Development Of The Readability Index Model For Young Adults With Reading Difficulties In Malay Language

Recent studies reported different perspectives of the relationship among human, technology and education. Reading is a fundamental part of language competency. The motivation of this study is based on the fact that there are some young adults aged 18 years old and above who still cannot read properl...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Mohamad Hazawawi, Nur Amalina
Format: Thesis
Language:English
English
Published: 2019
Subjects:
Online Access:http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24699/1/Development%20Of%20The%20Readability%20Index%20Model%20For%20Young%20Adults%20With%20Reading%20Difficulties%20In%20Malay%20Language.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24699/2/Development%20Of%20The%20Readability%20Index%20Model%20For%20Young%20Adults%20With%20Reading%20Difficulties%20In%20Malay%20Language.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-utem-ep.24699
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection UTeM Repository
language English
English
topic QA Mathematics
QA76 Computer software
spellingShingle QA Mathematics
QA76 Computer software
Mohamad Hazawawi, Nur Amalina
Development Of The Readability Index Model For Young Adults With Reading Difficulties In Malay Language
description Recent studies reported different perspectives of the relationship among human, technology and education. Reading is a fundamental part of language competency. The motivation of this study is based on the fact that there are some young adults aged 18 years old and above who still cannot read properly and are having difficulties in reading and writing. Due to the unavailability of a tool that can measures the readability levels of Malay texts, this study proposed an online readability test tool in the Malay language to include readers who have reading difficulties by using an existing conventional calculation method developed by the Malay linguists. This formula was then transformed into a computing algorithm to detect the difficult words in Malay texts. This online tool is known as Sistem Penilaian Kebolehbacaan Bahasa Melayu (SPIKE) aims to measure the readability levels of Malay reading materials and to focus on detecting difficult Malay words. SPICE (Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination) had been chosen as research methodology, where consists of five main ideas which are S(Situation), P(Problem), I(Investigate), C (Construct) and E(Evaluate). SPIKE is part of a continuous work done to evaluate the reading competencies among young adults with dyslexia. From the existing readability formula and recent studies, a new parameter, which is the potential difficult word was found to help the dyslexics, especially in reading. The findings reported that the additional parameters like words that have more than three syllables and potential difficult words influenced the time taken in reading the assessment. This tool will increase the accuracies in measuring reading competencies among young adults, and will be able to help the dyslexic users with reading difficulties in knowing the level of readability of each reading materials.
format Thesis
qualification_name Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
qualification_level Master's degree
author Mohamad Hazawawi, Nur Amalina
author_facet Mohamad Hazawawi, Nur Amalina
author_sort Mohamad Hazawawi, Nur Amalina
title Development Of The Readability Index Model For Young Adults With Reading Difficulties In Malay Language
title_short Development Of The Readability Index Model For Young Adults With Reading Difficulties In Malay Language
title_full Development Of The Readability Index Model For Young Adults With Reading Difficulties In Malay Language
title_fullStr Development Of The Readability Index Model For Young Adults With Reading Difficulties In Malay Language
title_full_unstemmed Development Of The Readability Index Model For Young Adults With Reading Difficulties In Malay Language
title_sort development of the readability index model for young adults with reading difficulties in malay language
granting_institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department Faculty of Information and Communication Technology
publishDate 2019
url http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24699/1/Development%20Of%20The%20Readability%20Index%20Model%20For%20Young%20Adults%20With%20Reading%20Difficulties%20In%20Malay%20Language.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24699/2/Development%20Of%20The%20Readability%20Index%20Model%20For%20Young%20Adults%20With%20Reading%20Difficulties%20In%20Malay%20Language.pdf
