Electromyographic Fatigue Analysis In The Three Heads Of Triceps Brachii During Isometric And Isotonic Contractions
Triceps brachii (TB), a three headed (lateral, long and medial) biarticular upper extremity skeletal muscle, is mainly responsible for elbow and shoulder extension and arm abduction. It is predominantly composed of type II muscle fibres, hence, easily susceptible to fatigue. The three heads have dif...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Thesis |
Language: | English English |
Published: |
2020
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25405/1/Electromyographic%20Fatigue%20Analysis%20In%20The%20Three%20Heads%20Of%20Triceps%20Brachii%20During%20Isometric%20And%20Isotonic%20Contractions.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25405/2/Electromyographic%20Fatigue%20Analysis%20In%20The%20Three%20Heads%20Of%20Triceps%20Brachii%20During%20Isometric%20And%20Isotonic%20Contractions.pdf |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
my-utem-ep.25405 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka |
collection |
UTeM Repository |
language |
English English |
advisor |
Sundaraj, Kenneth |
topic |
Q Science (General) QP Physiology |
spellingShingle |
Q Science (General) QP Physiology Hussain, Jawad Electromyographic Fatigue Analysis In The Three Heads Of Triceps Brachii During Isometric And Isotonic Contractions |
description |
Triceps brachii (TB), a three headed (lateral, long and medial) biarticular upper extremity skeletal muscle, is mainly responsible for elbow and shoulder extension and arm abduction. It is predominantly composed of type II muscle fibres, hence, easily susceptible to fatigue. The three heads have different anatomy, which suggest varying biomechanical functions. Previous studies investigated fatigue in TB from a single head only, which is not representative of the whole elbow extensor group. To investigate the manifestation of fatigue in the three heads, as well as whether they work in unison, 25 young and healthy male subjects performed 10 different exercises in 5 sessions. Surface electromyography (sEMG) data was recorded using a SHIMMER™ data acquisition system. Subjects performed isometric elbow extension exercise at three different intensities [30%, 45% and 60% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)], isotonic elbow extension exercise at three different intensities [30%, 45% and 60% one repetition maximum (1RM)] and isotonic elbow extension exercise at three different speeds (slow, medium and fast at 45% 1RM), until task failure. Further, to investigate the effect of cognitive stress (CS) in TB, isotonic elbow extension exercise was performed at 45% 1RM with CS until task failure. Endurance time (ET), number of repetitions (NR) and rate of fatigue (ROF) were statistically investigated for each exercise and each head. In addition, root mean square (RMS), mean power frequency (MPF) and median frequency (MDF) under non-fatiguing (NF) and fatiguing (Fa) conditions were statistically compared. ROF was statistically insignificant among the three heads for all the isotonic exercises, while it was significantly different (P<0.05) at 30% and 45% MVC for isometric exercises. ROF was found consistent among intensities for all heads during isometric exercises, whereas it increases in tandem with exercise intensity and speed during isotonic exercises (P<0.05). For all the exercise intensities, MPF and MDF of all three heads tend to decrease with increase in the exercise intensity under NF condition but remained the same under Fa condition. ROF was found lower with CS when compared with non-cognitive stress (NCS). CS increases the ET (24.74%) and NR (27%) of the exercise. The three heads showed statistically significant (P<0.05) MPF and MDF with all the performed exercises under both conditions, whereas the RMS was significantly different only under Fa conditions for isotonic exercises. Post-hoc analysis reveals that long-medial head pair exhibit different behaviour then the lateral-long and lateral-medial head pairs. The behaviour of the spectral parameters indicate that the three heads do not work in unison under any of the conditions. Changes in the speed of triceps push-down exercise affect the lateral and long heads, but changes in the exercise intensity affected the attributes of all heads to a greater extent. In addition, the RMS was found to be better approximator of CS, whereas MPF and MDF were more resistant to the effects of CS. MPF and MDF were observed to be better predictors of peripheral muscle fatigue. These findings provide further understanding on the functioning of the TB and thus can potentially be used in clinical applications for prosthetic control or targeted sports training. Furthermore, the effects of CS on peripheral muscle fatigue can improve the understanding of the condition of an individual during training or rehabilitation. |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_name |
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.) |
qualification_level |
Doctorate |
author |
Hussain, Jawad |
author_facet |
Hussain, Jawad |
author_sort |
Hussain, Jawad |
title |
Electromyographic Fatigue Analysis In The Three Heads Of Triceps Brachii During Isometric And Isotonic Contractions |
title_short |
Electromyographic Fatigue Analysis In The Three Heads Of Triceps Brachii During Isometric And Isotonic Contractions |
title_full |
Electromyographic Fatigue Analysis In The Three Heads Of Triceps Brachii During Isometric And Isotonic Contractions |
title_fullStr |
Electromyographic Fatigue Analysis In The Three Heads Of Triceps Brachii During Isometric And Isotonic Contractions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Electromyographic Fatigue Analysis In The Three Heads Of Triceps Brachii During Isometric And Isotonic Contractions |
title_sort |
electromyographic fatigue analysis in the three heads of triceps brachii during isometric and isotonic contractions |
granting_institution |
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka |
granting_department |
Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25405/1/Electromyographic%20Fatigue%20Analysis%20In%20The%20Three%20Heads%20Of%20Triceps%20Brachii%20During%20Isometric%20And%20Isotonic%20Contractions.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25405/2/Electromyographic%20Fatigue%20Analysis%20In%20The%20Three%20Heads%20Of%20Triceps%20Brachii%20During%20Isometric%20And%20Isotonic%20Contractions.pdf |
_version_ |
1747834120217559040 |
spelling |
