Effect Of Carbon Black Reinforcement On The Mechanical Properties Malaysia Rubber Compound

Practically, the natural rubber (NR) is reinforced with carbon black (CB) with the purpose of providing extra strength for both raw and vulcanized NR. The aims of this study, first is to investigate the mechanical properties of the Standard Malaysian Rubber with Constant Viscosity 60 (SMR CV-60) and...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Rosszainily., Intan Raihan Asni
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2019
Subjects:	T Technology (General)
Online Access:	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24510/1/Effect%20Of%20Carbon%20Black%20Reinforcement%20On%20The%20Mechanical%20Properties%20Malaysia%20Rubber%20Compound.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24510/2/Effect%20Of%20Carbon%20Black%20Reinforcement%20On%20The%20Mechanical%20Properties%20Malaysia%20Rubber%20Compound.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-utem-ep.24510
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection	UTeM Repository
language	English English
advisor	Mohd Tahir, Musthafah
topic	T Technology (General) T Technology (General)
spellingShingle	T Technology (General) T Technology (General) Rosszainily., Intan Raihan Asni Effect Of Carbon Black Reinforcement On The Mechanical Properties Malaysia Rubber Compound
description	Practically, the natural rubber (NR) is reinforced with carbon black (CB) with the purpose of providing extra strength for both raw and vulcanized NR. The aims of this study, first is to investigate the mechanical properties of the Standard Malaysian Rubber with Constant Viscosity 60 (SMR CV-60) and 25 mol % Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR 25) compounds, reinforced with different CB loading through mechanical testing. Second is to evaluate the properties of SMR CV-60 and ENR 25 compounds with different CB loading using the nano-scale testing. Third is to determine the optimal and effective CB loadings in both NR compound for future application. Both the SMR CV-60 and ENR 25 were reinforced with 0, 20, 40 and 60 part per hundred (phr) of CB. Four test which are the tensile, compression, microscopic and nanoindentation were conducted according to the ASTM D412, D395, D575, and E2546 to determine the mechanical properties. In tensile test, both NR compounds were stretched up to 450 % of elongation. The results show that the SMR CV-60 and ENR 25 with 60 phr of CB loading exhibit the highest tensile strength and Young’s Modulus values. However, both compounds had become less elastic as compared to other compounds since the specimens broke at 353% and 352% of elongation for SMR CV-60 and ENR 25, respectively. Higher CB loading reduce the elasticity of NR and increase the stiffness, resulting for higher strength and low elongation at break. For the axial compression test, a constant 2kN load with 3 sec holding time was applied on the specimens. Results showed that the deflection decreased and the Young’s Modulus was increased at the increasing CB loadings. The increased of CB loadings enhances the stiffness of NR compound, increased the resistance of NR compounds toward the compressive force, resulting for lower deflection value. The microscopic studies were also done to investigate the surface morphology of both NR. A pack and folded surface was observed on ENR 25 while lumpy surface was observed on SMR CV-60. Nanoindentation test was carried out by using Berkovich tips with a constant load of 2mN at various holding time of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 s. Results shows that SMR CV-60 and ENR 25 compounds with 60 phr exhibit the highest hardness, highest elastic modulus, and lowest penetration depth. This study also showed that the nanoindentation properties were slightly affected by holding time where a fluctuated value was recorded at different holding time. This is due to the reduction of creep effect on the unloading curve, which eventually affects the hardness and elastic modulus readings. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the CB loading highly affects the tensile, compression and nanoindentation properties of both NR compounds. The SMR CV-60 shows better mechanical properties without CB loading while ENR shows better mechanical properties with addition of CB. This is due to ENR 25 have better matrix-filler interaction compared to SMR CV. These studies also revealed that the SMR CV-60 and ENR 25 at 60 phr exhibit highest properties in the tensile strength, compression strength, and the nanoindentation hardness. However, both compounds are not recommended for the application under high strain as the tensile test has recorded the lowest elongation at break compared to other compounds.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Rosszainily., Intan Raihan Asni
author_facet	Rosszainily., Intan Raihan Asni
author_sort	Rosszainily., Intan Raihan Asni
title	Effect Of Carbon Black Reinforcement On The Mechanical Properties Malaysia Rubber Compound
title_short	Effect Of Carbon Black Reinforcement On The Mechanical Properties Malaysia Rubber Compound
title_full	Effect Of Carbon Black Reinforcement On The Mechanical Properties Malaysia Rubber Compound
title_fullStr	Effect Of Carbon Black Reinforcement On The Mechanical Properties Malaysia Rubber Compound
title_full_unstemmed	Effect Of Carbon Black Reinforcement On The Mechanical Properties Malaysia Rubber Compound
title_sort	effect of carbon black reinforcement on the mechanical properties malaysia rubber compound
granting_institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department	Faculty Of Mechaninal Engieering
publishDate	2019
url	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24510/1/Effect%20Of%20Carbon%20Black%20Reinforcement%20On%20The%20Mechanical%20Properties%20Malaysia%20Rubber%20Compound.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24510/2/Effect%20Of%20Carbon%20Black%20Reinforcement%20On%20The%20Mechanical%20Properties%20Malaysia%20Rubber%20Compound.pdf
_version_	1747834071264788480
spelling	my-utem-ep.245102021-10-05T09:05:08Z Effect Of Carbon Black Reinforcement On The Mechanical Properties Malaysia Rubber Compound 2019 Rosszainily., Intan Raihan Asni T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) Practically, the natural rubber (NR) is reinforced with carbon black (CB) with the purpose of providing extra strength for both raw and vulcanized NR. The aims of this study, first is to investigate the mechanical properties of the Standard Malaysian Rubber with Constant Viscosity 60 (SMR CV-60) and 25 mol % Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR 25) compounds, reinforced with different CB loading through mechanical testing. Second is to evaluate the properties of SMR CV-60 and ENR 25 compounds with different CB loading using the nano-scale testing. Third is to determine the optimal and effective CB loadings in both NR compound for future application. Both the SMR CV-60 and ENR 25 were reinforced with 0, 20, 40 and 60 part per hundred (phr) of CB. Four test which are the tensile, compression, microscopic and nanoindentation were conducted according to the ASTM D412, D395, D575, and E2546 to determine the mechanical properties. In tensile test, both NR compounds were stretched up to 450 % of elongation. The results show that the SMR CV-60 and ENR 25 with 60 phr of CB loading exhibit the highest tensile strength and Young’s Modulus values. However, both compounds had become less elastic as compared to other compounds since the specimens broke at 353% and 352% of elongation for SMR CV-60 and ENR 25, respectively. Higher CB loading reduce the elasticity of NR and increase the stiffness, resulting for higher strength and low elongation at break. For the axial compression test, a constant 2kN load with 3 sec holding time was applied on the specimens. Results showed that the deflection decreased and the Young’s Modulus was increased at the increasing CB loadings. The increased of CB loadings enhances the stiffness of NR compound, increased the resistance of NR compounds toward the compressive force, resulting for lower deflection value. The microscopic studies were also done to investigate the surface morphology of both NR. A pack and folded surface was observed on ENR 25 while lumpy surface was observed on SMR CV-60. Nanoindentation test was carried out by using Berkovich tips with a constant load of 2mN at various holding time of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 s. Results shows that SMR CV-60 and ENR 25 compounds with 60 phr exhibit the highest hardness, highest elastic modulus, and lowest penetration depth. This study also showed that the nanoindentation properties were slightly affected by holding time where a fluctuated value was recorded at different holding time. This is due to the reduction of creep effect on the unloading curve, which eventually affects the hardness and elastic modulus readings. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the CB loading highly affects the tensile, compression and nanoindentation properties of both NR compounds. The SMR CV-60 shows better mechanical properties without CB loading while ENR shows better mechanical properties with addition of CB. This is due to ENR 25 have better matrix-filler interaction compared to SMR CV. These studies also revealed that the SMR CV-60 and ENR 25 at 60 phr exhibit highest properties in the tensile strength, compression strength, and the nanoindentation hardness. However, both compounds are not recommended for the application under high strain as the tensile test has recorded the lowest elongation at break compared to other compounds. 2019 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24510/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24510/1/Effect%20Of%20Carbon%20Black%20Reinforcement%20On%20The%20Mechanical%20Properties%20Malaysia%20Rubber%20Compound.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24510/2/Effect%20Of%20Carbon%20Black%20Reinforcement%20On%20The%20Mechanical%20Properties%20Malaysia%20Rubber%20Compound.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=116903 mphil masters Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty Of Mechaninal Engieering Mohd Tahir, Musthafah 1. Ahmad, H.S., Ismail, H., and Rashid, A.A., 2016. Tensile Properties and Morphology of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Recycled Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (ENR 50/NBRr) Blends. Procedia Chemistry, 19, pp. 359–365. 2. Alisafaei, F., Han, C., and Lakhera, N., 2014. Characterization of Indentation Size Effects in Epoxy. Polymer Testing, 40, pp. 70–78. 3. Alisafaei, F., Han, C., Hamid, S., and Sanei, R., 2013. On the Time and Indentation Depth Dependence of Hardness, Dissipation and Stiffness in Polydimethylsiloxane. Polymer Testing, 32 (7), pp. 1220–1228. 4. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2015. E2546 − Standard Practice for Instrumented Indentation Testing. United States.: ASTM. 5. Arguello, J.M. and Santos, A., 2016. Hardness and Compression Resistance of Natural Rubber and Synthetic Rubber Mixtures. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 687 (1), pp. 1–4. 6. Askeland, D.R., Fulay, P.P., Wright, W.J., and Bhattacharya, D.K., 2011. The Science and Engineering Materials, Stamford: Cengage Learning. 7. Atieh, M.A., Girun, N., Mahdi, E.S., Tahir, H., Chuah, T.G., Alkhatib, M.F., Ahmadun, F.-R., and Baik, D.R., 2007. Effect of Multi‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber. Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 14 (4), pp.37–41. 8. Atrian, A., Majzoobi, G.H., Nourbakhsh, S.H., Galehdari, S.A., and Nejad, R.M., 2016. Evaluation of Tensile Strength of Al7075-SiC Nanocomposite Compacted by Gas Gun Using Spherical Indentation Test and Neural Networks. Advanced Powder Technology, 27 (4), pp. 1821–1827. 9. Auvray, C., Lafrance, N., and Bartier, D., 2017. Elastic modulus of claystone evaluated by nano-/micro-indentation tests and meso-compression tests. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 9 (1), pp. 84–91. 10. Azura, A.R., Ghazali, S., and Mariatti, M., 2008. Effects of the Filler Loading and Aging Time on the Mechanical and Electrical Conductivity Properties of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 110, pp. 747–752. 11. Bai, Y., Liu, C., Huang, G., Li, W., and Feng, S., 2016. A Hyper-Viscoelastic Constitutive Model for Polyurea Under Uniaxial Compressive Loading. Polymer, 8 (4), pp. 133-145. 12. Baker, C.S.L., Gelling, I.R., Azemi, A., and Samsuri, B., 1970. Epoxidised Natural Rubber. J. not. Rubb. Res, 1 (2), pp. 135–144. 