Energy Absorption Performance Of Natural Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Composite Tubes Under Axial And Oblique Loading

Energy Absorption Performance Of Natural Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Composite Tubes Under Axial And Oblique Loading

For the current study, kenaf fibre and jute fibre has been used to reinforced epoxy thermoset to become structural tubes as safety device in vehicle which made of natural fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Automobiles nowadays are using metal crash cans. However these crash cans have put more weight...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Lau, Saijod Tse Way
Format: Thesis
Language:English
English
Published: 2021
Subjects:
T Technology (General)
Online Access:http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25441/1/Energy%20Absorption%20Performance%20Of%20Natural%20Fibres%20Reinforced%20Epoxy%20Composite%20Tubes%20Under%20Axial%20And%20Oblique%20Loading.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25441/2/Energy%20Absorption%20Performance%20Of%20Natural%20Fibres%20Reinforced%20Epoxy%20Composite%20Tubes%20Under%20Axial%20And%20Oblique%20Loading.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-utem-ep.25441
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection UTeM Repository
language English
English
advisor Yaakub, Mohd Yuhazri
topic T Technology (General)
T Technology (General)
spellingShingle T Technology (General)
T Technology (General)
Lau, Saijod Tse Way
Energy Absorption Performance Of Natural Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Composite Tubes Under Axial And Oblique Loading
description For the current study, kenaf fibre and jute fibre has been used to reinforced epoxy thermoset to become structural tubes as safety device in vehicle which made of natural fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Automobiles nowadays are using metal crash cans. However these crash cans have put more weight for the vehicles and the performance of the metal cans is compromised. Therefore in this work, there are three main parts of studies. Firstly, it is the suitable types of fibre and its orientation reinforced in epoxy for structural crashworthiness. Then, the suitable type of orientation is chosen to study the effect of triggering onto the structural designs. Lastly, the experience and their failure analysis will help to design for the prototype application as crash can in vehicle. In first part, kenaf fibre with random orientation and unidirectional orientation reinforced with epoxy were prepared into composites square hollow section (SHS) and tested against neat epoxy. Secondly, effect of triggering is done using two types of fibres namely jute and kenaf fibres and both were reinforced with epoxy. Both composite were formed in SHS and round tubes and triggering effect such as tulip type, 450 single chamfer and double chamfer were compared. Last but not least, preparation of the prototype samples for Proton were prepared using SHS, cylindrical and tapered structure. All the tests were undergoes quasi-static axial crushing of 10 mm/min. Their peak load (Pmax), mean load (Pmean), energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA) have been recorded. In the study of types of fibre and its orientation, kenaf fibre reinforced epoxy (KFRE) has been made into square hollow section (SHS). It is found that unidirectional fibre orientation (U-KFRE) gives the best energy absorption compared to unreinforced epoxy (neat epoxy, NE) and random kenaf fibre reinforced epoxy (R-KFRE). Both the specimens (NE and R-KFRE) failed catastrophically. For the triggering effect, circular tubes and SHS made of jute fibre reinforced epoxy (JFRE) composites have been fabricated. The two cross sectional tubes were introduced with triggering types namely, tulip type, 450 single chamfer and double chamfer. From the test, it is found that, tulip type chamfered give the best energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA). The SEA for the tulip triggered circular and SHS JFRE are 33.17 kJ/kg and 31.29 kJ/kg, respectively. From the results, three prototypes namely, square box, cylinder and taper cylinder structure were made based on Proton Prevé crash can. The prototypes performance were compared with existing product which taper cylinder recorded weight reduction and SEA of 59 % and 190 %, respectively
format Thesis
qualification_name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level Doctorate
author Lau, Saijod Tse Way
author_facet Lau, Saijod Tse Way
author_sort Lau, Saijod Tse Way
title Energy Absorption Performance Of Natural Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Composite Tubes Under Axial And Oblique Loading
title_short Energy Absorption Performance Of Natural Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Composite Tubes Under Axial And Oblique Loading
title_full Energy Absorption Performance Of Natural Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Composite Tubes Under Axial And Oblique Loading
title_fullStr Energy Absorption Performance Of Natural Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Composite Tubes Under Axial And Oblique Loading
title_full_unstemmed Energy Absorption Performance Of Natural Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Composite Tubes Under Axial And Oblique Loading
title_sort energy absorption performance of natural fibres reinforced epoxy composite tubes under axial and oblique loading
granting_institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering
publishDate 2021