_version_ 1747834091619745792
spelling my-utem-ep.246992021-10-05T11:57:43Z Development Of The Readability Index Model For Young Adults With Reading Difficulties In Malay Language 2019 Mohamad Hazawawi, Nur Amalina QA Mathematics QA76 Computer software Recent studies reported different perspectives of the relationship among human, technology and education. Reading is a fundamental part of language competency. The motivation of this study is based on the fact that there are some young adults aged 18 years old and above who still cannot read properly and are having difficulties in reading and writing. Due to the unavailability of a tool that can measures the readability levels of Malay texts, this study proposed an online readability test tool in the Malay language to include readers who have reading difficulties by using an existing conventional calculation method developed by the Malay linguists. This formula was then transformed into a computing algorithm to detect the difficult words in Malay texts. This online tool is known as Sistem Penilaian Kebolehbacaan Bahasa Melayu (SPIKE) aims to measure the readability levels of Malay reading materials and to focus on detecting difficult Malay words. SPICE (Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination) had been chosen as research methodology, where consists of five main ideas which are S(Situation), P(Problem), I(Investigate), C (Construct) and E(Evaluate). SPIKE is part of a continuous work done to evaluate the reading competencies among young adults with dyslexia. From the existing readability formula and recent studies, a new parameter, which is the potential difficult word was found to help the dyslexics, especially in reading. The findings reported that the additional parameters like words that have more than three syllables and potential difficult words influenced the time taken in reading the assessment. This tool will increase the accuracies in measuring reading competencies among young adults, and will be able to help the dyslexic users with reading difficulties in knowing the level of readability of each reading materials. 2019 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24699/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24699/1/Development%20Of%20The%20Readability%20Index%20Model%20For%20Young%20Adults%20With%20Reading%20Difficulties%20In%20Malay%20Language.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24699/2/Development%20Of%20The%20Readability%20Index%20Model%20For%20Young%20Adults%20With%20Reading%20Difficulties%20In%20Malay%20Language.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=116958 mphil masters Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty of Information and Communication Technology 1. Abdullah K., 2008. Research Report: A Study on The Use of Electronic Stories in Malay Language Teaching. Jurnal Elektronik Jabatan Bahasa dan Kebudayaan Melayu. Jurnal e- Utama, 1, pp. 93-97. 2. Abdullah M. S., 2015. Ambil pengajaran musibah banjir-PM. Gubal SOP baharu pengurusan bencana dalam 6 bulan. Utusan Melayu (M) Berhad. 3. Abidin M. J. Z., Pourmohammadi M., Varasingan N. and Lean O.C., 2014. The Online Reading Habits of Malaysian Students. The Reading Matrix, 14(2), pp. 164-172. 4. Ahmad. Y., 2011. Sastera Awal Kanak-Kanak. EPH Publishing (M) Sdn. Bhd. Kuala Lumpur. 5. Aini A., 2016. Karangan "Peribahasa: Berakit-rakit ke hulu berenang-renang ke tepian, bersakit-sakit dahulu bersenang-senang kemudian". [Online] Available at: http://tuliskaranganupsr.blogspot.my/2016/02/karangan-peribahasa-berakit-rakit-ke.html [Accessesd on 8 November 2016]. 6. Alieva N.F., 2002. Sarana Sintesis dan Analitis dalam Tatabahasa Melayu. Jurnal Bahasa. Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka. 7. Annamalai S. and Muniandy B., 2013. Reading Habits and Attitude among Malaysian Polytechnic Students. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 5(1), pp. 32- 41. 8. Anon., 2013. More psychiatry and clinical psychology services needed for Malaysia’s ageing population. After School- Higher Education Advisor in Malaysia. [Online] Available at: http://afterschool.my/news/more-psychiatry-and-clinical-psychologyservices- needed-for-malaysias-ageing-population [Accessesd on 6 August 2016]. 9. Arnett J. J., 2000. Emerging Adulthood. A Theory of Development from the Late Teens Through the twenties. American Psychological Association, 5(5), pp. 469-480. 