13. Bauman, J.T., 2015. Fatigue , Stress , and Strain of Rubber Components : Guide for Design Engineer, München: Carl Hanser Verlag. 14. Boonkerd, K., 2017. Development and Modification of Natural Rubber for Advanced Application. In: Applied Environmental Materials Science for Sustainability, IGI Global. 15. Briscoey, B.J., Fiori, L., and Pelillo, E., 1998. Nano-indentation of Polymeric Surfaces. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 31 (19), pp. 2395–2405. 16. Brum, E., Nunes, F., Fernandes, C., Gabriel, S., Maria, A., Sousa, F. De, Russi, C., and Furtado, G., 2018. Stress Relaxation of Nitrile Rubber Composites Filled with a Hybrid Metakaolin/Carbon Black Filler Under Tensile and Compressive Forces. Applied Clay Science, 151 (October 2017), pp. 181–188. 17. Callister, W.D. and Rethwisch, D.G., 2011. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. Wiley. 18. Carter, G.F. and Paul, D.E., 1991. Materials Science and Engineering: ASM International [online]. Available at: https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpMSE00001/materials-science-engineering/materials-science-engineering. [Accessed on 5 December 2017] 19. Chandrasekaran, V.C., 2010. Rubber as a construction material for corrosion protection : a comprehensive guide for process equipment designers, John Wiley & Sons. 20. Chandrasekaran, V.C., 2007. Essential Rubber Formulary - Formulas for Practitioners, William Andrew Publishing. 21. Chandrashekar, G., Alisafaei, F., and Han, C., 2015. Length Scale Dependent Deformation in Natural Rubber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 42683, pp. 1–7. 22. Chaudhari M. D. and Goyal, A., 2004. Seismic Performance Enhancement of Bridges Using Sliding Friction Isolators Mounted on Flexible Supports. In: 13 th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. 23. Chen, Z., Scheffer, T., Seibert, H. and Diebels, S., 2013. Macroindentation of a Soft Polymer: Identification of Hyperelasticity and Validation by Uni/biaxial Tensile Tests. Mechanics of Materials, 64, pp. 111-127. 24. Chen, Z., Wang, X., Atkinson, A., and Brandon, N., 2016. Spherical Indentation of Porous Ceramics : Cracking and Toughness. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 36 (14), pp. 3473–3480. 25. Choun, Y.S., Park, J. and Choi, I.K., 2014. Effects of Mechanical Property Variability in Lead Rubber Bearings on the Response of Seismic Isolation System for Different Ground Motions. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 46(5), pp. 605-618. 26. Coran, A.Y., 2013. Vulcanization. In: Science and Technology of Rubber. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 337–381. 27. Czerner, M., Fellay, L.S., Suárez, M.P., Frontini, P.M., and Fasce, A., 2015. Determination of Elastic Modulus of Gelatin Gels by Indentation Experiments. Procedia Materials Science, 8, pp. 287–296. 28. Davies, C.K.L., Wolfe, S. V., Gelling, I.R., and Thomas, A.G., 1983. Strain Crystallization in Random Copolymers Produced by Epoxidation of Cis 1, 4-polyisoprene. Polymer, 24 (1), pp. 107–113. 29. Diani, J., Bruno, F., and Pierre, G., 2009. A Review on the Mullins Effect. European Polymer Journal, 45 (3), pp. 601–612. 30. Dick, J.S., 2003. Basic Rubber Testing: Selecting Method for a Rubber Test Program, New Jersey: ASTM International. 31. Dimova, S.L. and Hirata, K., 2000. Simplified Seismic Fragility Analysis of Structures with Two Types of Friction Devices. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 29 (8), pp. 1153–1175. 32. Donnet, J.B., 2003. Nano and Microcomposites of Polymers Elastomers and Their Reinforcement. Composites Science and Technology, 63 (8), pp. 1085–1088. 33. Dorfmann, A. and Ogden, R.W., 2004. A Constitutive Model for the Mullins Effect with Permanent Set in Particle-Reinforced Rubber. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 41, pp. 1855–1878. 34. Fairuz, A.M., Sapuan, S.M., Zainudin, E.S., and Jaafar, C.N.A., 2016. Effect of Filler Loading on Mechanical Properties of Pultruded Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 10 (1), pp. 1931–1942. 35. Fröhlich, J., Niedermeier, W., and Luginsland, H.-D., 2005. The Effect of Filler–Filler and Filler–Elastomer Interaction on Rubber Reinforcement. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 36 (4), pp. 449–460. 36. Garg, N., Han, C., and Alisafaei, F., 2016. Length Scale Dependence in Elastomers and the Comparison of Indentation Experiments with Numerical Simulations. Polymer, 98, pp. 201–209. 37. Geethamma, V.G., Asaletha, R., Kalarikkal, N., and Thomas, S., 2014. Vibration and Sound Damping in Polymers, pp. 821–833. 38. Gelling, I.R., 1991. Epoxidised Natural Rubber. Journal of Natural Rubber Research, 6 (3), pp. 184–205. 39. Geng, K., Yang, F., Druffel, T., and Grulke, E.A., 2005. Nanoindentation Behavior of Ultrathin Polymeric Films. Polymer, 46, pp. 11768–11772. 40. Gent, A.N., 2012. Engineering with Rubber: How to Design Rubber Component, Munich: Hanser Publication. 41. Ginting, E.M., Bukit, N. and Frida, E., 2017. Mechanical Properties and Mophology Natural Rubber Blend with Bentonit and Carbon Black. Materials Science and Engineering, 223, pp. 1-7. 42. Grellmann, W. and Seidler, S., 2013. Polymer Testing, Munich: Hanser Publishers. 43. Han, C.-S., Sanei, S.H.R., and Alisafaei, F., 2016. On the Origin of Indentation Size Effect and Depth Dependent on Mechanical Properties of Elastic Polymers. Journal of Polymer Engineering, 36 (1), pp. 103–111. 44. Harwood, J.A.C., Mullins, L., and Payne, A.R., 1965. Stress Softening in Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Part II: Stress Softening Effects in Pure Gum and Filler Loaded Rubbers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 39, pp. 3011–3021. 45. Horgan, C.O. and Murphy, J.G., 2009. Compression Tests and Constitutive Models for the Slight Compressibility of Elastic Rubber-Like Materials. International Journal of Engineering Science, 47 (11–12), pp. 1232–1239. 46. Heide-Jørgensen, S., Møller, R.K., Buhl, K.B., Pedersen, S.U., Daasbjerg, K., Hinge, M. and Budzik, M.K., 2018. Efficient bonding of ethylene-propylene-diene M-class rubber to stainless steel using polymer brushes as a nanoscale adhesive. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 87, pp. 31-41. 47. Huneau, B., 2011. Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber : A Review of X-Ray Diffraction Investigations. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 84 (3), pp. 425–452. 48. Ibrahim, R.A., 2008. Recent Advances in Nonlinear Passive Vibration Isolators. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 314 (3), pp. 371–452. 49. Indian Rubber Board, 2017. Modified Forms of Natural Rubber [online]. Available at: http://rubberboard.org.in/ManageCultivation.asp?Id=198. [Accessed on 16 June 2016]. 50. Institute, I.R., 2000. Rubber Engineering/Indian Rubber Institute, New York: McGraw-Hill. 51. Ismail, H. and Suryadiansyah, S., 2004. Effects of Filler Loading on Properties of Polypropylene–Natural Rubber–Recycle Rubber Powder (PP–NR–RRP) Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 23 (6), pp. 639–650. 52. Jiang, Z., Jin, J., Xiao, C. and Li, X., 2012. Effect of Surface Modification of Carbon Black (CB) on the Morphology and Crystallization of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate)/CB Masterbatch. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 395, pp. 105-115. 53. Kan, Q., Yan, W., Kang, G., and Sun, Q., 2015. Oliver – Pharr Indentation Method in Determining Elastic Moduli of Shape Memory Alloys — A Phase Transformable Material. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 61 (10), pp. 2015–2033. 54. Karim, A.F.A., Ismail, H., and Ariff, Z.M., 2016. Properties and Characterization of Kenaf-Filled Natural Rubber Latex Foam. BioResources, 11 (1), pp. 1080–1091. 55. Kim, J.H. and Jeong, H.Y., 2005. A Study on the Material Properties and Fatigue Life of Natural Rubber with Different Carbon Blacks. International Journal of Fatigue, 27 (3), pp. 263–272. 56. Kim, W.D., Lee, H.J., Kim, J.Y., and Koh, S., 2004. Fatigue Life Estimation of an Engine Rubber Mount. International Journal of Fatigue, 26, pp. 553–560. 57. Kothandaraman, B., 2009. Rubber Materials, New Delhi: Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. 58. Krecl, P., Johansson, C., Targino, A.C., Ström, J. and Burman, L., 2017. Trends in Black Carbon and Size-Resolved Particle Number Concentrations and Vehicle Emission Factors Under Real-World Conditions. Atmospheric Environment, 165, pp. 155-168. 