url http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25441/1/Energy%20Absorption%20Performance%20Of%20Natural%20Fibres%20Reinforced%20Epoxy%20Composite%20Tubes%20Under%20Axial%20And%20Oblique%20Loading.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25441/2/Energy%20Absorption%20Performance%20Of%20Natural%20Fibres%20Reinforced%20Epoxy%20Composite%20Tubes%20Under%20Axial%20And%20Oblique%20Loading.pdf
_version_ 1747834128967925760
spelling my-utem-ep.254412021-12-10T16:37:02Z Energy Absorption Performance Of Natural Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Composite Tubes Under Axial And Oblique Loading 2021 Lau, Saijod Tse Way T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) For the current study, kenaf fibre and jute fibre has been used to reinforced epoxy thermoset to become structural tubes as safety device in vehicle which made of natural fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Automobiles nowadays are using metal crash cans. However these crash cans have put more weight for the vehicles and the performance of the metal cans is compromised. Therefore in this work, there are three main parts of studies. Firstly, it is the suitable types of fibre and its orientation reinforced in epoxy for structural crashworthiness. Then, the suitable type of orientation is chosen to study the effect of triggering onto the structural designs. Lastly, the experience and their failure analysis will help to design for the prototype application as crash can in vehicle. In first part, kenaf fibre with random orientation and unidirectional orientation reinforced with epoxy were prepared into composites square hollow section (SHS) and tested against neat epoxy. Secondly, effect of triggering is done using two types of fibres namely jute and kenaf fibres and both were reinforced with epoxy. Both composite were formed in SHS and round tubes and triggering effect such as tulip type, 450 single chamfer and double chamfer were compared. Last but not least, preparation of the prototype samples for Proton were prepared using SHS, cylindrical and tapered structure. All the tests were undergoes quasi-static axial crushing of 10 mm/min. Their peak load (Pmax), mean load (Pmean), energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA) have been recorded. In the study of types of fibre and its orientation, kenaf fibre reinforced epoxy (KFRE) has been made into square hollow section (SHS). It is found that unidirectional fibre orientation (U-KFRE) gives the best energy absorption compared to unreinforced epoxy (neat epoxy, NE) and random kenaf fibre reinforced epoxy (R-KFRE). Both the specimens (NE and R-KFRE) failed catastrophically. For the triggering effect, circular tubes and SHS made of jute fibre reinforced epoxy (JFRE) composites have been fabricated. The two cross sectional tubes were introduced with triggering types namely, tulip type, 450 single chamfer and double chamfer. From the test, it is found that, tulip type chamfered give the best energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA). The SEA for the tulip triggered circular and SHS JFRE are 33.17 kJ/kg and 31.29 kJ/kg, respectively. From the results, three prototypes namely, square box, cylinder and taper cylinder structure were made based on Proton Prevé crash can. The prototypes performance were compared with existing product which taper cylinder recorded weight reduction and SEA of 59 % and 190 %, respectively 2021 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25441/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25441/1/Energy%20Absorption%20Performance%20Of%20Natural%20Fibres%20Reinforced%20Epoxy%20Composite%20Tubes%20Under%20Axial%20And%20Oblique%20Loading.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25441/2/Energy%20Absorption%20Performance%20Of%20Natural%20Fibres%20Reinforced%20Epoxy%20Composite%20Tubes%20Under%20Axial%20And%20Oblique%20Loading.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=119733 phd doctoral Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering Yaakub, Mohd Yuhazri 1. Abdewi, E.F., Sulaiman, S., Hamouda, A.M.S., and Mahdi, E., 2006. Effect of geometry on the crushing behaviour of laminated corrugated composite tubes. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 172, pp.394–399. 2. Abdewi, E.F., Sulaiman, S., Hamouda, A.M.S., and Mahdi, E., 2008a. Quasi-static axial and lateral crushing of radial corrugated composite tubes. Thin-Walled Structures, 46, pp.320–332. 3. Abdewi, E.F., Sulaiman, S., Hamouda, A.M.S., and Mahdi, E., 2008b. An experimental investigation of the effect of specimen shape and geometry on the energy absorption of fiberglass composite tubes. Jurnal Fizik Malaysia, 29 (1), pp.29–34. 4. Abdul Khalil, H.P.S., Yusra, A.F.I., Bhat, A.H., and Jawaid, M., 2010. Cell wall ultrastructure, anatomy, lignin distribution, and chemical composition of Malaysian cultivated kenaf fiber. Industrial Crops and Products, 31, pp.113–121. 5. Abdullah, N. and Ismail, A.E., 2017. Axial quasi-static crushing behaviour of cylindrical woven kenaf fiber reinforced composites. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 165 (1). 6. Abosbaia, A.A.S., Mahdi, E., Hamouda, A.M.S., and Sahari, B.B., 2003. Quasi-static axial crushing of segmented and non-segmented composite tubes. Composite Structures, 60, pp.327–343. 7. Abosbaia, A.S., Mahdi, E., Hamouda, A.M.S., Sahari, B.B., and Mokhtar, A.S., 2005. Energy absorption capability of laterally loaded segmented composite tubes. Composite Structures, 70, pp.356–373. 