10. Berninger V.W., Richards T. and Abbott R.D., 2015. Differential Diagnosis of Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, and OWL LD: Behavioral and Neuroimaging Evidence. Reading and writing. 28(8), pp. 1119-1153, doi:10.1007/s11145-015-9565-0. 11. Bialik C., 2008. Do Readability Formulas Work?. The Wall Street Journal [Online] Available at: http://blogs.wsj.com/numbers/do-readability-formulas-work-297/ 12. Çayir A., 2017. Analyzing the Reading Skills and Visual Perception Levels of First Grade Students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(7), pp. 1113–1116. Central Intelligence Agency. The World FactBook (Literacy). [Online] Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2103.html [Accessesd on 3 September 2016]. 13. Crossley S.A., Allen D.B. and McNamara D.S., 2011. Text readability and intuitive simplification: A comparison of readability formulas. Reading in a Foreign Language, vol. 23 (1), pp. 84-101. 14. Cruz C., and Altarejos N., 2014. Correlations. Spearman Rho/ Pearson R. Correlation. BSIT 3-1D. 15. Csillag J., 2015. Dyslexia in Children: Essentials Parents Should Know. Noodle. [Online] Available at: https://www.noodle.com/articles/dyslexia-in-children-essentials-parentsshould- know [Accessesd on 4 November 2016]. 16. Dani M., 2016. Sukar terima swafoto, tular. Harian Metro. [Online] Available at: http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/190257 [Accessesd on 8 November 2016]. 17. Data Pendidikan Khas 2016. Pendidikan Khas, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. 18. Delaney R. and D’Agostino R., 2015. The Challenges of Integrating New Technology into an Organization. Mathematics and Computer Science Capstones, La Salle University. 25. 19. Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2017. Statistics on Women Empowerment in Selected 20. Domains, Malaysia, 2017. The Office of Chief Statistician Malaysia. 21. Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2016. Social Statistics Bulletin, Malaysia, 2016. The Office of Chief Statistician Malaysia. 22. De Run E. C., Butt M. and Nee C. Y., 2010. The influence of role models on young Adults Purchase. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 15. 23. Devaraj S. and Roslan S., 2006. Apa Itu Disleksia? PTS Professional Publishing Sdn. Bhd. Developing and Writing Behavioral Objectives; and Krathwohl, Bloom, and Masia, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Handbook II. 2010. Competencies and Learning Objectives. 24. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1985. Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 25. Dewan Kosmik: Majalah Sains dan Teknologi. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. Dewan Masyarakat. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. 26. Doverspike D., 2015. Readability of Assessments in a Digital Age (Part 1). Assessment Services Review. Educational Psychology Review, 24, pp. 63-88. 27. Dragilev D., 2013. What is User Interface Design? Fresh Tilled Soil. [Online] Available at: https://www.freshtilledsoil.com/what-is-user-interface-design/ [Accessesd on 8 November 2017]. 28. Drummond K., 2009. About Reading Disabilities, Learning Disabilities and Reading Difficulties. Reading Rockets. 29. DSE, 2002. Informational Paper #1: Dyslexia. 30. Dumaniga, F. P., David M. K. and Symaco L., 2012. Competing Roles of the National Language and English in Malaysia and the Philippines: Planning, Policy and Use. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 2012, 1(2), pp. 104-115. 31. Dyslexia International, 2016. Rue Washington 40, B-1050 Brussels. 32. Dzalani H. and Shamsuddin K., 2014. A Review of Definitions and Identifications of Specific Learning Disabilities in Malaysia and Challenges in Provision of Services. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 22(1), pp. 1-18. 33. Ekhsan H. M., Ahmad S., Z., Halim S., A., Hamid J., N. and Mansor N. H., 2012. The Implementation of Interactive Multimedia in Early Screening of Dyslexia. International Conference on Innovation, Management and Technology Research (ICIMTR2012), pp. 556-569. 34. Ericson B. and Ronnberg J., 1997. Reading Disability and Its Treatment. EMIR Report No. 2. Linkoping University (Sweden). Eve Malmquist Institute for Reading. 35. Ferguson K. E., and Hawaii Branch of the International Dyslexia Association (HIDA), 2008. A Resource Guide about Dyslexia for People in Hawai’i. Hawaii Branch of the International Dyslexia Association. 36. Fokus Pengarang, 2005. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Franzen M, n.d. Unit 1, Act 1 and 2: Technology Design Process - Key Chain Accessory. Mfranzen.ca. [Online] Available at: http://mfranzen.ca/pages/cor/tij1or_u1.html [Accessesd on 21 October 2017]. 