59. Le Saux, V., Marco, Y., Bles, G., Calloch, S., Moyne, S., Plessis, S. and Charrier, P., 2011. Identification of Constitutive Model for Rubber Elasticity from Micro-Indentation Tests on Natural Rubber and Validation by Macroscopic Tests. Mechanics of Materials, 43(12), pp. 775-786. 60. Lin, D.C., Dimitriadis, E.K., and Horkay, F., 2007. Elasticity of Rubber-Like Materials Measured by AFM Nanoindentation. eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 1 (9), pp. 576–584. 61. Lindley, P.B., 1992. Engineering Design with Natural Rubber, Natural Rubber Producers’ Research Association. 62. Lindsay, J.A., 2012. Practical Guide to Rubber Injection Moulding, Shropshire: Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd. 63. M. A. Salim, Putra, A., Abdullah, M.A., and Ahmad, N., 2014. Development of Laminated Rubber-Metal Spring using Standard Malaysia Rubber Constant Viscosity-60. International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME), 8, pp. 761–765. 64. Majid, R.A., Ismail, H., and Taib, R.M., 2014. Effects of Polyethylene Grafted Maleic Anhydride on the Mechanical, Morphological, and Swelling Properties of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) / Epoxidized Natural Rubber / Kenaf Core Powder Composites. BioResources, 9 (4), pp. 7059–7072. 65. Mark, J.E., Erman, B., and Roland, M., 2013. The science and technology of rubber, Academic Press. 66. Martínez, J.D., Cardona-Uribe, N., Murillo, R., García, T. and López, J.M., 2019. Carbon Black Recovery From Waste Tire Pyrolysis by Demineralization: Production and Application in Rubber Compounding. Waste management, 85, pp. 574-584. 67. Mazzotta, F., Lantieri, C., Vignali, V., Simone, A., Dondi, G., and Sangiorgi, C., 2017. Performance Evaluation of Recycled Rubber Waterproofing Bituminous Membranes for Concrete Bridge Decks and Other Surfaces. Construction and Building Materials, 136, pp. 524–532. 68. McKenna, G.B. and Zapas, L.J., 1983. Experiments on the Small-Strain Behaviour of Crosslinked Natural Rubber: Extension and Compression. Polymer, 24 (11), pp. 1502–1506. 69. Medina, N.F., Medina, D.F., Hernández-Olivares, F., and Navacerrada, M.A., 2017. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Concrete Incorporating Rubber and Fibres from Tyre Recycling. Construction and Building Materials, 144, pp. 563–573. 70. Merabet, S., Riahi, F., and Douibi, A., 2012. The Physical Modification of a Natural Rubber-Polypropylene Thermoplastic Elastomer Blend by Azobisformamide Blowing Agent. ISRN Polymer Science, 2012, pp. 1–6. 71. Mohamed, G. and Djamila, B., 2018. Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Crushed Sand Concrete Containing Rubber Waste. MATEC Web of Conferences. 149, pp. 1076-1081. 72. Mohamad, N., Sharafina, Z.N., Maulod, H.E.A., Yuhazri, M.Y., and Jeefferie, A.R., 2013. Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Treated with Maleic Anhydride-Grafted Polypropylene. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 8 (July-December), pp. 1305–1315. 73. Mohd Nor, N.A. and Othman, N., 2016. Effect of Filler Loading on Curing Characteristic and Tensile Properties of Palygorskite Natural Rubber Nanocomposites. Procedia Chemistry, 19, pp. 351–358. 74. Mullins, L. and Tobin, N.R., 1965. Stress Softening in Rubber Vulcanizates. Part I. Use of a Strain Amplification Factor to Describe the Elastic Behavior of Filler‐Reinforced Vulcanized Rubber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 9 (9), pp. 2993–3009. 75. Mullins, L. and Tobin, N.R., 1957. Theoretical Model for the Elastic Behavior of Filler-Reinforced Vulcanized Rubbers. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 30 (2), pp. 555–571. 76. Mullins, L., 1949. Permanent Set in Vulcanized Rubber. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 22 (4), pp. 1036–1044. 77. Mullins, L., 1948. Effect of Stretching on the Properties of Rubber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 16, pp. 275–282. 78. Oliver, W. and Pharr, G., 1992. An Improved Technique for Determining Hardness and Elastic Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments. Journal of Materials Research, 7 (6), pp. 1564–1583. 