8. Ahmad, S.H., Rasid, R., Bonnia, N.N., Zainol, I., Mamun, A.A., Bledzki, A.K., and Beg, M.D.H., 2011. Polyester-Kenaf Composites: Effects of Alkali Fiber Treatment and Toughening of Matrix Using Liquid Natural Rubber. Journal of Composite Materials, 45, pp.203–217. 9. Akil, H.M., De Rosa, I.M., Santulli, C., and Sarasini, F., 2010. Flexural behaviour of pultruded jute/glass and kenaf/glass hybrid composites monitored using acoustic emission. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527, pp.2942–2950. 10. Alkateb, M., Mahdi, E., Hamouda, A.M.S., and Hamdan, M.M., 2004. On the energy absorption capability of axially crushed composite elliptical cones. Composite Structures, 66, pp.495–501. 11. Alkateb, M., Sapuan, S.M., Leman, Z., Ishak, M.R., and Jawaid, M., 2018. Vertex angles effects in the energy absorption of axially crushed kenaf fi bre-epoxy reinforced elliptical composite cones. Defence Technology, pp.1–9. 12. Alkbir, M.F.M., Sapuan, S.M., Nuraini, A.A., and Ishak, M.R., 2014. Effect of geometry on crashworthiness parameters of natural kenaf fibre reinforced composite hexagonal tubes. Materials & Design, 60, pp.85–93. 13. Alkbir, M.F.M., Sapuan, S.M., Nuraini, A.A., and Ishak, M.R., 2016. The effect of fiber content on the crashworthiness parameters of natural kenaf fiber-reinforced hexagonal composite tubes. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 11 (1), pp.75–86. 14. Annette, M., 2009. Computer aided material selection for circular tubes designed to resist axial crushing. Thin-Walled Structures, 47, pp.962–969. 15. Anuar, H., Wan Busu, W.N., Ahmad, S.H., and Rasid, R., 2008. Reinforced Thermoplastic Natural Rubber Hybrid Composites with Hibiscus cannabinus, L and Short Glass Fiber — Part I: Processing Parameters and Tensile Properties. Journal of Composite Materials, 42, pp.1075–1087. 16. Anuar, H. and Zuraida, A., 2011. Improvement in mechanical properties of reinforced thermoplastic elastomer composite with kenaf bast fibre. Composites Part B: Engineering, 42, pp.462–465. 17. Ardente, F., Beccali, M., Cellura, M., and Mistretta, M., 2008. Building energy performance: A LCA case study of kenaf-fibres insulation board. Energy and Buildings, 40, pp.1–10. 18. Ataollahi, S., Taher, S.T., Eshkoor, R.A., Ariffin, A.K., and Azhari, C.H., 2012. Energy absorption and failure response of silk/epoxy composite square tubes: Experimental. Composites Part B: Engineering, 43 (2), pp.542–548. 19. Aziz, S.H. and Ansell, M.P., 2004. The effect of alkalization and fibre alignment on the mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf and hemp bast fibre composites: Part 1 - polyester resin matrix. Composites Science and Technology, 64, pp.1219–1230. 20. Aziz, S.H., Ansell, M.P., Clarke, S.J., and Panteny, S.R., 2005. Modified polyester resins for natural fibre composites. Composites Science and Technology, 65, pp.525–535. 21. Bakar, N.H., Hyie, K.M., Mohamed, A.F., Salleh, Z., and Kalam, A., 2014. Kenaf fibre composites using thermoset epoxy and polyester polymer resins: energy absorbed versus tensile properties. Materials Research Innovations, 18 (sup6), pp.S6-505-S6-509. 22. Bambach, M.., 2010. Axial capacity and crushing of thin-walled metal, fibre–epoxy and composite metal–fibre tubes. Thin-Walled Structures, 48, pp.440–452. 23. Barnat, W., Dziewulski, P., Niezgoda, T., and Panowicz, R., 2011. Application of composites to impact energy absorption. Computational Materials Science, 50, pp.1233–1237. 24. Behera, D., Bastia, T.K., and Banthia, A.K., 2011. Hydroxyethyl acrylate treated jute-esoa composite laminate: A new development for structural materials. International Journal of Plastics Technology, 15 (1), pp.86–92. 25. Benmokrane, B., Ali, A.H., Mohamed, H.M., ElSafty, A., and Manalo, A., 2017. Laboratory assessment and durability performance of vinyl-ester, polyester, and epoxy glass-FRP bars for concrete structures. Composites Part B: Engineering, 114, pp.163–174. 26. Bernard, M., Khalina, A., Ali, A., Janius, R., Faizal, M., Hasnah, K.S., and Sanuddin, A.B., 2011. The effect of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of kenaf fibre plastic composite. Materials & Design, 32, pp.1039–1043. 27. Boopalan, M., Niranjanaa, M., and Umapathy, M.J., 2013. Study on the mechanical properties and thermal properties of jute and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 51, pp.54–57. 28. Carroll, M., Ellyin, F., Kujawski, D., and Chiu, A.S., 1995. The rate-dependent behaviour of ± 55 ° filament-wound glass-fibre/epoxy tubes under biaxial loading. Composites Science and Technology, 55, pp.391–403. 29. Cauchi Savona, S. and Hogg, P.J., 2006. Effect of fracture toughness properties on the crushing of flat composite plates. Composites Science and Technology, 66, pp.2317–2328. 30. Chen, B.C., Zou, M., Liu, G.M., Song, J.F., and Wang, H.X., 2018. Experimental study on energy absorption of bionic tubes inspired by bamboo structures under axial crushing. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 115 (April 2017), pp.48–57. 31. Chen, Y., Chiparus, O., Sun, L., Negulescu, I., Parikh, D. V, and Calamari, T.A., 2005. Natural Fibers for Automotive Nonwoven Composites. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 35, pp.47–62. 32. Chin, C.W. and Yousif, B.F., 2009. Potential of kenaf fibres as reinforcement for tribological applications. Wear, 267, pp.1550–1557. 33. Chiu, L.N.S., Falzon, B.G., Ruan, D., Xu, S., Thomson, R.S., Chen, B., and Yan, W., 2015. Crush responses of composite cylinder under quasi-static and dynamic loading. Composite Structures, 131, pp.90–98. 