37. Freeman K.S., 2013. News Consumption Behaviour of Young Adults in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(2), pp. 121-124. 38. Gregorian V., 2002. Succeeding in the 21st Century. What Higher Education Must Do to Address the Gap in Information and Communication Technology Proficiencies ETS. Listening. Learning. Leading. Educational Testing Service M2052 12/03. 39. Guat T.M., 2005. Kebolehbacaan Bahan Bacaan. Jurnal Penyelidikan MPBL, vol.6. 40. Habib M., 2000. The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia: An overview and Working Hypothesis. Brain, 123(12), pp. 2373–2399. 41. Hammond J. and Hercule F., 2000. Understanding Dyslexia, An Introduction for Dyslexic Students in Higher Education. Scottish Higher Education Funding Council. 42. Har. F. Pembentukan Kata. [Online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/5455170/Pembentukan_kata_2 [Accessesd on 23 October 2017]. 43. Hart L., n.d. Cognitive Factors That Affect Reading Comprehension. Hearst Seattle Media. 44. Help 4 My Child, 2006. Teacher Strategies for Dyslexics. WETA. 45. Herbert W., 2011. Is Reading Comprehension A Hidden Disability?. Association for Psychological Science. [Online] Available at: http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/full-frontal-psychology/is-readingcomprehension-the-hidden-disability.html [Accessesd on 21 July 2017]. 46. Holland A., 2016. Ultimate List of Online Content Readability Tests. Raven Blog. [Online] Available at: https://raventools.com/blog/ultimate-list-of-online-content-readability-tests/ [Accessesd on 22 October 2017]. 47. Hornsby B., Shear F. and Pool J., 1999. Alpha to Omega, A-Z. Heinemann Educational Publishers. 48. How, S.Y., Chan, S.H. and Abdullah, A.N., 2015. Language Vitality of Malaysian Languages and Its Relation to Identity. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 15(2), pp. 119–139. 49. Hudson. R. F., High. L. and Otaiba, S. A., 2007. Dyslexia and the Brain: What does current research tell us? International Reading Association, 60(6), pp. 506–515. 50. Hung H.T.M., 2013. Language, Identity and Mobility: Perspective of Malaysian Chinese Youth. Malaysian Journal of Chinese Studies, 2(1), pp. 83-102. 51. Ibrahim S., Kadir W. W. M. N., Samsuri P., Mohamed R. and Idris M. Y., 1999. Kejuruteraan Perisian. Univerisiti Teknologi Malaysia. Muapakat Jaya Percetakan Sdn. Bhd. Johor Darul Takzim. 52. Inderjit, S., 2014. Reading Trends and Improving Reading Skills among Students in Malaysia. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 3(5). 53. IndexMundi, 2015. Historical Data Graphs per Year; Malaysia. [Online] Available at: https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=my&v=39 [Accessesd on 10 October 2017]. International ICT Literacy Panel, 2002. Digital Transformation A Framework for ICT Literacy. Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road. 54. Ismail H., 2012. Pembentukan Kata Dalam Bahasa Melayu. [Online] Available at: http://hdirzai80.blogspot.my/2012/11/pembentukan-kata-dalam-bahasa-melayu.html [Accessesd on 21 August 2016]. 55. Ismail R., Abdullah S., Wider W., Mustang J.A., Bahari F. and Tanalol S.H., 2016. The Externalizing Behaviours of Persons with Learning Disabilities. Seminar Psikologi Kebangsaan. 56. Jabatan Pendidikan Khas. Maklumat pendidikan khas, 2005. Definasi Disleksia. Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. PTS Professional Publishing Sdn. Bhd. Kamus Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. 57. Karim A. R. A., 2011. Tahap Penguasaan Bahasa Melayu Pelajar Di Islamic Santitham Foundation School (ISFS) (Level of Mastering in Malay Language of Students in Islamic SantiTham Foundation School (ISFS)). Jurnal Pengajian Melayu, (22). 58. Nik Safiah Karim, Farid M. Onn, Hashim Haji Musa, and Abdul Hamid Mahmood., 2008. Tatabahasa Dewan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 59. Kartz I. R. and Macklin A. S., 2007. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Literacy: Integration and Assessment in Higher Education. Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 5(4), pp. 50-55. 60. Kher A., Johnson S. and Griffith, R., 2017. Readability Assessment of Online Patient Education Material on Congestive Heart Failure. Advances in Preventive Medicine 2017, pp. 1–8. 61. Koleksi Cerita Islam Terpilih. Puchong: Ladybug Publishing and Distribution. 