my-utem-ep.254052021-12-07T16:33:03Z Electromyographic Fatigue Analysis In The Three Heads Of Triceps Brachii During Isometric And Isotonic Contractions 2020 Hussain, Jawad Q Science (General) QP Physiology Triceps brachii (TB), a three headed (lateral, long and medial) biarticular upper extremity skeletal muscle, is mainly responsible for elbow and shoulder extension and arm abduction. It is predominantly composed of type II muscle fibres, hence, easily susceptible to fatigue. The three heads have different anatomy, which suggest varying biomechanical functions. Previous studies investigated fatigue in TB from a single head only, which is not representative of the whole elbow extensor group. To investigate the manifestation of fatigue in the three heads, as well as whether they work in unison, 25 young and healthy male subjects performed 10 different exercises in 5 sessions. Surface electromyography (sEMG) data was recorded using a SHIMMER™ data acquisition system. Subjects performed isometric elbow extension exercise at three different intensities [30%, 45% and 60% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)], isotonic elbow extension exercise at three different intensities [30%, 45% and 60% one repetition maximum (1RM)] and isotonic elbow extension exercise at three different speeds (slow, medium and fast at 45% 1RM), until task failure. Further, to investigate the effect of cognitive stress (CS) in TB, isotonic elbow extension exercise was performed at 45% 1RM with CS until task failure. Endurance time (ET), number of repetitions (NR) and rate of fatigue (ROF) were statistically investigated for each exercise and each head. In addition, root mean square (RMS), mean power frequency (MPF) and median frequency (MDF) under non-fatiguing (NF) and fatiguing (Fa) conditions were statistically compared. ROF was statistically insignificant among the three heads for all the isotonic exercises, while it was significantly different (P<0.05) at 30% and 45% MVC for isometric exercises. ROF was found consistent among intensities for all heads during isometric exercises, whereas it increases in tandem with exercise intensity and speed during isotonic exercises (P<0.05). For all the exercise intensities, MPF and MDF of all three heads tend to decrease with increase in the exercise intensity under NF condition but remained the same under Fa condition. ROF was found lower with CS when compared with non-cognitive stress (NCS). CS increases the ET (24.74%) and NR (27%) of the exercise. The three heads showed statistically significant (P<0.05) MPF and MDF with all the performed exercises under both conditions, whereas the RMS was significantly different only under Fa conditions for isotonic exercises. Post-hoc analysis reveals that long-medial head pair exhibit different behaviour then the lateral-long and lateral-medial head pairs. The behaviour of the spectral parameters indicate that the three heads do not work in unison under any of the conditions. Changes in the speed of triceps push-down exercise affect the lateral and long heads, but changes in the exercise intensity affected the attributes of all heads to a greater extent. In addition, the RMS was found to be better approximator of CS, whereas MPF and MDF were more resistant to the effects of CS. MPF and MDF were observed to be better predictors of peripheral muscle fatigue. These findings provide further understanding on the functioning of the TB and thus can potentially be used in clinical applications for prosthetic control or targeted sports training. Furthermore, the effects of CS on peripheral muscle fatigue can improve the understanding of the condition of an individual during training or rehabilitation. 2020 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25405/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25405/1/Electromyographic%20Fatigue%20Analysis%20In%20The%20Three%20Heads%20Of%20Triceps%20Brachii%20During%20Isometric%20And%20Isotonic%20Contractions.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25405/2/Electromyographic%20Fatigue%20Analysis%20In%20The%20Three%20Heads%20Of%20Triceps%20Brachii%20During%20Isometric%20And%20Isotonic%20Contractions.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=119776 phd doctoral Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering Sundaraj, Kenneth 1. Ahamed, N. U., Sundaraj, K., Ahmad, R. B., Rahman, M., and Islam, M. A., 2012. Analysis of right arm biceps brachii muscle activity with varying the electrode placement on three male age groups during isometric contractions using a wireless EMG sensor. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 41, pp. 61-67. 2. Albert, W., Wrigley, A., McLean, R., and Sleivert, G., 2006. Sex differences in the rate of fatigue development and recovery. Dynamic Medicine, Vol. 5(1), pp. 12-17. 3. Ali, M. A., Sundaraj, K., Ahmad, R. B., Ahamed, N. U., Islam, M. A., and Sundaraj, S., 2016. sEMG activities of the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle during cricket bowling. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 16(05), pp. 1650075. 4. Ali, M. A., Sundaraj, K., Ahmad, R. B., Ahamed, N. U., Islam, M., and Sundaraj, S., 2015. Muscle fatigue in the three heads of the triceps brachii during a controlled forceful hand grip task with full elbow extension using surface electromyography. Journal of Human Kinetics, Vol. 46(1), pp. 69-76. 5. Ali, M. A., Sundaraj, K., Badlishah Ahmad, R., Ahamed, N. U., and Islam, A., 2014. Recent observations in surface electromyography recording of triceps brachii muscle in patients and athletes. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, Vol. 11(3), pp. 105-118. 6. Ali, M. A., Sundaraj, K., Ahmad, R. B., Ahamed, N. U., and Islam, A., 2013. Surface electromyography for assessing triceps brachii muscle activities: A literature review. Biocybernatics and Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 33(4), pp. 187-195. 7. Ammar, A., Bailey, S. J., Chtourou, H., Trabelsi, K., Turki, M., Hökelmann, A., and Souissi, N., 2018. Effects of pomegranate supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in healthy adults: a systematic review. British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 120(11), pp. 1201-1216. 8. Arihara, M., and Sakamoto, K., 1999. Contribution of motor unit activity enhanced by acute fatigue to physiological tremor of finger. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 39(4), pp. 235-247. 9. Baars, H., Jöllenbeck, T., Humburg, H., and Schröder, J., 2006. Surface-electromyography: skin and subcutaneous fat tissue attenuate amplitude and frequency parameters. Paper presented at the ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive. 10. Balestra, G., Frassinelli, S., Knaflitz, M., and Molinari, F., 2001. Time-frequency analysis of surface myoelectric signals during athletic movement. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, Vol. 20(6), pp. 106-115. 11. Barberan, G. A., Munoz, P. A., Gimeno, S. E., Burgos, F., Torralba, Y., Gistau, C., Roca, J., and Rodriguez, D. A., 2019. Training induced changes on quadriceps muscle oxygenation measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy in healthy subjects and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, Vol. 39(4), pp. 284-290. 12. Barry, B. K., and Enoka, R. M., 2007. The neurobiology of muscle fatigue: 15 years later. Integrative and Comparative Biology, Vol. 47(4), pp. 465-473. 13. Barstow, T. J., Jones, A. M., Nguyen, P. H., and Casaburi, R., 1985. Influence of muscle fiber type and pedal frequency on oxygen uptake kinetics of heavy exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 81(4), pp. 1642-1650. 14. Beck, T. W., Housh, T. J., Johnson, G. O., Cramer, J. T., Weir, J. P., Coburn, J. W., and Malek, M. H., 2006. Electromyographic instantaneous amplitude and instantaneous mean power frequency patterns across a range of motion during a concentric isokinetic muscle action of the biceps brachii. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 16(5), pp. 531-539. 15. Bekci, T., Bilgici, M. C., Tekcan, D., Ulus, Y., and Akyuz, B., 2019. Quantitative Assessment of Muscular Stiffness in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease Using Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Ultrasound Elastography. Ultrasound Quarterly. 