34. Conzatti, L., Giunco, F., Stagnaro, P., Capobianco, M., Castellano, M., and Marsano, E., 2012. Polyester-based biocomposites containing wool fibres. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 43 (7), pp.1113–1119. 35. Crosky, A., Soatthiyanon, N., Ruys, D., Meatherall, S., and Potter, S., 2013. Thermoset matrix natural fibre-reinforced composites. Natural Fibre Composites: Materials, Processes and Applications. Woodhead Publishing Limited. 36. Czaplicki, M.J., Robertson, R.E., and Thornton, P.H., 1991. Comparison of bevel and tulip triggered pultruded tubes for energy absorption. Composites Science and Technology, 40 (1), pp.31–46. 37. Dietz, A.G.H., 1963. Fibrous composite materials. International Science and Technology. 38. Edeerozey, A.M.M., Akil, H.M., Azhar, A.B., and Ariffin, M.I.Z., 2007. Chemical modification of kenaf fibers. Materials Letters, 61, pp.2023–2025. 39. Elanchezhian, C., Ramnath, B.V., Ramakrishnan, G., Rajendrakumar, M., Naveenkumar, V., and Saravanakumar, M.K., 2018. Review on mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5 (1), pp.1785–1790. 40. Elgalai, A.M., Mahdi, E., Hamouda, A.M.S., and Sahari, B.S., 2004. Crushing response of composite corrugated tubes to quasi-static axial loading. Composite Structures, 66 (1–4), pp.665–671. 41. Eshkoor, R.A., Oshkovr, S.A., Sulong, A.B., Zulkifli, R., Ariffin, A.K., and Azhari, C.H., 2013a. Comparative research on the crashworthiness characteristics of woven natural silk/epoxy composite tubes. Materials & Design, 47, pp.248–257. 42. Eshkoor, R.A., Oshkovr, S.A., Sulong, A.B., Zulkifli, R., Ariffin, A.K., and Azhari, C.H., 2013b. Effect of trigger configuration on the crashworthiness characteristics of natural silk epoxy composite tubes. Composites Part B: Engineering, 55, pp.5–10. 43. Eshkoor, R.A., Ude, A.U., Oshkovr, S.A., Sulong, A.B., Zulkifli, R., Ariffin, A.K., and Azhari, C.H., 2014. Failure mechanism of woven natural silk/epoxy rectangular composite tubes under axial quasi-static crushing test using trigger mechanism. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 64, pp.53–61. 44. Eshkoor, R.A., Ude, A.U., Sulong, A.B., Zulkifli, R., Ariffin, A.K., and Azhari, C.H., 2015. Energy absorption and load carrying capability of woven natural silk epoxy–triggered composite tubes. Composites Part B: Engineering, 77, pp.10–18. 45. Farley, G., 1992. Relationship Between Mechanical-Property and Energy-Absorption Trends for Composite Tubes. NASA Technical Paper. 46. Farley, G.L., 1986. Effect of Fiber and Matrix Maximum Strain on the Energy Absorption of Composite Materials. Journal of Composite Materials, 20 (4), pp.322–334. 47. Farley, G.L. and Jones, R.M., 1992. Crushing Characteristics of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composite Tubes-1992-Farley-37-50.pdf, (1), pp.37–50. 48. Feraboli, P., Wade, B., Deleo, F., and Rassaian, M., 2009. Crush energy absorption of composite channel section specimens. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 40 (8), pp.1248–1256. 49. Fiore, V., Di Bella, G., and Valenza, A., 2015. The effect of alkaline treatment on mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and their epoxy composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 68, pp.14–21. 50. Ghasemnejad, H., Hadavinia, H., and Aboutorabi, A., 2010. Effect of delamination failure in crashworthiness analysis of hybrid composite box structures. Materials & Design, 31, pp.1105–1116. 51. Ghoushji, M.J., Eshkoor, R.A., Zulkifli, R., Sulong, A.B., Abdullah, S., and Azhari, C.H., 2017. Energy Absorption Capability of Axially Compressed Woven Natural Ramie / Green Epoxy Square Composite Tubes. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 36 (14), pp.1028–1037. 52. Gogna, E., Kumar, R.A., Sahoo, A.K., and Panda, A., 2019. A Compreshensive Review on Jute Fiber Reinfoced Composites. Advances in Industrial and Production Engineering. Springer Singapore. 53. Gopinath, A., Senthil Kumar, M., and Elayaperumal, A., 2014. Experimental investigations on mechanical properties of jute fiber reinforced composites with polyester and epoxy resin matrices. Procedia Engineering, 97, pp.2052–2063. 54. Graupner, N., Herrmann, A.S., and Müssig, J., 2009. Natural and man-made cellulose fibre-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites: An overview about mechanical characteristics and application areas. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 40, pp.810–821. 55. Green, G.E., 1989. Resin Matrices. Springer-Verlag. 56. Gui, L.J., Zhang, P., and Fan, Z.J., 2009. Energy absorption properties of braided glass/epoxy tubes subjected to quasi-static axial crushing. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 14 (1), pp.17–23. 57. Haameem, M., Abdul Majid, M.S., Afendi, M., Marzuki, H.F.A., Fahmi, I., and Gibson, A.G., 2016. Mechanical properties of Napier grass fibre/polyester composites. Composite Structures, 136, pp.1–10. 58. Hadavinia, H. and Ghasemnejad, H., 2009. Effects of Mode-I and Mode-II interlaminar fracture toughness on the energy absorption of CFRP twill/weave composite box sections. Composite Structures, 89, pp.303–314. 59. Hamid, M.R.A., 2008. Kenaf ganti tembakau. Berita Harian. 60. Harte, A.M., Fleck, N.A., and Ashby, M.F., 2000. Energy absorption of foam-filled circular tubes with braided composite walls. European Journal of Mechanics, A/Solids, 19 (1), pp.31–50. 61. Hojo, T., Zhilan, X.U., Yang, Y., and Hamada, H., 2014. Tensile properties of bamboo, jute and kenaf mat-reinforced composite. Energy Procedia, 56 (C), pp.72–79. 