79. Omnès, B., Thuillier, S., Pilvin, P., Grohens, Y., and Gillet, S., 2008. Effective Properties of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber: Experiments and Modeling. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 39 (7), pp. 1141–1149. 80. Oyen, M.L. and Cook, R.F., 2009. A Practical Guide for Analysis of Nanoindentation Data. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2 (4), pp. 396–407. 81. Oyen, M.L., 2007. Sensitivity of Polymer Nanoindentation Creep Measurements to Experimental Variables, 55, pp. 3633–3639. 82. Payne, A.R., 1965. Effect of Dispersion on the Dynamic Properties of Filler‐Loaded Rubbers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 9 (6), pp. 2273–2284. 83. Picken, J.K., Jun, L.J., and Zulkefli, M.U., 2012. Seismic Protection Of 2nd Penang Crossing Using High Damping Natural Rubber Isolators. In: 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. 84. Phanny, Y., Azura, A.R. and Ismail, H., 2012. Effect of Different Origins of Natural Rubber on The Properties of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber Composites. ASEAN Engineering Journal Part B, 2(1), pp. 60-67. 85. Pire, M., Norvez, S., Iliopoulos, I., Le, B., and Leibler, L., 2010. Epoxidized Natural Rubber / Dicarboxylic Acid Self-Vulcanized Blends. Polymer, 51 (25), pp. 5903–5909. 86. Poompradub, S., Tosaka, M., Kohjiya, S., Ikeda, Y., Toki, S., Sics, I., and B. S. Hsiao, 2005. Mechanism of Strain-Induced Crystallization in Filled and Unfilled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. Journal of Applied Physics, 97 (10), pp. 103-119. 87. Ramli, M.Z., Adnan, A., and Tan, C.W., 2013. Base Isolator System in Bridges. 88. Rattanasom, N. and Prasertsri, S., 2009. Relationship Among Mechanical Properties, Heat Ageing Resistance, Cut Growth Behaviour and Morphology in Natural Rubber: Partial Replacement of Clay with Various Types of Carbon Black at Similar Hardness Level. Polymer Testing, 28 (3), pp. 270–276. 89. Rault, J., Marchal, J., Judeinstein, P., and Albouy, P., 2006. Stress-Induced Crystallization and Reinforcement in Filled Natural Rubbers: 2H NMR study. Macromolecules, 39 (24), pp. 8356–8368. 90. Rejab, M.N.A., Rahman, R.A., HAmzah, R.I.R., Hussain, J.I.I., Ahmad, N., Ismail, A., and Putra, A., 2013. Fabricating Process and Mechanical Properties of Elastomeric Mount. The 7th South East Asia Technical University Consortium (SEATUC) Symposium Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia, pp. 4–6. 91. Rubber Journal Asia, 2016. Malaysian Rubber Board teams up with FGV on ekoprena, pureprena research. [online] Available at: http://rubberjournalasia.com/malaysian-rubber-board-teams-up-with-fgv-on-ekoprena-pureprena-research/. [Accessed on 26 July 2019]. 92. Rodgers, B., 2015. Rubber Compounding: Chemistry and Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 93. Rodgers, B. and Waddell, W., 2013. The Science of Rubber Compounding. In: Science and Technology of Rubber. pp. 417–471. 94. Sabu, T. and Ranimol, S., 2010. Rubber nanocomposites: Preparation, properties, and application. John Wiley & Sons. 95. Salaeh, S. and Nakason, C., 2012. Influence of Modified Natural Rubber and Structure of Carbon Black on Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds. Polymer Composites, 33, pp. 489–500. 96. San-Thap International, 2017. Epoxyprene-a specialty polymer: processing [online]. Available at: http://www.san-thap.co.th/en/products/rubber/epoxyprene.php.[Accessed on 23 February 2017]. 97. Sangwichien, C., Sumanatrakool, P., and Patarapaiboolchai, O., 2008. Effect of Filler Loading on Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Vulcanizate. Chiang Mai Journal Science, 35 (1), pp. 141–149. 98. Sasitaran, M., Manroshan, S., Lim, C.S., Veni, B.N.K., and Ong, S.K., 2016. Preparation and Characterisation of Crosslinked Natural Rubber ( SMR CV 60 ) and Epoxidised Natural Rubber ( ENR-50 ) Blends. ASEAN Journal Science Technology Developement, 34 (2), pp. 106–118. 99. Silva, D., Juliano, C., and Pasquin, C., 2015. Comparing Near-Infrared Conventional Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Imaging for Determination of the Bulk Properties of Solid Samples by Multivariate Regression: Determination of Mooney Viscosity and Plasticity Indices of Natural Rubber. Analyst, 140 (2), pp. 512–522. 