16. Bhide, R. P., Solomons, C., Devsahayam, S., and Tharion, G., 2015. Exercise and gait training in persons with paraplegia and its effect on muscle properties. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Vol. 28(4), pp. 739-747. 17. Bidzan, B. I., and Lipowska, M., 2018. Physical activity and cognitive functioning of children: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15(4). 18. Bigland, R. B., and Woods, J. J., 1984. Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue. Muscle & Nerve, Vol. 7(9), pp. 691-699. 19. Birbrair, A., Zhang, T., Wang, Z. M., Messi, M. L., Enikolopov, G. N., Mintz, A., and Delbono, O., 2013. Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation. Stem Cells and Development, Vol. 22(16), pp. 2298-2314. 20. Bloemsaat, J. G., Meulenbroek, R. G., and Van Galen, G. P., 2005. Differential effects of mental load on proximal and distal arm muscle activity. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 167(4), pp. 622-634. 21. Bonato, P., Roy, S. H., Knaflitz, M., and De Luca, C. J., 2001. Time-frequency parameters of the surface myoelectric signal for assessing muscle fatigue during cyclic dynamic contractions. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 48(7), pp. 745-753. 22. Booghs, C., Baudry, S., Enoka, R., and Duchateau, J., 2012. Influence of neural adjustments and muscle oxygenation on task failure during sustained isometric contractions with elbow flexor muscles. Experimental Physiology, Vol. 97(8), pp. 918-929. 23. Bostock, E. L., Morse, C. I., Winwood, K., McEwan, I. M., and Onambele, G. L., 2017. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin D in Immobilisation: Part B- Modulation of Muscle Functional, Vascular and Activation Profiles. Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging, Vol. 21(1), pp. 59-66. 24. Bottas, R., Nicol, C., Komi, P. V., and Linnamo, V., 2009. Adaptive changes in motor control of rhythmic movement after maximal eccentric actions. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 19(2), pp. 347-356. 25. Bouisset, S., and Maton, B., 1972. Quantitative relationship between surface EMG and intramuscular electromyographic activity in voluntary movement. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Vol. 51(6), pp. 285-295. 26. Brink, E., Holmberg, H. C., Ekblom, M. N., and Ekblom, B., 2007. Neuromuscular and circulatory adaptation during combined arm and leg exercise with different maximal work loads. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 101(5), pp. 603-611. 27. Brink, I., Ratel, S., Leprêtre, P. M., Metz, L., Ennequin, G., Doré, E., Martin, V., Bishop, D., Aubineau, N., and Lescuyer, J. F., 2014. Effects of sports drinks on the maintenance of physical performance during 3 tennis matches: a randomized controlled study. Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition, Vol. 11(1), pp. 46-55. 28. Buchanan, T. S., Almdale, D. P., Lewis, J. L., and Rymer, W. Z., 1986. Characteristics of synergic relations during isometric contractions of human elbow muscles. Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 56(5), pp. 1225-1241. 29. Buchthal, F., Guld, C., and Rosenfalck, P., 1955. Propagation velocity in electrically activated muscle fibres in man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 34(1), pp. 75-89. 30. Budini, F., Lowery, M., Durbaba, R., and De Vito, G., 2014. Effect of mental fatigue on induced tremor in human knee extensors. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 24(3), pp. 412-418. 31. Burd, N. A., Andrews, R. J., West, D. W., Little, J. P., Cochran, A. J., Hector, A. J., Cashaback, J. G., Gibala, M. J., Potvin, J. R., and Baker, S. K., 2012. Muscle time under tension during resistance exercise stimulates differential muscle protein sub‐fractional synthetic responses in men. The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 590(2), pp. 351-362. 32. Carroll, T. J., Taylor, J. L., and Gandevia, S. C., 2016. Recovery of central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 122(5), pp. 1068-1076. 33. Cayot, T. E., Lauver, J. D., and Scheuermann, B. W., 2017. The acute effects of bodyweight suspension exercise on muscle activation and muscular fatigue. European Journal of Sports Science, pp. 1-9. 34. Chabran, E., Maton, B., and Fourment, A., 2002. Effects of postural muscle fatigue on the relation between segmental posture and movement. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 12(1), pp. 67-79. 35. Chen, J., Mitrouchev, P., Coquillart, S., and Quaine, F., 2016. Disassembly task evaluation by muscle fatigue estimation in a virtual reality environment. International Journal of Advanced Manufecturing Technology, pp. 1-11. 36. Christie, A., Inglis, J. G., Kamen, G., and Gabriel, D. A., 2009. Relationships between surface EMG variables and motor unit firing rates. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 107(2), pp. 177-185. 37. Chuang, L. L., Wu, C. Y., Lin, K. C., and Lur, S. Y., 2012. Quantitative mechanical properties of the relaxed biceps and triceps brachii muscles in patients with subacute stroke: a reliability study of the myoton-3 myometer. Stroke Research and Treatment, Vol. 2012. 38. Cifrek, M., Medved, V., Tonković, S., and Ostojić, S., 2009. Surface EMG based muscle fatigue evaluation in biomechanics. Clinical Biomechanics, Vol. 24(4), pp. 327-340. 39. Conceicao, A., Silva, A., Palma, S., Silva, H., Gamboa, H., and Louro, H., 2010. Electromyography in front crawl technique–case study. Open Sports Science Journal, Vol. 3, pp. 67-69. 40. Criswell, E., 2010. Cram's introduction to surface electromyography: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 41. Cruz, M. C., Calatayud, J., Iturriaga, C., Bustos, C., Mena, B., España, R. V., and Carpes, F. P., 2018. Influence of a self-regulated cognitive dual task on time to failure and complexity of submaximal isometric force control. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 118(9), pp. 2021-2027. 42. Da Silva, E. M., Brentano, M. A., Cadore, E. L., De Almeida, A. P. V., and Kruel, L. F. M., 2008. Analysis of muscle activation during different leg press exercises at submaximum effort levels. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, Vol. 22(4), pp. 1059-1065. 43. Davidson, A. W., and Rice, C. L., 2010. Effect of shoulder angle on the activation pattern of the elbow extensors during a submaximal isometric fatiguing contraction. Muscle & Nerve, Vol. 42(4), pp. 514-521. 44. De Groot, S., De Bruin, M., Noomen, S., and Van Der Woude, L., 2008. Mechanical efficiency and propulsion technique after 7 weeks of low-intensity wheelchair training. Clinical Biomechanics, Vol. 23(4), pp. 434-441. 45. De Luca, C. J., 1997. The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, Vol. 13(2), pp. 135-163. 46. De Luca, C. J., 1984. Myoelectrical manifestations of localized muscular fatigue in humans. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 11(4), pp. 251-279. 47. De Salles, B. F., Simao, R., Miranda, F., da Silva Novaes, J., Lemos, A., and Willardson, J. M., 2009. Rest interval between sets in strength training. Sports Medicine, Vol. 39(9), pp. 765-777. 48. De Seze, M. P., Rezzouk, J., de Seze, M., Uzel, M., Lavignolle, B., Midy, D., and Durandeau, A., 2004. Does the motor branch of the long head of the triceps brachii arise from the radial nerve? An anatomic and electromyographic study. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, Vol. 26(6), pp. 459-461. 