62. Hong, L. and Amdahl, J., 2008. Crushing resistance of web girders in ship collision and grounding. Marine Structures, 21, pp.374–401. 63. Hossain, R.M., Islam, A., Van Vuure, A.W., and Ignaas, V., 2012. Effect of Fiber Orientation on the Tensile Properties of Jute Epoxy Laminated Composite. Journal of Scientific Research, 5 (1), pp.43–54. 64. Huang, J. and Wang, X., 2010a. On a new crush trigger for energy absorption of composite tubes. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 15 (6), pp.625–634. 65. Huang, J.C. and Wang, X.W., 2010b. Effect of the SMA trigger on the energy absorption characteristics of CFRP circular tubes. Journal of Composite Materials, 44 (5), pp.639–651. 66. Huda, M.S., Drzal, L.T., Mohanty, A.K., and Misra, M., 2008. Effect of fiber surface-treatments on the properties of laminated biocomposites from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and kenaf fibers. Composites Science and Technology, 68, pp.424–432. 67. Jia, J., Chen, J., Zhou, H., Hu, L., and Chen, L., 2005. Comparative investigation on the wear and transfer behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites under dry sliding and water lubrication. Composites Science and Technology, 65 (7–8), pp.1139–1147. 68. Jiménez, M.A., Miravete, A., Larrodé, E., and Revuelta, D., 2000. Effect of trigger geometry on energy absorption in composite profiles. Composite Structures, 48 (1), pp.107–111. 69. John, M.J., Bellmann, C., and Anandjiwala, R.D., 2010. Kenaf-polypropylene composites: Effect of amphiphilic coupling agent on surface properties of fibres and composites. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82, pp.549–554. 70. Joshi, S. V, Drzal, L.T., Mohanty, A.K., and Arora, S., 2004. Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites? Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35, pp.371–376. 71. Khalid, A.., 2015. Behaviour of hybrid jute-glass/epoxy composite tubes subjected to lateral loading. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 100, pp.12068. 72. Kyung Hun, S. and Obendorf, S.K., 2006. Chemical and Biological Retting of Kenaf Fibers. Textile Research Journal, 76, pp.751–756. 73. Laban, O. and Mahdi, E., 2016. Energy Absorption Capability of Cotton Fiber / Epoxy Composite Square and Rectangular Tubes Energy Absorption Capability of Cotton Fiber / Epoxy Composite Square and Rectangular Tubes. Journal of Natural Fibers, 13 (6), pp.726–736. 74. Lau, S.T.W., Said, M.R., and Yaakob, M.Y., 2012. On the effect of geometrical designs and failure modes in composite axial crushing: A literature review. Composite Structures, 94 (3), pp.803–812. 75. Lee, B.-H., Kim, H.-S., Lee, S., Kim, H.-J., and Dorgan, J.R., 2009. Bio-composites of kenaf fibers in polylactide: Role of improved interfacial adhesion in the carding process. Composites Science and Technology, 69, pp.2573–2579. 76. Li, X., Tabil, L., and Panigrahi, S., 2007. Chemical Treatments of Natural Fiber for Use in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 15, pp.25–33. 77. Li, Y., Mai, Y.-W., and Ye, L., 2000. Sisal fibre and its composites: a review of recent developments. Composites Science and Technology, 60, pp.2037–2055. 78. Liu, Q., Mo, Z., Wu, Y., Ma, J., Pong Tsui, G.C., and Hui, D., 2016. Crush response of CFRP square tube filled with aluminum honeycomb. Composites Part B: Engineering, 98, pp.406–414. 79. Liu, Q., Xing, H., Ju, Y., Ou, Z., and Li, Q., 2014. Quasi-static axial crushing and transverse bending of double hat shaped CFRP tubes. Composite Structures, 117 (1), pp.1–11. 80. Liu, W., Drzal, L.T., Mohanty, A.K., and Misra, M., 2007. Influence of processing methods and fiber length on physical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced soy based biocomposites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 38, pp.352–359. 81. Mahbod, M. and Asgari, M., 2018. Energy absorption analysis of a novel foam-filled corrugated composite tube under axial and oblique loadings. Thin-Walled Structures, 129 (December 2017), pp.58–73. 82. Mahdi, E., Hamouda, A.M.S., Sahari, B.B., and Khalid, Y.A., 2003a. Effect of residual stresses in a filament wound laminated conical shell. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 138, pp.291–296. 83. Mahdi, E., Hamouda, A.M.S., Sahari, B.B., and Khalid, Y.A., 2003b. Experimental quasi-static axial crushing of cone-tube-cone composite system. Composites Part B: Engineering, 34, pp.285–302. 84. Mahdi, E., Hamouda, A.M.S., Sahari, B.B., and Khalid, Y.A., 2003c. On the Collapse of Cotton/Epoxy Tubes under Axial Static Loading. Applied Composite Materials, 10 (2), pp.67–84. 85. Mahdi, E., Hamouda, A.M.S., Sahari, B.B., and Khalid, Y.A., 2003d. Effect of hybridisation on crushing behaviour of carbon/glass fibre/epoxy circular-cylindrical shells. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 132, pp.49–57. 86. Mahdi, E., Hamouda, A.S.M., Mokhtar, A.S., and Majid, D.L., 2005. Many aspects to improve damage tolerance of collapsible composite energy absorber devices. Composite Structures, 67, pp.175–187. 87. Mahdi, E., Hamouda, A.S.M., and Sen, A.C., 2004. Quasi-static crushing behaviour of hybrid and non-hybrid natural fibre composite solid cones. Composite Structures, 66, pp.647–663. 88. Mahdi, E., Sahari, B.B., Hamouda, A.M.S.S., and Khalid, Y.A., 2001. An experimental investigation into crushing behaviour of filament-wound laminated cone-cone intersection composite shell. Composite Structures, 51 (3), pp.211–219. 89. Mamalis, A.G., Manolakos, D.E., Ioannidis, M.B., and Papapostolou, D.P., 2004. Crashworthy characteristics of axially statically compressed thin-walled square CFRP composite tubes: experimental. Composite Structures, 63, pp.347–360. 