62. Krauss S. E., Ortega A., Abdullah H., Hamzah A., Suandi T., Ismail I. A. and Ahmad N., 2013. Toward Benchmarking Youth Engagement With Adults In The Malaysian Youth Service Through Cross-National Research. Institut Penyelidikan Pembangunan Belia Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies, 8, pp. 55-72. 63. Kurniawan S. and Conroy G.V., 2007. Comparing Comprehension Speeds and Accuracy of Online Information in Students with and without Dyslexia. Advances in Universal Web Design and Evaluation. In S.Kurniawan and P.Zaphiris (Eds.) pp. 257-270. Hershey: Idea Group Publishing. 64. Laerd Statistics. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. [Online] Available at: https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php [Accessesd on 21 October 2017]. 65. Lapkin. E., 2014. Understanding Dyslexia. Understood For Learning and Attention Issues. [Online] Available at:https://www.understood.org/en/learning-attention-issues/childlearning- disabilities/dyslexia/understanding-dyslexia [Accessesd on 8 May 2017]. 66. Laws of Malaysia, 2014. Persons With Disabilities Act 2008. [Online] Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/86297/117930/F139356912/MYS862 97.pdf [Accessesd on 15 July 2017]. 67. Leversen J. S. R., Haga M and Sigmundsson H., 2012. From Children to Adults: Motor Performance across the Life-Span. PLOS ONE. 7(6), doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038830. 68. Levinson H., 2014. New Dyslexia and ADHD Research Supports Dr. Harold Levinson's Cerebellar Theories. PRWeb. 69. Lim C. P., Zhao Y., Tondeour J., Chai C. S. and Tsai C. C., 2013. Bridging the Gap: Technology Trends and Use of Technology in Schools. Educational Technology and Society, 16(2), pp. 59–68. 70. Lockley S., 2002. Dyslexia and Higher Education: Accessibility issues. The Higher Education Academy. 71. LoGiudice K., 2008. Common Characteristics of Adult Dyslexia. Dyslexia the Gift. [Online] Available at: https://www.dyslexia.com/about-dyslexia/signs-ofdyslexia/ common-characteristics-of-adult-dyslexia/ [Accessesd on 12 October 2017]. 72. Lucid Research Ltd., 2006. Fact Sheet 19 Understanding Dyslexia. F19 v02.3. 73. Macrae F., 2014. Dyslexia is a 'meaningless label used by middle-class parents who fear their children are being branded stupid', professor claims. [Online] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2567690/Dyslexia-meaningless-label-usedmiddle- class-parents-claims-Professor-Julian-Elliot.html [Accessesd on 24 September 2017]. 74. Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia. Malaysian University English Test (MUET). Regulations, Test Specifications, Test Format and Sample Questions. Malaysian Examinations Council. 75. Majumder M. A. A., Rahman S., D’Souza U. J., Elbeheri G., Abdulrahman K. B., Huq M. 76. M., 2010. Supporting Medical Students with Learning Disabilities in Asian Medical Schools. Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 2010(1), pp. 31-39, doi:10.2147/AMEP.S13253. 77. Malaysian Digest, 2013. More Malaysians Will Experience Mental Illness By 2020. [Online] Available at: http://www.malaysiandigest.com/opinion/469592-more-malaysianswill- experience-mental-illness-by-2020.html [Accessesd on 23 October 2017]. 78. Malaysian Organization of Volunteer Exchange (MOVE). Learning Disability. [Online] Available at: http://mymove1.blogspot.my/2006/11/learning-disability.html [Accessesd on 23 October 2016]. 79. Mashudi R. and Wahid J. S., 2010. Fungsi Bahasa Melayu dalam Sistem Pendidikan. Dewan Masyarakat: Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka Malaysia. 80. McGee J., 2010. TOOLKIT for Making Written Material Clear and Effective SECTION 4: Special topics for writing and design. Part 7: Using readability formulas: A cautionary note. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 81. McGettigan E., 2016. Emergent literacy intervention in first grade struggling readers. Theses and Dissertations. Paper 571. 82. Ministry of Education Malaysia, 2012. Preliminary Report Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025. 83. Ministry of Education Malaysia. Special Education. [Online] Available at: http://www.moe.gov.my/index.php/en/korporat/jabatan-dan-bahagian/bahagianpendidikan- khas [Accessesd on 8 July 2017]. 84. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): Young Adult Development Project. Changes in Young Adulthood. [Online] Available at: http://hrweb.mit.edu/worklife/youngadult/changes.html [Accessesd on 7 October 2017]. 85. McGuinness C., McGuinness D. and McGuinness G., 1996. Phono-Graphix Method. [Online] Available at: https://www.phono-graphix.com/ [Accessesd on 5 May 2017]. 86. Miles E., 1989. Bangor Dyslexia Teaching System. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, United Kingdom. 