49. Deschodt, V. J., Arsac, L. M., and Rouard, A. H., 1999. Relative contribution of arms and legs in humans to propulsion in 25-m sprint front-crawl swimming. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 80(3), pp. 192-199. 50. Dimitrov, G. V., Arabadzhiev, T. I., Mileva, K. N., Bowtell, J. L., Crichton, N., and Dimitrova, N. A., 2006. Muscle fatigue during dynamic contractions assessed by new spectral indices. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 38(11), pp. 1971. 51. Dimitrova, N. A., and Dimitrov, G. V., 2003. Interpretation of EMG changes with fatigue: facts, pitfalls, and fallacies. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 13(1), pp. 13-36. 52. Doix, A. C. M., Gulliksen, A., Brændvik, S. M., and Roeleveld, K., 2013. Fatigue and muscle activation during submaximal elbow flexion in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 23(3), pp. 721-726. 53. Dubowsky, S. R., Sisto, S. A., and Langrana, N. A., 2009. Comparison of kinematics, kinetics, and EMG throughout wheelchair propulsion in able-bodied and persons with paraplegia: an integrative approach. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Vol. 131(2). 54. Eckerle, J. J., Berg, W. P., and Ward, R. M., 2012. The effect of load uncertainty on anticipatory muscle activity in catching. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 220(3-4), pp. 311-318. 55. Edwards, R. H., 1981. Human muscle function and fatigue. Paper presented at the Ciba Foundation Symposium. 56. Eijckelhof, B., Huysmans, M., Garza, J. B., Blatter, B., Van Dieën, J., Dennerlein, J., and Van Der Beek, A., 2013. The effects of workplace stressors on muscle activity in the neck-shoulder and forearm muscles during computer work: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 113(12), pp. 2897-2912. 57. Elder, G., Bradbury, K., and Roberts, R., 1982. Variability of fiber type distributions within human muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 53(6), pp. 1473-1480. 58. English, A. W., and Wolf, S. L., 1982. The motor unit. Anatomy and physiology. Physical Theraphy, Vol. 62(12), pp. 1763-1772. 59. Enoka, R. M., and Duchateau, J., 2008. Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 586(1), pp. 11-23. 60. Enoka, R. M., and Stuart, D. G., 1992. Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 72(5), pp. 1631-1648. 61. Farina, D., Gazzoni, M., and Merletti, R., 2003. Assessment of low back muscle fatigue by surface EMG signal analysis: methodological aspects. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 13(4), pp. 319-332. 62. Farina, D., Fosci, M., and Merletti, R., 2002. Motor unit recruitment strategies investigated by surface EMG variables. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 92(1), pp. 235-247. 63. Farina, D., Merletti, R., Nazzaro, M., and Caruso, I., 2001. Effect of joint angle on EMG variables in leg and thigh muscles. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, Vol. 20(6), pp. 62-71. 64. Ferdjallah, M., Wertsch, J. J., and Shaker, R., 2000. Spectral analysis of surface electromyography (EMG) of upper esophageal sphincter-opening muscles during head lift exercise. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, Vol. 37(3), pp. 335-340. 65. Figueiredo, P., Rouard, A., Vilas, B. J. P., and Fernandes, R. J., 2013. Upper- and lower-limb muscular fatigue during the 200-m front crawl. Applied Physiology and Nutritional Metabolism, Vol. 38(7), pp. 716-724. 66. Fleming, N., Donne, B., Fletcher, D., and Mahony, N., 2012. A biomechanical assessment of ergometer task specificity in elite flatwater kayakers. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, Vol. 11(1), pp. 16-25. 67. Fong, D. T. P., Yam, K. Y., Chu, V. W. S., Cheung, R. T. H., and Chan, K. M., 2012. Upper limb muscle fatigue during prolonged Boccia games with underarm throwing technique. Sports Biomechanics, Vol. 11(4), pp. 441-451. 68. Fukuda, T. Y., Echeimberg, J. O., Pompeu, J. E., Lucareli, P. R. G., Garbelotti, S., Gimenes, R. O., and Apolinário, A., 2010. Root mean square value of the electromyographic signal in the isometric torque of the quadriceps, hamstrings and brachial biceps muscles in female subjects. Journal of Applied Research, Vol. 10(1), pp. 32-39. 69. Furuya, S., and Kinoshita, H., 2008. Organization of the upper limb movement for piano key-depression differs between expert pianists and novice players. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 185(4), pp. 581-593. 70. Gabriel, D. A., Basford, J. R., and An, K. N., 2002. Vibratory facilitation of strength in fatigued muscle. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol. 83(9), pp. 1202-1205. 71. Gabriel, D. A., Basford, J. R., and An, K. N., 2001. Neural adaptations to fatigue: implications for muscle strength and training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 33(8), pp. 1354-1360. 72. Ganter, N., Witte, K., Edelmann, N. J., Heller, M., Schwab, K., and Witte, H., 2007. Spectral parameters of surface electromyography and performance in swim bench exercises during the training of elite and junior swimmers. European Journal of Sports Science, Vol. 7(3), pp. 143-155. 73. Gates, D. H., and Dingwell, J. B., 2011. The effects of muscle fatigue and movement height on movement stability and variability. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 209(4), pp. 525-536. 74. Gates, D. H., and Dingwell, J. B., 2008. The effects of neuromuscular fatigue on task performance during repetitive goal-directed movements. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 187(4), pp. 573-585. 75. Gerdle, B., and Fugl, M. A., 1992. Is the mean power frequency shift of the EMG a selective indicator of fatigue of the fast twitch motor units? Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 145(2), pp. 129-138. 76. González, I. M., Malanda, A., Gorostiaga, E., and Izquierdo, M., 2012. Electromyographic models to assess muscle fatigue. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 22(4), pp. 501-512. 77. González, I. M., Rodríguez, C. I., Mallor, G. F., Malanda, A., and Izquierdo, M., 2009. New wavelet indices to assess muscle fatigue during dynamic contractions. World Academy of Science Engineering and Technology, Vol. 55, pp. 480. 78. Grabiner, M. D., Marone, J. R., Wyatt, M., Sessoms, P., and Kaufman, K. R., 2018. Performance of an attention-demanding task during treadmill walking shifts the noise qualities of step-to-step variation in step width. Gait & Posture, Vol. 63, pp. 154-158. 79. Grant, M. C., Watson, H., and Baker, J. S., 2015. Assessment of the upper body contribution to multiple‐sprint cycling in men and women. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, Vol. 35(4), pp. 258-266. 80. Greenleaf, J., Bernauer, E., Ertl, A., Trowbridge, T., and Wade, C., 1989. Work capacity during 30 days of bed rest with isotonic and isokinetic exercise training. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 67(5), pp. 1820-1826. 81. Griffin, L., Garland, S., Ivanova, T., and Hughson, R., 2001. Blood flow in the triceps brachii muscle in humans during sustained submaximal isometric contractions. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 84(5), pp. 432-437. 82. Halaki, M., and Ginn, K., 2012. Normalization of EMG signals: To normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to? Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis - A perspective on current applications and future challenges: IntechOpen. 