90. Mamalis, A.G., Manolakos, D.E., Ioannidis, M.B., and Papapostolou, D.P., 2005. On the experimental investigation of crash energy absorption in laminate splaying collapse mode of FRP tubular components. Composite Structures, 70, pp.413–429. 91. Mazuki, A.A.M., Akil, H.M., Safiee, S., Ishak, Z.A.M., and Bakar, A.A., 2011. Degradation of dynamic mechanical properties of pultruded kenaf fiber reinforced composites after immersion in various solutions. Composites Part B: Engineering, 42, pp.71–76. 92. Mazumder, B.B., Nakgawa-izumi, A., Kuroda, K., Ohtani, Y., and Sameshima, K., 2005. Evaluation of harvesting time effects on kenaf bast lignin by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Industrial Crops and Products, 21, pp.17–24. 93. Meredith, J., Ebsworth, R., Coles, S.R., Wood, B.M., and Kirwan, K., 2012. Natural fibre composite energy absorption structures. Composites Science and Technology, 72 (2), pp.211–217. 94. Mishra, A., 2013. Strength and Corrosion Testing of Jute/ Glass- Epoxy Hybrid Composite Laminates. Plastic and Polymer Technology, 2 (2), pp.48–54. 95. Mishra, V. and Biswas, S., 2013. Physical and mechanical properties of bi-directional jute fiber epoxy composites. Procedia Engineering, 51 (NUiCONE 2012), pp.561–566. 96. Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., and Hinrichsen, G., 2000. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 276–277, pp.1–24. 97. Moriana, R., Vilaplana, F., Karlsson, S., and Ribes-Greus, A., 2011. Improved thermo-mechanical properties by the addition of natural fibres in starch-based sustainable biocomposites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42, pp.30–40. 98. Morrison, W.H., Akin, D.E., Ramaswamy, G., and Baldwin, B., 1996. Evaluating Chemically Retted Kenaf Using Chemical, Histochemical, and Microspectrophotometric Analyses. Textile Research Journal, 66, pp.651–656. 99. Munikenche Gowda, T., Naidu, A.C.B., and Chhaya, R., 1999. Some mechanical properties of untreated jute fabric-reinforced polyester composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 30 (3), pp.277–284. 100. Nabila, S., Juwono, A.L., and Roseno, S., 2017. Effect of Weight Fractions of Jute Fiber on Tensile Strength and Deflection Temperature of Jute Fiber/Polypropylene Composites. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 196 (1), pp.3–7. 101. Nirmal, U., Hashim, J., and Lau, S.T.W., 2011. Testing methods in tribology of polymeric composites. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 6 (3). 102. Nirmal, U., Hashim, J., and Megat Ahmad, M.M.H., 2015. A review on tribological performance of natural fibre polymeric composites. Tribology International, 83, pp.77–104. 103. Nishino, T., Hirao, K., and Kotera, M., 2006. X-ray diffraction studies on stress transfer of kenaf reinforced poly(l-lactic acid) composite. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 37, pp.2269–2273. 104. Nishino, T., Hirao, K., Kotera, M., Nakamae, K., and Inagaki, H., 2003. Kenaf reinforced biodegradable composite. Composites Science and Technology, 63, pp.1281–1286. 105. Nor Azowa, I., Kamarul Arifin, H., and Abdan, K., 2010. Effect of Fiber Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Fiber-Ecoflex Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 29, pp.2192–2198. 106. Nosbi, N., Akil, H.M., Mohd Ishak, Z.A., and Abu Bakar, A., 2010. Degradation of compressive properties of pultruded kenaf fiber reinforced composites after immersion in various solutions. Materials & Design, 31, pp.4960–4964. 107. Ochelski, S. and Gotowicki, P., 2009. Experimental assessment of energy absorption capability of carbon-epoxy and glass-epoxy composites. Composite Structures, 87, pp.215–224. 108. Ochi, S., 2008. Mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and kenaf/PLA composites. Mechanics of Materials, 40, pp.446–452. 109. Okubo, K., Fujii, T., and Yamamoto, Y., 2004. Development of bamboo-based polymer composites and their mechanical properties. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35, pp.377–383. 110. Omar, M.F., Md Akil, H., Ahmad, Z.A., Mazuki, A.A.M., and Yokoyama, T., 2010. Dynamic properties of pultruded natural fibre reinforced composites using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar technique. Materials & Design, 31, pp.4209–4218. 111. Oshkovr, S.A., Eshkoor, R.A., Taher, S.T., Ariffin, A.K., and Azhari, C.H., 2012. Crashworthiness characteristics investigation of silk/epoxy composite square tubes. Composite Structures, 94 (8), pp.2337–2342. 112. Owen, M., 2014. the Effects of Alkali Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Jute Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composites. International Journal of Fiber and Textile Research, 4(2) (February 2014), pp.32–40. 113. Özturk, S., 2010. Effect of Fiber Loading on the Mechanical Properties of Kenaf and Fiberfrax Fiber-reinforced Phenol-Formaldehyde Composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 44, pp.2265–2288. 114. Palanivelu, S., Van Paepegem, W., Degrieck, J., Van Ackeren, J., Kakogiannis, D., Van Hemelrijck, D., Wastiels, J., and Vantomme, J., 2010a. Experimental study on the axial crushing behaviour of pultruded composite tubes. Polymer Testing, 29, pp.224–234. 115. Palanivelu, S., Paepegem, W. Van, Degrieck, J., Kakogiannis, D., Ackeren, J. Van, Hemelrijck, D. Van, Wastiels, J., and Vantomme, J., 2010b. Comparative study of the quasi-static energy absorption of small-scale composite tubes with different geometrical shapes for use in sacrificial cladding structures. Polymer Testing, 29, pp.381–396. 