100. Sofi, A., 2017. Effect of waste tyre rubber on mechanical and durability properties of concrete – A review. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9 (4), pp. 2691–2700. 101. Sommer, J.G. and Yeoh, O.H., 2012. Tests and Specifications. In: Engineering with Rubber - How to Design Rubber Components. Munich: Hanser Publishers, pp. 365–421. 102. Spratte, T., Plagge, J., Wunde, M., and Klüppel, M., 2017. Investigation of Strain-Induced Crystallization of Carbon Black and Silica Filled Natural Rubber Composites Based on Mechanical and Temperature Measurements. Polymer, 115, pp. 12–20. 103. Sreelekshmi, R. V., Brahmakumar, M., Sudha, J.D., and Ravindranatha Menon, A.R., 2017. Studies on Natural Rubber Containing Kaolin Modified with Hexamethylenediamine Derivative of Phosphorylated Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Prepolymer. Applied Clay Science, 141, pp. 171–179. 104. Tenaga Gemas Sdn Bhd, 2017. Standard Malaysia Rubber (SMR) Grades [Online]. Available at: http://www.tenagagemas.com/natural-rubber-products.html. [Accessed on 05 September 2018]. 105. Thomas, B.S., Gupta, R.C., and Panicker, V.J., 2015. Experimental and Modelling Studies on High Strength Concrete Containing Waste Tire Rubber. Sustainable Cities and Society, 19, pp. 68–73. 106. Top Glove, 2019. Product Brochure [Online]. Available at https://www.topglove.com/latex-surgical-glove/. [Accessed on 25 April 2019]. 107. Towler, M.R., Bushby, A.J., Billington, R.W., and Hill, R.G., 2001. A Preliminary Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of Chemically Cured and Ultrasonically Cured Glass Ionomer Cements, Using Nano-Indentation Techniques, 22, pp. 1401–1406. 108. Trabelsi, S., Albouy, P.-A., and Rault, J., 2003. Crystallization and Melting Processes in Vulcanized Stretched Natural Rubber. Macromolecules, 36 (20), pp. 7624–7639. 109. Tscharnuter, D., Gastl, S., and Pinter, G., 2012. Modeling of the Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of Polyoxymethylene in Tension and Compression. International Journal of Engineering Science, 60, pp. 37–52. 110. Vanlandingham, M.R., Villarrubia, J.S., Guthrie, W.F., and Greg, F., 2001. Nanoindentation of Polymers : An Overview. Macromolecular Symposia, 167 (1), pp. 15–44. 111. Wan, N.Y., Chin, K.P., and Saad, C.S.M., 2010. Comparison of Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) 37.5 and ENR 25/ ENR 50 Physical Blend: Specialty Polymer for ‘Green Tyre’ Application. 9th National Symposium on Polymeric Materials (Nspm 2009), 11, pp. 7–11. 112. Wang, Z., Volinsky, A.A., and Gallant, N.D., 2014. Crosslinking Effect on Polydimethylsiloxane Elastic Modulus Measured by Custom-Built Compression Instrument. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131 (22), pp. 1–4. 113. Wei, P.J., Shen, W.X., and Lin, J.F., 2008. Analysis and Modeling for Time-Dependent Behavior of Polymers Exhibited in Nanoindentation Tests. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 354, pp. 3911–3918. 114. Xu, F., Ding, Y.H., Deng, X.H., Zhang, P., and Long, Z.L., 2014. Indentation Size Effects in the Nano- and Micro-Hardness of a Fe-Based Bulk Metallic Glass. Physica B, 450, pp. 84–89. 115. Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Kan, C., Shen, Z., and Shi, Z., 2009. Experimental Research on Fatigue Property of Steel Rubber Vibration Isolator for Offshore Jacket Platform in Cold Environment. Ocean Engineering, 36 (8), pp. 588–594. 116. Yew, G.Y., Tham, T.C., Law, C.L., Chu, D.T., Ogino, C. and Show, P.L., 2019. Emerging Crosslinking Techniques for Glove Manufacturers with Improved Nitrile Glove Properties and Reduced Allergic Risks. Materials Today Communications, 19, pp. 39-50. 117. Zhang, Y., Ge, S., Tang, B., Koga, T., Rafailovich, M.H., Sokolov, J.C., Peiffer, D.G., Li, Z., Dias, A.J., Mcelrath, K.O., Lin, M.Y., Satija, S.K., Urquhart, S.G., Ade, H., and Nguyen, D., 2001. Effect of Carbon Black and Silica Fillers in Elastomer Blends. Macromolecules, 34 (20), pp. 7056–7065.

Effect Of Carbon Black Reinforcement On The Mechanical Properties Malaysia Rubber Compound

Similar Items