83. Hales, M. E., and Johnson, J. D., 2019. The Influence of Sport-Field Properties on Muscle-Recruitment Patterns and Metabolic Response. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, Vol. 14(1), pp. 83-90. 84. Halperin, I., Aboodarda, S., Basset, F., Byrne, J., and Behm, D., 2014. Pacing strategies during repeated maximal voluntary contractions. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 114(7), pp. 1413-1420. 85. Hammond, K. M., Fell, M. J., Hearris, M. A., and Morton, J. P., 2019. Carbohydrate Metabolism During Exercise. In J. A. Zoladz (Ed.), Muscle and Exercise Physiology pp. 251-270. Kraków: Academic Press. 86. Hardee, J. P., Lawrence, M. M., Utter, A. C., Triplett, N. T., Zwetsloot, K. A., and McBride, J. M., 2012. Effect of inter-repetition rest on ratings of perceived exertion during multiple sets of the power clean. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 112(8), pp. 3141-3147. 87. Hareendran, A., Leidy, N. K., Monz, B. U., Winnette, R., Becker, K., and Mahler, D. A., 2012. Proposing a standardized method for evaluating patient report of the intensity of 88. dyspnea during exercise testing in COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Vol. 7, pp. 345-355. 89. Harwood, B., Edwards, D., and Jakobi, J., 2008. Age-and sex-related differences in muscle activation for a discrete functional task. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 103(6), pp. 677-686. 90. Hellebrandt, F., and Houtz, S., 1958. Methods of muscle training: The influence of pacing: Oxford University Press. 91. Hermens, H. J., 1999. SENIAM : European recommendations for surface electromyography : Results of the SENIAM project 2nd ed. Pays-Bas: Roessingh Research and Development. 92. Heuberer, P., Kranzl, A., Laky, B., Anderl, W., and Wurnig, C., 2015. Electromyographic analysis: shoulder muscle activity revisited. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Vol. 135(4), pp. 549-563. 93. Hietanen, E., 1984. Cardiovascular responses to static exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, Vol. 10(6), pp. 397-402. 94. Hiscock, D. J., Dawson, B., and Peeling, P., 2015. Perceived exertion responses to changing resistance training programming variables. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, Vol. 29(6), pp. 1564-1569. 95. Holmes, M. W., and Keir, P. J., 2012. Posture and hand load alter muscular response to sudden elbow perturbations. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 22(2), pp. 191-198. 96. Hoyle, G., 1955. The anatomy and innervation of locust skeletal muscle. Proceedings of Royal Society London B Biological Science, Vol. 143(911), pp. 281-292. 97. Hsu, H. H., Chou, Y. L., Huang, Y. P., Huang, M. J., Lou, S. Z., and Chou, P. P. H., 2011. Effect of push-up speed on upper extremity training until fatigue. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, Vol. 31, pp. 289-293. 98. Huang, H. J., and Ferris, D. P., 2009. Upper and lower limb muscle activation is bidirectionally and ipsilaterally coupled. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 41(9), pp. 1778. 99. Hug, F., Nordez, A., and Guével, A., 2009. Can the electromyographic fatigue threshold be determined from superficial elbow flexor muscles during an isometric single-joint task? European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 107(2), pp. 193-201. 100. Humphreys, P., and Lind, A., 1963. The blood flow through active and inactive muscles of the forearm during sustained hand‐grip contractions. The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 166(1), pp. 120-135. 101. Ikuta, Y., Matsuda, Y., Yamada, Y., Kida, N., Oda, S., and Moritani, T., 2012. Relationship between decreased swimming velocity and muscle activity during 200-m front crawl. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 112(9), pp. 3417-3429. 102. Jansen, M., De Groot, I. J., Van Alfen, N., and Geurts, A. C., 2010. Physical training in boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: the protocol of the No Use is Disuse study. BMC Pediatrics, Vol. 10(1), pp. 55-69. 103. Johnson, M. A., Polgar, J., Weightman, D., and Appleton, D., 1973. Data on the distribution of fibre types in thirty-six human muscles: an autopsy study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Vol. 18(1), pp. 111-129. 104. Jones, D. A., 1993. How far can experiments in the laboratory explain the fatigue of athletes in the field. Neuromuscular Fatigue, pp. 100-108. 105. Jonkers, I., Nuyens, G., Seghers, J., Nuttin, M., and Spaepen, A., 2004. Muscular effort in multiple sclerosis patients during powered wheelchair manoeuvres. Clinical Biomechanics, Vol. 19(9), pp. 929-938. 106. Jordanic, M., Rojas, M. M., Mañanas, M. A., and Alonso, J. F., 2016. Spatial distribution of HD-EMG improves identification of task and force in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, Vol. 13(1), pp. 41-51. 107. Judkins, T. N., Oleynikov, D., Narazaki, K., and Stergiou, N., 2006. Robotic surgery and training: electromyographic correlates of robotic laparoscopic training. Surgical Endoscopy, Vol. 20(5), pp. 824-829. 108. Karlsson, J. S., Roeleveld, K., Grönlund, C., Holtermann, A., and Östlund, N., 2008. Signal processing of the surface electromyogram to gain insight into neuromuscular physiology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 367(1887), pp. 337-356. 109. Karp, J. R., 2001. Muscle fiber types and training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, Vol. 23(5), pp. 21-26. 110. Keshavarz, P. A., and Cho, S., 2016. Prediction of muscle fatigue during minimally invasive surgery using recurrence quantification analysis. Minimally Invasive Surgery, Vol. 2016. 111. Kholinne, E., Zulkarnain, R. F., Sun, Y. C., Lim, S. J., Chun, J. M., and Jeon, I. H., 2018. The different role of each head of the triceps brachii muscle in elbow extension. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica, Vol. 52(3), pp. 201-205. 112. Kibler, W. B., 1998. The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 26(2), pp. 325-337. 113. Kim, J., Son, J., and Kim, Y., 2014. Consistency of the optimized bandwidth in filter-based fatigue index. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Vol. 15(11), pp. 2473-2477. 114. Kitai, T., and Sale, D., 1989. Specificity of joint angle in isometric training. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 58(7), pp. 744-748. 115. Komi, P. V., and Viitasalo, J. H., 1977. Changes in motor unit activity and metabolism in human skeletal muscle during and after repeated eccentric and concentric contractions. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 100(2), pp. 246-254. 116. Komi, P. V., and Viitasalo, J. H., 1976. Signal characteristics of EMG at different levels of muscle tension. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 96(2), pp. 267-276. 117. Krentz, J. R., and Farthing, J. P., 2010. Neural and morphological changes in response to a 20-day intense eccentric training protocol. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 110(2), pp. 333-340. 118. Kupa, E., Roy, S., Kandarian, S., and De Luca, C., 1995. Effects of muscle fiber type and size on EMG median frequency and conduction velocity. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 79(1), pp. 23-32. 119. Laine, C. M., Martinez, V. E., Falla, D., Mayer, F., and Farina, D., 2015. Motor neuron pools of synergistic thigh muscles share most of their synaptic input. Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 35(35), pp. 12207-12216. 