87. MM2H. Languages in Malaysia. Malaysia My Second Home. [Online] Available at: http://www.mm2h.com/languages-in-malaysia/ [Accessesd on 25 October 2016]. 88. Molanorouzi K., Khoo S. and Morris T., 2015. Motives for Adult Participation in Physical Activity: Type of Activity, Age, and Gender. BMC Public Health, 15(1) pp. 66, 10.1186/s12889-015-1429-7. 89. Mustafa S. E. and Hamzah A., 2015. Conserving the reading culture in Korea and Malaysia. 6th Biennial KoSASA Conference. 90. MyNewsHub, 2016. Perkataan ‘Baru’ Bahasa Melayu Jadi Tular Di FB. MyNewsHub. [Online] Available at: http://www.mynewshub.cc/utama-sensasi/perkataan-baru-bahasamelayu-jadi-tular-di-fb/ [Accessesd on 23 Jun 2017]. 91. Nation P., 2009. Reading Faster. International Journal of English Studies, 9(2), pp. 131-144. 92. National Literacy Trust. How Can I Asses the Readability of My Document or Write More Clearly? [Online] Available at: http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/about/faqs/710_how_can_i_assess_the_readability_of_my_document_or_write_more_clearly [Accessesd on 25 July 2017]. 93. Nawi N. E. N. and Ahamad O., 1999. Bacalah Anakku. Kelantan: One-Stop Language and Computer Consultancy. 94. Nelson M. C., Story M., Larson N. I., Sztainer D. N. and Lytle L.A., 2008. Emerging Adulthood and College- aged Youth: An Overlooked Age for Weight-related Behaviour Change. Obesity Society, 16(10), pp. 2205-2211. 95. News from The National Academies, 2014. Young Adults Ages 18 to 26 Should Be Viewed as Separate Subpopulation; In ‘Critical Development Period,’ They Face Economic and Social Challenges While Brain Is Still Maturing. The National Academies Sciences Engineering Medicine. 96. News In Science, 1999. Brains Different Dyslexic Are. [Online] Available at: http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/health/HealthRepublish_57074.htm [Accessesd on 6 October 2017]. 97. Nik Y. A., Sani B., Chik M.N.W. and Raslee N.A., 2011. The Reading Motivation and Reading Strategies Used By Undergraduates in Universiti Teknologi MARA Dungun, Terengganu. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(1), pp. 32-39. 98. Nielsen J., 2015. Legibility, Readability and Comprehension: Making Users Read Your Words. Nielsen Norman Group. 99. Nielsen, K., Abbott R., Griffin W., Lott J., Raskind W. and Berninger V.W., 2016. Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Assessment for Dyslexia in Adolescents and Young Adults. Learning Disabilities: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(1). 100. Nordqvist C., 2016. Dyslexia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments. Medical News Today. [Online] Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/186787.php [Accessesd on 7 September 2017]. 101. Oakland, T., and Lane H. B., 2004. Language, Reading, and Readability Formulas: Implications for Developing and Adapting Tests. International Journal of Testing, 4(3),pp. 239-252. 102. Orang Kurang Upaya. Portal Rasmi Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. [Online] Available at: http://www.jkm.gov.my/jkm/index.php?r=portal/left&id=UnN2U3dtUHhacVN4aHNPbU lPayt2QT09 [Accessesd on 8 October 2017]. 103. Orton S.T. and Gillingham A., 1930. Orton-Gillingham Method. [Online] Available at: http://www.ortonacademy.org/resources/what-is-the-orton-gillingham-approach/ [Accessesd on 21 September 2017]. 104. Ott P., 1997. How to Detect and Manage Dyslexia. A Reference and Resource Manual. United Kingdom: Heinemann Educational Publishers. Parrack, D., Cawley, C. and Basu S., 2010. 8 Readability Web Tools to Test Your Writing Quality. MakeUseOf [Online] Available at: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/writingreader- friendly-check-8-readability-testing-web-tools/ [Accessesd on 4 June 2017]. 105. Pardo L. S., 2004. What every teacher needs to know about comprehension. International Reading Association, pp. 272–280, doi:10.1598/RT.58.3.5 106. Pierangelo R., 2010. Learning Disabilities. Dyslexia. Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall. 107. Pikulski J. J., 2002. Readability. Houghton Mifflin Company. USA. 108. Peterson R. L. and Pennington B. F., 2012. Developmental Dyslexia. The Lancet. 379(9830), pp. 1997–2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60198-6 Petry N. M., 2002. A Comparison of Young, Middle-Aged and Older Adult Treatment-Seeking Pathological Gamblers. The Gerontologist, 42(1), pp. 92-99. 