The effect of silane treated- and untreated-talc on the mechanical and physico-mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/newspaper fibers/talc hybrid composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 38 (3), pp.367–379. 36. Huda, M.S., Drzal, L.T., Mohanty, A.K., and Misra, M., 2008a. Effect of chemical modifications of the pineapple leaf fiber surfaces on the interfacial and mechanical properties of laminated biocomposites. Composite Interfaces, 15 (2–3), pp.169–191. 37. Huda, M.S., Drzal, L.T., Mohanty, A.K., and Misra, M., 2008b. Effect of fiber surface-treatments on the properties of laminated biocomposites from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and kenaf fibers. Composites Science and Technology, 68 (2), pp.424–432. 38. Hujuri, U., Chattopadhay, S.K., Uppaluri, R., and Ghoshal, A.K., 2008. Effect of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene on the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Chemically Modified Short-Pineapple-Leaf-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 107, pp.1507–1516. 39. Ingeo, N.L., 2014. Ingeo resin product guide [online]. NatureWorls LLC. Available at: http://www.natureworksllc.com/~/media/Files/NatureWorks/Technical-Documents/One-Pagers/ingeo-resin-grades-brochure_pdf.pdf [Accessed 28 Apr 2017]. 40. Islam, M.S., Pickering, K.L., and Foreman, N.J., 2010. Influence of alkali treatment on the interfacial and physico-mechanical properties of industrial hemp fibre reinforced polylactic acid composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41 (5), pp.596–603. 41. Jamshidian, M., Tehrany, E.A., Imran, M., Jacquot, M., and Desobry, S., 2010. Poly-Lactic Acid: Production, Applications, Nanocomposites, and Release Studies. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9 (5), pp.552–571. 42. Jia, W., Gong, R.H., and Hogg, P.J., 2014. Poly (lactic acid) fibre reinforced biodegradable composites. Composites Part B, 62, pp.104–112. 43. Kabir, M.M., Wang, K.T., and Cardona, F., 2012. Chemical treatments on plant-based natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: An overview. Composites: Part B, 43 (7), pp.2883–2892. 44. Kaewpirom, S. and Worrarat, C., 2014. Preparation and properties of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) green composites. Fibers and Polymers, 15 (7), pp.1469–1477. 45. Kari Embree, 2016. Emerging Trends in Sustainable Packaging. Communications of the ACM. 46. Kaw, A.K., 2006. Mechanics Composite of Materials Second Edition. New York: Taylor & Francis Group. 47. Kim, K.-W., Lee, B.-H., Kim, H.-J., Sriroth, K., and Dorgan, J.R., 2012. Thermal and mechanical properties of cassava and pineapple flours-filled PLA bio-composites. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 108 (3), pp.1131–1139. 48. Krishna, K.V. and Kanny, K., 2016. The effect of treatment on kenaf fiber using green approach and their reinforced epoxy composites. Composites Part B, 104, pp.111–117. 49. Lee, B.H., Kim, H.S., Lee, S., Kim, H.J., and Dorgan, J.R., 2009. Bio-composites of kenaf fibers in polylactide: Role of improved interfacial adhesion in the carding process. Composites Science and Technology, 69 (15–16), pp.2573–2579. 50. Li, Y., Xuefeng, A., and Xiaosu, Y., 2012. Comparison with Low-Velocity Impact and Quasi-static Indentation Testing of Foam Core Sandwich Composites. International Journal of Applied Physics and Mathematics, 2 (1), pp.58–62. 51. Miracle, D.B. (2005). Metal Matrix Composites- From Science to technology significance. Composites Science and Technology. 65 (15-16 SPEC.ISS), pp.58-62. 52. Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., and Drzal, L.T., 2002. Sustainable Bio-Composites from renewable resources: Opportunities and challenges in the green materials world. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 10 (1–2), pp.19–26. 53. Murariu, M., Bonnaud, L., Yoann, P., Fontaine, G., Bourbigot, S., and Dubois, P., 2010. New trends in polylactide (PLA)-based materials: ‘Green’ PLA-Calcium sulfate (nano)composites tailored with flame retardant properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95 (3), pp.374–381. 54. Ochi, S., 2008. Mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and kenaf/PLA composites. Mechanics of Materials, 40 (4–5), pp.446–452. 55. Oksman, K., Skrifvars, M., and Selin, J.-F., 2003. Natural fibres as reinforcement in polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Composites Science and Technology, 63 (9), pp.1317–1324. 56. Omole, J.T. and Dauda, B., 2016. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Chemically Treated Bagasse Fibre for Use as Filler in Unsaturated Polyester Composite. International Journal of Composite Materials, 6 (2), pp.48–54. 57. Petrucci, R., Santulli, C., Puglia, D., Nisini, E., Sarasini, F., Tirillò, J., Torre, L., Minak, G., and Kenny, J.M., 2015. Impact and post-impact damage characterisation of hybrid composite laminates based on basalt fibres in combination with flax, hemp and glass fibres manufactured by vacuum infusion. Composites Part B: Engineering, 69, pp.507–515. 