120. Landin, D., Thompson, M., and Jackson, M., 2018. Functions of the triceps brachii in humans: a review. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, Vol. 10(4), pp. 290-293. 121. Landin, D., Thompson, M., and Jackson, M. R., 2017. Actions of the biceps brachii at the shoulder: a review. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, Vol. 9(8), pp. 667-670. 122. Landin, D., and Thompson, M., 2011. The shoulder extension function of the triceps brachii. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 21(1), pp. 161-165. 123. Larsson, L., and Ramamurthy, B., 2000. Aging-related changes in skeletal muscle. Drugs & Aging, Vol. 17(4), pp. 303-316. 124. Laterza, F., and Olmo, G., 1997. Analysis of EMG signals by means of the matched wavelet transform. Electronics Letters, Vol. 33(5), pp. 357-359. 125. Le Bozec, S., Maton, B., and Cnockaert, J., 1980. The synergy of elbow extensor muscles during static work in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 43(1), pp. 57-68. 126. Le Hanneur, M., Cambon, B. A., and Belkheyar, Z., 2018. Transfer of the triceps brachii to the finger and thumb extensors: Anatomical study and report on one case. Hand Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vol. 37(6), pp. 372-379. 127. Li, X., Komeili, A., Gül, M., and El Rich, M., 2017. A framework for evaluating muscle activity during repetitive manual material handling in construction manufacturing. Automation in Construction, Vol. 79, pp. 39-48. 128. Lin, C. C., Ju, M. S., and Lin, C. W., 2003. The pendulum test for evaluating spasticity of the elbow joint. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol. 84(1), pp. 69-74. 129. Linssen, W., Stegeman, D., Joosten, E., Binkhorst, R., Merks, M., Laak, H., and Notermans, S., 1991. Fatigue in type I fiber predominance: a muscle force and surface EMG study on the relative role of type I and type II muscle fibers. Muscle & Nerve: Official Journal of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Vol. 14(9), pp. 829-837. 130. Linssen, W., Jacobs, M., Stegeman, D., Joosten, E., and Moleman, J., 1990. Muscle fatigue in McArdle's disease. Muscle fibre conduction velocity and surface EMG frequency spectrum during ischaemic exercise. Brain, Vol. 113(Pt 6), pp. 1779-1793. 131. Lowery, M., Nolan, P., and O'Malley, M., 2002. Electromyogram median frequency, spectral compression and muscle fibre conduction velocity during sustained sub-maximal contraction of the brachioradialis muscle. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 12(2), pp. 111-118. 132. Lucas, O. A. M., and Collazos, C. J. E., 2009. Compartmentalization in the triceps brachii motoneuron nucleus and its relation to muscle architecture. Journal of Computational Neurology, Vol. 516(3), pp. 226-239. 133. MacIntosh, B. R., and Rassier, D. E., 2002. What is fatigue? Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 27(1), pp. 42-55. 134. MacIntosh, B. R., Herzog, W., Suter, E., Wiley, J. P., and Sokolosky, J., 1993. Human skeletal muscle fibre types and force: velocity properties. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 67(6), pp. 499-506. 135. Madsen, M., Marx, R. G., Millett, P. J., Rodeo, S. A., Sperling, J. W., and Warren, R. F., 2006. Surgical anatomy of the triceps brachii tendon: anatomical study and clinical correlation. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 34(11), pp. 1839-1843. 136. Maglischo, E. W., 2003. Swimming Fastest: Human Kinetics. 137. Malmir, K., Olyaei, G. R., Talebian, S., Jamshidi, A. A., and Ganguie, M. A., 2019. Effects of Peroneal Muscles Fatigue on Dynamic Stability Following Lateral Hop Landing: Time to Stabilization Versus Dynamic Postural Stability Index. Journal of Sports Rehabilitation, Vol. 28(1), pp. 17-23. 138. Marri, K., and Swaminathan, R., 2015. Analyzing origin of multifractality of surface electromyography signals in dynamic contractions. Journal of Nanotechnology in Engineering and Medicine, Vol. 6(3). 139. McComas, A., Miller, R., and Gandevia, S., 1995. Fatigue brought on by malfunction of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Paper presented at the Fatigue. 140. McEwen, B. S., 2007. Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, Vol. 87(3), pp. 873-904. 141. Mehta, R. K., and Agnew, M. J., 2012. Influence of mental workload on muscle endurance, fatigue, and recovery during intermittent static work. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 112(8), pp. 2891-2902. 142. Menotti, F., Bazzucchi, I., Felici, F., Damiani, A., Gori, M. C., and Macaluso, A., 2012. Neuromuscular function after muscle fatigue in Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1A patients. Muscle & Nerve, Vol. 46(3), pp. 434-439. 143. Merletti, R., Afsharipour, B., Dideriksen, J., and Farina, D., 2016. Muscle force and myoelectric manifestations of muscle fatigue in voluntary and electrically elicited contractions. Surface Electromyography: Physiology, Engineering, and Applications, pp. 273-310. 144. Merletti, R., Parker, P. A., and Parker, P. J., 2004. Electromyography: physiology, engineering, and non-invasive applications Vol. 11: John Wiley & Sons. 145. Merletti, R., Knaflitz, M., and De Luca, C. J., 1990. Myoelectric manifestations of fatigue in voluntary and electrically elicited contractions. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 69(5), pp. 1810-1820. 146. Metcalf, E., Hagstrom, A. D., and Marshall, P. W., 2018. Trained females exhibit less fatigability than trained males after a heavy knee extensor resistance exercise session. European Journal of Applied Physiology, pp. 1-10. 147. Miguel, A. I., Alonso, R. T., Walmsley, A., and Watts, A. C., 2017. Effect of Anconeus Muscle Blocking on Elbow Kinematics: Electromyographic, Inertial Sensors and Finite Element Study. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 45(3), pp. 775-788. 148. Missenard, O., Mottet, D., and Perrey, S., 2008. The role of cocontraction in the impairment of movement accuracy with fatigue. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 185(1), pp. 151-156. 149. Moffroid, M. T., and Whipple, R. H., 1970. Specificity of speed of exercise. Physical Therapy, Vol. 50(12), pp. 1692-1700. 150. Muro, M., Nagata, A., Murakami, K., and Moritani, T., 1982. Surface emg power spectral analysis of neuro-muscular disorders during isometric and isotonic contractions. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Vol. 61(5), pp. 244-254. 151. Murray, W. M., Buchanan, T. S., and Delp, S. L., 2000. The isometric functional capacity of muscles that cross the elbow. Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 33(8), pp. 943-952. 152. Myers, C. M., Musilli, M., Kim, J. S., and Florian, J. P., 2018. Effects of Resting, Consecutive, Long-Duration Water Immersions on Neuromuscular Endurance in Well-Trained Males. Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. 9, pp. 977. 153. Newham, D., Jones, D., and Edwards, R., 1986. Plasma creatine kinase changes after eccentric and concentric contractions. Muscle & Nerve, Vol. 9(1), pp. 59-63. 154. Nicolas, A., Gauthier, A., Trouillet, J., and Davenne, D., 2008. The influence of circadian rhythm during a sustained submaximal exercise and on recovery process. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 18(2), pp. 284-290. 155. Novák, P., Zacharova, G., and Soukup, T., 2010. Individual, age and sex differences in fiber type composition of slow and fast muscles of adult Lewis rats: comparison with other rat strains. Physiological Research, Vol. 59(5), pp. 783. 