109. Rahman S. N. S. A., Najmuddin N. and Omar R., 2007. Bahasa Melayu Kertas 1 dan 2. Teks dan Rujukan Lengkap. Shah Alam, Selangor, Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd. 110. Rambo R., 2013. The Reading Level of Your Writing. [Online] Available at: http://www2.ivcc.edu/rambo/eng1001/reading_level.htm 111. Rasinski, T.V., 1999. Speed Does Matter in Reading. Reading Teacher. Children's Choices for 2000 Phonemic Awareness Multiple Sign Systems (Oct., 2000), 54(2), pp. 146-151. 112. Razak M. I. M., Abidin N. E., Yusof M. A. M., Sakarji S. R. and Nor K. M., 2014. Spending 113. Trends among Youth in Malaysia. Journal of Economics and Development Studies (March,2014), 2(1), pp. 277-288. 114. Rayner K., Slattery T. J. and Belanger N. N., 2010. Eye movements, the perceptual span, and reading speed. Psychon Bull Rev, 17(6), pp. 834-839. 115. Readability Formulas.com. How to Improve the Readability of Anything You Write. [Online] Available at:http://readabilityformulas.com/articles/how-to-improve-thereadability- of-anything-you-write.php 116. Reid G., 2009. Dyslexia. A Practitioner’s Handbook 4th Edition United Kingdom. John Willey and Sons Ltd. 117. Rencana Pengarang, 2008. Tabungan dalam SSPN-Utusan Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Melayu (M) Berhad. 118. Roberts K. D. and Stodden. R., 2014. Research Synthesis on Assistive Technology Use by People with Learning Disabilities and Difficulties. Center on Disability Studies University of Hawaii, Manoa. 119. Rose J., 2009. Identifying and teaching children and young people with dyslexia and literacy difficulties. Department for Children, Schools and Families, London, UK. 120. Rouse M. 2008. Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination (SPICE). Search Software Quality. [Online]. Available at: https://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/Software-Process-Improvementand- Capability-dEtermination [Accessesd on 7 October 2016]. 121. Sackstein S., Spark L. and Jenkins A., 2015. Are e-books effective tools for learning? Reading speed and comprehension: iPad®i vs. paper. South African Journal of Education, 35(4). 122. Salleh N.A.M. and Jaafar S.R.S., 2017. Struktur Suku Kata Dasar Bahasa Jawa Parit Sulong. Jurnal Melayu, 16(1). 123. Sato H., 2007. Acquired Dyslexia in Japanese: Implications for Reading Theory. Department of Human Communication Sciences. University of London. 124. Schober P., Boer C., and Schwarte L.A., 2018. Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 126(5), pp. 1763-1768. 125. Schwarz J., 1999. Dyslexic Children Use Nearly Five Times The Brain Area. University Of Washington. [Online] Available at: http://www.washington.edu/news/1999/ 10/04/dyslexic-children-use-nearly-five-times-the-brain-area/ [Accessesd on 21 May 2017]. 126. Scott B. n.d. Readability Formulas. [Online] Available at: http://www.readabilityformulas.com/ [Accessesd on 4 October 2017]. 127. Shaywitz. S., 2003. Overcoming Dyslexia, A New and Complete Science-Based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level. United Stated of America. 128. Siegel L. S., 2006. Perspectives on dyslexia. Pediatrics and Child Health, 11(9), pp. 581–587. 129. Singleton C., 2009. Intervention for Dyslexia. 130. Sinar Harian, 2015. Lebih 600,000 Alami Disleksia. [Online] Available at: http://www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/lebih-600-000-alami-disleksia-1.360521 [Accessesd on 21 October 2017]. 131. Smythe I and Everatt J., 2001. Adult Checklist. British Dyslexia Association. United Kingdom. 132. Smyhthe, I. and Siegel L., 2005. The Assessment of The Dyslexic Adult-a European framework. In Ian Smythe (Eds.). Provision and Use of Information Technology with Dyslexic Students in University in Europe, EU funded Welsh Dyslexia Project, pp. 87-90. 133. Smyhthe I., 2014. Dyslang. Dyslexia and Additional Academic Language Learning (Module 7). Lifelong Learning Program. European Commission. 134. Snow S., 2015. This Surprising Reading Level Analysis Will Change the Way You Write. 135. The Content Strategist. [Online] Available at: https://contently.com/strategist/2015/01/28/this-surprising-reading-level-analysis-willchange- the-way-you-write/ [Accessesd on 21 August 2017]. 136. Snowling M. J., 2013. Early identification and interventions for dyslexia: a contemporary view. Journal of research in special educational needs : JORSEN. 13(1), pp. 7-14, doi:10.1111/j.1471-3802.2012.01262.x. 137. Snowling M. J. and Stackhouse J., 2006. Dyslexic, Speech and Language 2nd Edition. Whurr Publishers London and Philadelphia. 138. Stanberry K. and Raskind M. H., 2009. Assistive Technology for Kids with Learning Disabilities: An Overview. Reading Roeckets. [Online] Available at: http://www.readingrockets.org/article/assistive-technology-kids-learning-disabilitiesoverview [Accessesd on 21 September 2017]. 