116. Palanivelu, S., Van Paepegem, W., Degrieck, J., Kakogiannis, D., Van Ackeren, J., Van Hemelrijck, D., Wastiels, J., and Vantomme, J., 2010c. Parametric study of crushing parameters and failure patterns of pultruded composite tubes using cohesive elements and seam, Part I: Central delamination and triggering modelling. Polymer Testing, 29, pp.729–741. 117. Palanivelu, S., Paepegem, W. Van, Degrieck, J., Vantomme, J., Kakogiannis, D., Ackeren, J. Van, Hemelrijck, D. Van, and Wastiels, J., 2011. Crushing and energy absorption performance of different geometrical shapes of small-scale glass/polyester composite tubes under quasi-static loading conditions. Composite Structures, 93, pp.992–1007. 118. Parikh, H.H. and Gohil, P.P., 2015. Tribology of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites - A review. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 34 (16), pp.1340–1346. 119. Park, S.J., Park, W.B., and Lee, J.R., 1999. Roles of unsaturated polyester in the epoxy matrix system. Polymer Journal. 120. Pitarresi, G., Carruthers, J.J., Robinson, A.M., Torre, G., Kenny, J.M., Ingleton, S., Velecela, O., and Found, M.S., 2007. A comparative evaluation of crashworthy composite sandwich structures. Composite Structures, 78 (1), pp.34–44. 121. Rabiee, A. and Ghasemnejad, H., 2017. Progressive Crushing of Polymer Matrix Composite Tubular Structures: Review. Open Journal of Composite Materials, 07 (01), pp.14–48. 122. Rachchh, N.V., Ujeniya, P.S., and Misra, R.K., 2014. Mechanical Characterisation of Rattan Fibre Polyester Composite. Procedia Materials Science, 6 (December), pp.1396–1404. 123. Radiman, C.L., Widyaningsih, S., and Sugesty, S., 2008. New applications of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as microfiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 315, pp.141–146. 124. Raghavendra, G., Ojha, S., and Acharya, S.K., 2013. Jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites and comparison with the glass and neat epoxy composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 48 (20), pp.2537–2547. 125. Ramachandra, T. V, Kamakshi, G., and Shruthi, B. V, 2004. Bioresource status in Karnataka. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 8, pp.1–47. 126. Ramakrishna, S., 1997. Microstructural design of composite materials for crashworthy structural applications. Materials & Design, 18, pp.167–173. 127. Ramaswamy, G.N., Ruff, C.G., and Boyd, C.R., 1994. Effect of Bacterial and Chemical Retting on Kenaf Fiber Quality. Textile Research Journal, 64, pp.305–308. 128. Ramaswamy, G.N., Soeharto, B., Boyd, C.R., and Baldwin, B.S., 1999. Frost kill and kenaf fiber quality. Industrial Crops and Products, 9, pp.189–195. 129. Rassmann, S., Paskaramoorthy, R., and Reid, R.G., 2011. Effect of resin system on the mechanical properties and water absorption of kenaf fibre reinforced laminates. Materials & Design, 32, pp.1399–1406. 130. Rassmann, S., Reid, R.G., and Paskaramoorthy, R., 2010. Effects of processing conditions on the mechanical and water absorption properties of resin transfer moulded kenaf fibre 131. reinforced polyester composite laminates. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41, pp.1612–1619. 132. Rouison, D., Sain, M., and Couturier, M., 2004. Resin transfer molding of natural fiber reinforced composites: cure simulation. Composites Science and Technology, 64, pp.629–644. 133. Saba, N., Alothman, O.Y., Almutairi, Z., and Jawaid, M., 2019. Magnesium hydroxide reinforced kenaf fibers/epoxy hybrid composites: Mechanical and thermomechanical properties. Construction and Building Materials, 201, pp.138–148. 134. Said, M.R.M.R., Lau, S.T.S.T.W., and Yaakob, M.Y.M.Y., 2017. Quasi static axial crushing of kenaf fibre reinforced epoxy composite fabricated by VARTM method. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 12 (16), pp.4804–4808. 135. Saikia, A., Hazarika, D., and Karak, N., 2019. Tough and biodegradable thermosets derived by blending of renewable resource based hyperbranched epoxy and hyperbranched polyester. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 159, pp.15–22. 136. Sanjay, M.R., Arpitha, G.R., Laxmana Naik, L., Gopalakrishna, K., and Yogesha, B., 2016. Studies on mechanical properties of Banana/E-Glass fabrics reinforced polyester hybrid composites. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 7 (9), pp.3179–3192. 137. Savage, G., 2006. Enhancing the exploitation and efficiency of fibre-reinforced composite structures by improvement of interlaminar fracture toughness. Engineering Failure Analysis, 13 (2), pp.198–209. 138. Seki, Y., 2009. Innovative multifunctional siloxane treatment of jute fiber surface and its effect on the mechanical properties of jute/thermoset composites. Materials Science and Engineering A, 508 (1–2), pp.247–252. 139. Sgriccia, N., Hawley, M.C., and Misra, M., 2008. Characterization of natural fiber surfaces and natural fiber composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 39, pp.1632–1637. 140. Shanmugam, D. and Thiruchitrambalam, M., 2013. Static and dynamic mechanical properties of alkali treated unidirectional continuous Palmyra Palm Leaf Stalk Fiber/jute fiber reinforced hybrid polyester composites. Materials and Design, 50, pp.533–542. 141. Shibata, S., Cao, Y., and Fukumoto, I., 2005. Press forming of short natural fiber-reinforced biodegradable resin: Effects of fiber volume and length on flexural properties. Polymer Testing, 24, pp.1005–1011. 