156. O’Donnell, K., Rubenstein, D. L., and Ciccotti, M. G., 2018. Triceps Tendon Injury. In R. A. Arciero, F. A. Cordasco & M. T. Provencher (Eds.), Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in Athletes pp. 485-493: Elsevier. 157. Oberg, T., Sandsjo, L., and Kadefors, R., 1994. Subjective and objective evaluation of shoulder muscle fatigue. Ergonomics, Vol. 37(8), pp. 1323-1333. 158. Oda, S., and Kida, N., 2001. Neuromuscular fatigue during maximal concurrent hand grip and elbow flexion or extension. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 11(4), pp. 281-289. 159. Oyewole, S. A., 2014. Enhancing ergonomic safety effectiveness of repetitive job activities: prediction of muscle fatigue in dominant and nondominant arms of industrial workers. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, Vol. 24(6), pp. 585-600. 160. Pattichis, C. S., and Pattichis, M. S., 1999. Time-scale analysis of motor unit action potentials. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 46(11), pp. 1320-1329. 161. Pereira, P. E. A., Motoyama, Y. L., Esteves, G. J., Quinelato, W. C., Botter, L., Tanaka, K. H., and Azevedo, P., 2016. Resistance training with slow speed of movement is better for hypertrophy and muscle strength gains than fast speed of movement. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, Vol. 5(2), pp. 37-43. 162. Perlovitch, R., Gefen, A., Elad, D., Ratnovsky, A., Kramer, M. R., and Halpern, P., 2007. Inspiratory muscles experience fatigue faster than the calf muscles during treadmill marching. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 156(1), pp. 61-68. 163. Perotto, A. O., 2011. Anatomical guide for the electromyographer: the limbs and trunk: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 164. Peter, H., Gert, D. G., Gerrit, J. V. I. S., Roel, K., and Huub, M. T., 1988. Contribution of the legs to propulsion in frontcrawl swimming. International Series of Sport Sciences, Vol. 18, pp. 39-43. 165. Peter, K., 2005. ABC of EMG, A Practical Introduction to Kinesiological Electromyography. USA: Noraxon Inc. 166. Peters, A., McEwen, B. S., and Friston, K., 2017. Uncertainty and stress: Why it causes diseases and how it is mastered by the brain. Progress in Neurobiology, Vol. 156, pp. 164-188. 167. Petrofsky, J., 1979. Frequency and amplitude analysis of the EMG during exercise on the bicycle ergometer. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 41(1), pp. 1-15. 168. Phinyomark, A., Thongpanja, S., Hu, H., Phukpattaranont, P., and Limsakul, C., 2012. The usefulness of mean and median frequencies in electromyography analysis Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis-A perspective on current applications and future challenges: IntechOpen. 169. Piquilloud, G., Villani, F., and Casoli, V., 2011. The medial head of the triceps brachii. Anatomy and blood supply of a new muscular free flap: the medial triceps free flap. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, Vol. 33(5), pp. 415-420. 170. Pullman, S. L., Goodin, D. S., Marquinez, A. I., Tabbal, S., and Rubin, M., 2000. Clinical utility of surface EMG: report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, Vol. 55(2), pp. 171-177. 171. Rainoldi, A., Moritani, T., and Boccia, G., 2016. EMG in exercise physiology and sports. In R. Merletti & D. Farina (Eds.), Surface electromyography: physiology, engineering, and applications pp. 501-539: John Wiley & Sons. 172. Rasch, P. J., and Morehouse, L. E., 1957. Effect of static and dynamic exercises on muscular strength and hypertrophy. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 11(1), pp. 29-34. 173. Redhead, L., and Mandy, A., 2015. Shoulder EMG activity in three different one arm drive wheelchairs. Technology and Disability, Vol. 27(1), pp. 41-49. 174. Roberts, T. J., 2016. Contribution of elastic tissues to the mechanics and energetics of muscle function during movement. The Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 219(Pt 2), pp. 266-275. 175. Rojas, M. M., Alonso, J. F., Jordanic, M., Mañanas, M. A., and Chaler, J., 2019. Analysis of muscle load-sharing in patients with lateral epicondylitis during endurance isokinetic contractions using nonlinear prediction. Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. 10, pp. 1185. 176. Sakamoto, A., and Sinclair, P. J., 2012. Muscle activations under varying lifting speeds and intensities during bench press. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 112(3), pp. 1015-1025. 177. Sale, D., MacDougall, J., Upton, A., and McComas, A., 1983. Effect of strength training upon motoneuron excitability in man. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 15(1), pp. 57-62. 178. Salmons, S., 1995. Muscles. In P. Williams, L. Bannister, M. Berry, P. Collins, M. Dyson, J. Dussek & M. Ferguson (Eds.), Gray’s anatomy 15th ed., pp. 737–900. New York: Churchill: Barnes & Noble. 179. Samani, A., Srinivasan, D., Mathiassen, S. E., and Madeleine, P., 2016. Variability in spatio-temporal pattern of trapezius activity and coordination of hand-arm muscles during 180. a sustained repetitive dynamic task. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 235(2), pp. 389-400. 181. Scheepers, F., Parent, R. E., Carlson, W. E., and May, S. F., 1997. Anatomy-based modeling of the human musculature. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. 182. Schott, J., McCully, K., and Rutherford, O., 1995. The role of metabolites in strength training. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 71(4), pp. 337-341. 183. Selen, L. P., Beek, P. J., and Van Dieen, J. H., 2007. Fatigue-induced changes of impedance and performance in target tracking. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 181(1), pp. 99-108. 184. Sella, G., 2000. Internal consistency, reproducibility & reliability of S-EMG testing. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Vol. 36(1), pp. 31-38. 185. Semmler, J., Ebert, S., and Amarasena, J., 2013. Eccentric muscle damage increases intermuscular coherence during a fatiguing isometric contraction. Acta Physiologica, Vol. 208(4), pp. 362-375. 186. Silfies, S. P., Ebaugh, D., Pontillo, M., and Butowicz, C. M., 2015. Critical review of the impact of core stability on upper extremity athletic injury and performance. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, Vol. 19(5), pp. 360-368. 187. Šimunič, B., Koren, K., Rittweger, J., Lazzer, S., Reggiani, C., Rejc, E., Pišot, R., Narici, M., and Degens, H., 2019. Tensiomyography detects early hallmarks of bed-rest-induced atrophy before changes in muscle architecture. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 126(4), pp. 815-822. 188. Smith, C. M., Housh, T. J., Herda, T. J., Zuniga, J. M., Ryan, E. D., Camic, C. L., Bergstrom, H. C., Smith, D. B., Weir, J. P., and Cramer, J. T., 2015. Effects of the innervation zone on the time and frequency domain parameters of the surface electromyographic signal. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 25(4), pp. 565-570. 189. Soares, E. G., Brown, L. E., Gomes, W. A., Corrêa, D. A., Serpa, É. P., Da Silva, J. J., Junior, G. d. B. V., Zorzi, F. G., Aoki, M. S., and Lopes, C. R., 2016. Comparison between Pre-Exhaustion and Traditional Exercise Order on Muscle Activation and Performance in Trained Men. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, Vol. 15(1), pp. 111-117. 