58. Pickering, K.L., Sawpan, M. a., Jayaraman, J., and Fernyhough, A., 2011. Influence of loading rate, alkali fibre treatment and crystallinity on fracture toughness of random short hemp fibre reinforced polylactide bio-composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42 (9), pp.1148–1156. 59. Pollitt, E. (2011) Automotive Composites. [online]. Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance. Available at: http://www.globalhemp.com/2011/02/automotive-composites.html [Accessed 20 Apr 2017]. 60. Pragya, 2015. A Theoretic Study of degradable polymers. European Journal of Academic Essays, 2 (2), pp.7–10. 61. Puchalski, M., Kwolek, S., Szparaga, G., Chrzanowski, M., and Krucińska, I., 2017. Investigation of the Influence of PLA Molecular Structure on the Crystalline Forms (α’ and α) and Mechanical Properties of Wet Spinning Fibres. Polymers, 9 (1), pp.18. 62. Ramli, S.N.R., Fadzullah, S.H.S.M., and Mustafa, Z., 2016a. Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced poly lactic acid (PLA) biocomposites. In: Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2016. pp.131–132. 63. Ramli, S.N.R., Fadzullah, S.H.S.M., and Mustafa, Z., 2016b. The effect of alkaline treatment and fiber length on pineapple leaf fiber reinforced poly lactic acid biocomposites. Jurnal Teknologi, 79 (4–2), pp.111–115. 64. Randall, J. (2014). Today’s IngeoTM Products for the Fiber Industry. NatureWorks LLC. 65. Riccio, C. (2015) Piñatex, the eco-friendly leather from pineapple leaves [online], 2017. Available at: https://www.lifegate.com/people/lifestyle/pinatex-eco-leather-pineapple [Accessed 20 May 2017]. 66. Sahari, J. and Sapuan, S.M., 2011. Natural fibre reinforced biodegradable polymer composites. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 30, pp.166–174. 67. Santulli, C. and Caruso, A.P., 2009a. A Comparative Study on Falling Weight Impact Properties of Jute / Epoxy and Hemp / Epoxy Laminates . Malaysian Polymer Journal, 4 (1), pp.19–29. 68. Santulli, C. and Caruso, A.P., 2009b. Effect of Fibre Architecture on the Falling Weight Impact Properties of Hemp / Epoxy Composites. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 3 (3), pp.1–7. 69. Sawpan, M.A., Pickering, K.L., and Fernyhough, A., 2011a. Improvement of mechanical performance of industrial hemp fibre reinforced polylactide biocomposites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42, pp.310–319. 70. Sawpan, M.A., Pickering, K.L., and Fernyhough, A., 2011b. Effect of fibre treatments on interfacial shear strength of hemp fibre reinforced polylactide and unsaturated polyester composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42 (9), pp.1189–1196. 71. Sawpan, M.A., Pickering, K.L., and Fernyhough, A., 2012. Flexural properties of hemp fibre reinforced polylactide and unsaturated polyester composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 43 (3), pp.519–526. 72. Senawi, R., Alauddin, S.M., Saleh, R.M., and Shueb, M.I., 2013. Polylactic Acid/Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Biocomposite:Influence of Alkaline and Silane Treatment on the Mechanical Properties. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, 3 (1), pp.59–61. 73. Sevkat, E., Liaw, B., Delale, F., and Raju, B.B., 2009. Drop-weight impact of plain-woven hybrid glass – graphite/ toughened epoxy composites. Composites Part A, 40 (8), pp.1090–1110. 74. Shalwan, a. and Yousif, B.F., 2012. In State of Art: Mechanical and tribological behaviour of polymeric composites based on natural fibres. Materials & Design, 48, pp.14–24. 75. Shih, Y.-F., Huang, R.-H., and Yu, Y.-H., 2014. Preparation and characterization of sol–gel-modified pineapple leaf fiber/polylactic acid composites. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 70 (3), pp.491–499. 76. Tawakkal, I.S.M.A., Talib, R.A., Abdan, K., and Ling, C.N., 2012. Mechanical and physical properties of kenaf- derived cellulose (kdc)-filled polylactic acid (pla) composites. BioResources, 7 (2), pp.1643–1655. 77. Threepopnatkul, P., Kaerkitcha, N., and Athipongarporn, N., 2009. Effect of surface treatment on performance of pineapple leaf fiber–polycarbonate composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 40 (7), pp.628–632. 78. Turner, J. (2012). Handbook of Materials Characterization: Technology, Process, Designs and Applications. United Kingdom: Auris Refence Ltd. 79. Wang, Y., Tong, B., Hou, S., Li, M., and Shen, C., 2011. Transcrystallization behavior at the poly(lactic acid)/sisal fibre biocomposite interface. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42 (1), pp.66–74. 80. Xiao, L., Wang, B., Yang, G., and Gauthier, M., 2006. Poly (Lactic Acid) -Based Biomaterials : Synthesis , Modification and Applications. 81. Yousif, B.F., Shalwan, A., Chin, C.W., and Ming, K.C., 2012. Flexural properties of treated and untreated kenaf / epoxy composites. Materials and Design, 40, pp.378–385. 82. Yu, T., Li, Y., and Ren, J., 2009. Preparation and properties of short natural fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19, pp.s651–s655.

Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites

Similar Items