139. Strickland A., 2015. A brief history of young adult literature. CNN. [Online] Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/15/living/young-adult-fiction-evolution/ [Accessesd on 24 May 2017]. 140. TES Global Ltd. Dyslexia Difficulties Mind Map. [Online] Available at: https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/dyslexia-difficulties-mind-map-6328548 [Accessesd on 25 July 2017]. 141. The Writer. How readable is your writing? Readability [Online] Available at: http://www.thewriter.com/what-we-think/readability-checker/ [Accessesd on 9 October 2017]. 142. Thompson L. S., 2013. Dyslexia: An Investigation of Teacher Awareness in Mainstream High Schools. Master of Arts. University of South Africa. 143. Ting H. and de Run E. C., 2013. How Young Adults Perceive Advertising: A Comparative Study of Three Ethnic Groups. 5th Asia Pacific Marketing and Management Conference (APMMC). 144. Trochim. W. M. K., 2006. Research Methods Knowledge Base. Descriptive Statistics. [Online] Available at: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statdesc.php [Accessesd on 25 May 2017]. 145. Turner. M., 1997. Psychological Assessment of Dyslexia. Whurr Publishers Ltd. England. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Adolescents and youth. [Online] Available at: https://www.unicef.org/adolescence/index_66834.html [Accessesd on 27 March 2017]. 146. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO). What do we mean by “youth”? [Online] Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-andhuman- sciences/themes/youth/youth-definition/ [Accessesd on 23 October 2017]. 147. Usability.gov. User Interface Design Basics. [Online] Available at: https://www.usability.gov/what-and-why/user-interface-design.html [Accessesd on 22 October 2017]. 148. Vinegrad M. D., 1994. A Revised Adult Dyslexia Checklist. Educare, No. 48. Dyslexia International. 149. Wallot S., O’Brien B.A., Haussmann A., Kloos H. and Lyby M.S., 2014. The Role of Reading Time Complexity and Reading Speed in Text Comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition © 2014 American Psychological Association 2014, 40(6), pp. 1745–1765. 150. Warren E., 2013. The Different Types of Dyslexia: Targeting Intervention Learning Specialist Materials. [Online] Available at: http://learningspecialistmaterials.blogspot.my/ 2013/07/the-different-types-of-dyslexia.html [Accessesd on 21 October 2017]. 151. Watson C., 2007. Write Better: Online Readability Testing Tools Compared. SmileyCat. [Online] Available at:https://www.smileycat.com/write-better-online-readability-testingtools- compared/ [Accessesd on 13 May 2017]. 152. WeTeach, NYC Department of Education. 2006. A Beginner’s Guide to Text Complexity. AUSSIE, NYCDOE Secondary Literacy Pilot. The New York City Department of Education. 153. Woollaston V., 2013. An adult at 18? Not Any More: Adolescence Now Ends At 25 To Prevent Young People Getting An Inferiority Complex. Daily Mail Online. [Online] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2430573/An-adult-18-Not- Adolescence-ends-25-prevent-young-people-getting-inferiority-complex.html [Accessesd on 6 October 2017]. 154. Wray, D. and Janan, D., 2013. Exploring the Readability of Assessment Tasks: The Influence of Text and Reader Factors. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 3(1), pp. 69-95. 155. Ying H. S., Heng C.S. and Abdullah A.N., 2015. Language Vitality of Malaysian Languages and Its Relation to Identity. Journal of Language Studies, 15(2). 156. Yunus K. R. M., 1982. An Assessment of Structural Variable In Malay: A Readability Formula. Unpublished manuscript, University of Miami, United States. 157. Yusop F. and Sumari M., 2013. The use of social media technologies among Malaysian youth. 13th International Educational Technology Conference. 103, pp. 1204-1209. 158. Zain. Z. M., 2007. Pemanasan Global-Dewan Masyarakat. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 159. Zamanian M. and Heydari P., 2012. Readability of Texts: State of the Art. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(1), pp. 43-53, doi:10.4304/tpls.2.1.43-53 160. Zimmerman R., 2014. 'I'm Not Stupid, Just Dyslexic' — And How Brain Science Can Help. Wbur. [Online] Available at:http://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2014/06/19/dyslexiabrain [Accessesd on 6 November 2017]. 161. Zubir Z., Daud M. M. and Ridzuan A. H., 2014. Disleksia Dalam Aspek Ejaan Bacaan Bahasa Melayu. Symposium of International Language and Knowledge (SiLK 14).