190. Søgaard, K., Gandevia, S. C., Todd, G., Petersen, N. T., and Taylor, J. L., 2006. The effect of sustained low‐intensity contractions on supraspinal fatigue in human elbow flexor muscles. The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 573(2), pp. 511-523. 191. Søgaard, K., Christensen, H., Fallentin, N., Mizuno, M., Quistorff, B., and Sjøgaard, G., 1998. Motor unit activation patterns during concentric wrist flexion in humans with different muscle fibre composition. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 78(5), pp. 411-416. 192. Srinivasan, D., Sinden, K. E., Mathiassen, S. E., and Cote, J. N., 2016. Gender differences in fatigability and muscle activity responses to a short-cycle repetitive task. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 116(11-12), pp. 2357-2365. 193. Stalberg, E., 1979. Single fibre electromyography. Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 2, pp. 185-188. 194. Stalberg, E., 1966. Propagation velocity in human muscle fibers in situ. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 287, pp. 3-112. 195. Staudenmann, D., Rudroff, T., and Enoka, R. M., 2009. Pronation–Supination torque and associated electromyographic activity varies during a sustained elbow flexor contraction but does not influence the time to task failure. Muscle & Nerve, Vol. 40(2), pp. 231-239. 196. Steven, M. J., and Garg, A., 1995. The strain index: a proposed method to analyze jobs for risk of distal upper extremity disorders. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 56(5), pp. 443-458. 197. Stirn, I., Jarm, T., Kapus, V. P., and Strojnik, V., 2013. Evaluation of mean power spectral frequency of EMG signal during 100 metre crawl. European Journal of Sports Science, Vol. 13(2), pp. 164-173. 198. Stirn, I., Jarm, T., Kapus, V., and Strojnik, V., 2011. Evaluation of muscle fatigue during 100-m front crawl. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 111(1), pp. 101-113. 199. Sylwia, E. P., and Marian, M., 2014. Surface Electromyography- A review. Issue of Rehabilitation, Orthopaedics, Neurophysiology and Sport Promotion - IRONS. 200. Talib, I., Sundaraj, K., Lam, C. K., Hussain, J., and Ali, M. A., 2019. A review on crosstalk in myographic signals. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 119(1), pp. 9-28. 201. Taylor, J. L., Amann, M., Duchateau, J., Meeusen, R., and Rice, C. L., 2016. Neural contributions to muscle fatigue: from the brain to the muscle and back again. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 48(11), pp. 2294. 202. Thomas, C. K., and Del Valle, A., 2001. The role of motor unit rate modulation versus recruitment in repeated submaximal voluntary contractions performed by control and spinal cord injured subjects. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 11(3), pp. 217-229. 203. Thongpanja, S., Phinyomark, A., Quaine, F., Laurillau, Y., Wongkittisuksa, B., Limsakul, C., and Phukpattaranont, P., 2013. Effects of window size and contraction types on the stationarity of biceps brachii muscle EMG signals. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 7th International Convention on Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology. 204. Trowbridge, C., Parekh, J. N., Ricard, M. D., Potts, J., Patrickson, W. C., and Cason, C. L., 2009. A randomized cross-over study of the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation among females performing 30: 2 and hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation. BMC Nursing, Vol. 8(1). 205. Van Gemmert, A. W., and Van Galen, G. P., 1997. Stress, neuromotor noise, and human performance: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 23(5), pp. 1299. 206. Van Loon, E. M., Masters, R. S., Ring, C., and McIntyre, D. B., 2001. Changes in limb stiffness under conditions of mental stress. Journal of Motor Behavior, Vol. 33(2), pp. 153-164. 207. Wade, M. D., McDowell, A. R., and Ziermann, J. M., 2018. Innervation of the long head of the triceps brachii in humans—A fresh look. The Anatomical Record, Vol. 301(3), pp. 473-483. 208. Waersted, M., and Westgaard, R., 1996. Attention-related muscle activity in different body regions during VDU work with minimal physical activity. Ergonomics, Vol. 39(4), pp. 661-676. 209. Wang, L., Lu, A., Zhang, S., Niu, W., Zheng, F., and Gong, M., 2015. Fatigue-related electromyographic coherence and phase synchronization analysis between antagonistic elbow muscles. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 233(3), pp. 971-982. 210. Watson, J., and Wilson, A., 2007. Muscle architecture of biceps brachii, triceps brachii and supraspinatus in the horse. Journal of Anatomy, Vol. 210(1), pp. 32-40. 211. Weigel, J. P., and Millis, D., 2014. Biomechanics of physical rehabilitation and kinematics of exercise Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy pp. 401-430: Elsevier. 212. Wijsman, J., Grundlehner, B., Penders, J., and Hermens, H., 2013. Trapezius muscle EMG as predictor of mental stress. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, Vol. 12(4), pp. 99. 213. Wilk, M., Golas, A., Stastny, P., Nawrocka, M., Krzysztofik, M., and Zajac, A., 2018. Does tempo of resistance exercise impact training volume? Journal of Human Kinetics, Vol. 62(1), pp. 241-250. 214. Williams, J. G., and Purewal, R. S., 2001. Development and initial validation of the Effort Sense Rating Scale (ESRS): a self-perceived index of physical fitness. Preventive Medicine, Vol. 32(2), pp. 103-108. 215. Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L., and Kenney, W. L., 1994. Physiology of sport and exercise Vol. 524: Human kinetics Champaign, IL. 216. Wixted, F., and O’Sullivan, L., 2018. Effect of attention demand on upper trapezius muscle activity–A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 66, pp. 146-156. 217. Xu, L., Negro, F., Xu, Y., Rabotti, C., Schep, G., Farina, D., and Mischi, M., 2018. Does vibration superimposed on low-level isometric contraction alter motor unit recruitment strategy? Journal of Neural Engineering, Vol. 15(6), pp. 066001. 218. Yung, M., Mathiassen, S. E., and Wells, R. P., 2012. Variation of force amplitude and its effects on local fatigue. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 112(11), pp. 3865-3879. 219. Zachry, T., Wulf, G., Mercer, J., and Bezodis, N., 2005. Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as the result of adopting an external focus of attention. Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 67(4), pp. 304-309. 220. Zarjam, P., Epps, J., and Lovell, N. H., 2012. Characterizing mental load in an arithmetic task using entropy-based features. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Information Science, Signal Processing and their Applications. 221. Zhang, L.-Q., Rymer, W. Z., and Nuber, G., 1995. Load sharing among muscles and dynamic relationship between multi-muscle EMGs and isometric joint moment. Paper presented at the Proceedings of 17th International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 222. Zierath, J. R., and Hawley, J. A., 2004. Skeletal muscle fiber type: influence on contractile and metabolic properties. PLoS Biology, Vol. 2(10), pp. e348-e348. 223. Zory, R., Molinari, F., Knaflitz, M., Schena, F., and Rouard, A., 2011. Muscle fatigue during cross country sprint assessed by activation patterns and electromyographic signals time–frequency analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, Vol. 21(6), pp. 783-790. |