142. Shibata, S., Cao, Y., and Fukumoto, I., 2006. Lightweight laminate composites made from kenaf and polypropylene fibres. Polymer Testing, 25, pp.142–148. 143. Shibata, S., Cao, Y., and Fukumoto, I., 2008. Flexural modulus of the unidirectional and random composites made from biodegradable resin and bamboo and kenaf fibres. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 39, pp.640–646. 144. Shinoj, S., Visvanathan, R., Panigrahi, S., and Kochubabu, M., 2011. Oil palm fiber (OPF) and its composites: A review. Industrial Crops and Products, 33, pp.7–22. 145. Singh Gill, N. and Yousif, B.F., 2009. Wear and frictional performance of betelnut fibre-reinforced polyester composite. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 223, pp.183–194. 146. Singh, N., Yousif, B.F., and Rilling, D., 2011. Tribological Characteristics of Sustainable Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites under Wet Adhesive Wear. Tribology Transactions, 54 (5), pp.736–748. 147. Siromani, D., Henderson, G., Mikita, D., Mirarchi, K., Park, R., Smolko, J., Awerbuch, J., and Tan, T.M., 2014. An experimental study on the effect of failure trigger mechanisms on the energy absorption capability of CFRP tubes under axial compression. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 64, pp.25–35. 148. Sivagurunathan, R., Lau Tze Way, S., Sivagurunathan, L., and Yaakob, M.Y., 2018. The Effects of Triggering Mechanisms on the Energy Absorption Capability of Circular Jute/Epoxy Composite Tubes under Quasi-Static Axial Loading. Applied Composite Materials, 25 (6), pp.1401–1417. 149. Sobrinho, L.L., Ferreira, M., and Bastian, F.L., 2009. The effects of water absorption on an ester vinyl resin system. Materials Research, 12 (3), pp.353–361. 150. Solaimurugan, S. and Velmurugan, R., 2007. Influence of fibre orientation and stacking sequence on petalling of glass/polyester composite cylindrical shells under axial compression. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44, pp.6999–7020. 151. Song, H.-W., Du, X.-W., Zhao, G.-F., and W.H. Song, X.W. Du, G.F.Z., 2002. Energy Absorption Behavior of Double-Chamfer Triggered Glass/Epoxy Circular Tubes. Journal of Composite Materials, 36 (18), pp.2183–2198. 152. Stapleton, S.E. and Adams, D.O., 2008. Crush initiators for increased energy absorption in composite sandwich structures. Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials, 10 (4), pp.331–354. 153. Summerscales, J., Dissanayake, N., Virk, A., and Hall, W., 2010a. A review of bast fibres and their composites. Part 2 - Composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41, pp.1336–1344. 154. Summerscales, J., Dissanayake, N.P.J., Virk, A.S., and Hall, W., 2010b. A review of bast fibres and their composites. Part 1 - Fibres as reinforcements. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41, pp.1329–1335. 155. Tabiei, A. and Nilakantan, G., 2009. Axial crushing of tubes as an energy dissipating mechanism for the reduction of acceleration induced injuries from mine blasts underneath infantry vehicles. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 36, pp.729–736. 156. Venkateshwaran, N. and ElayaPerumal, A., 2012. Mechanical and water absorption properties of woven jute/banana hybrid composites. Fibers and Polymers, 13 (7), pp.907–914. 157. Vignesh, V., Balaji, A.N., and Karthikeyan, M.K.V., 2017. Effect of wood sawdust filler on the mechanical properties of Indian mallow fiber yarn mat reinforced with polyester composites. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, 22 (7), pp.610–621. 158. Wambua, P., Ivens, J., and Verpoest, I., 2003. Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? Composites Science and Technology, 63, pp.1259–1264. 159. Warrior, N.A., Turner, T.A., Robitaille, F., and Rudd, C.D., 2003. Effect of resin properties and processing parameters on crash energy absorbing composite structures made by RTM. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 34 (6 SPEC.), pp.543–550. 160. Węcławski, B.T., Fan, M., and Hui, D., 2014. Compressive behaviour of natural fibre composite. Composites Part B: Engineering, 67, pp.183–191. 161. Xue, Y., Du, Y., Elder, S., Wang, K., and Zhang, J., 2009. Temperature and loading rate effects on tensile properties of kenaf bast fiber bundles and composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 40, pp.189–196. 162. Yan, L. and Chouw, N., 2013. Crashworthiness characteristics of flax fibre reinforced epoxy tubes for energy absorption application. Materials and Design, 51, pp.629–640. 163. Yan, L., Chouw, N., and Jayaraman, K., 2014. Effect of triggering and polyurethane foam-filler on axial crushing of natural flax/epoxy composite tubes. Materials & Design, 56, pp.528–541. 164. Yan, L., Wang, B., and Kasal, B., 2017. Can Plant-Based Natural Flax Replace Basalt and E-Glass for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Tubular Energy Absorbers? A Comparative Study on Quasi-Static Axial Crushing. Frontiers in Materials, 4 (December), pp.1–10. 165. Yang, Y., Nakai, A., and Hamada, H., 2007. Effect of collapse trigger mechanism on the energy absorption capability of FRP tubes. ICCM International Conferences on Composite Materials. 166. Yousif, B.F.F., Lau, S.T.W.S.T.W., and McWilliam, S., 2010. Polyester composite based on betelnut fibre for tribological applications. Tribology International, 43 (1–2), pp.503–511. 167. Yu, H. and Yu, C., 2007. Study on microbe retting of kenaf fiber. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 40, pp.1806–1809. 168. Yussuf, A., Massoumi, I., and Hassan, A., 2010. Comparison of Polylactic Acid/Kenaf and Polylactic Acid/Rise Husk Composites: The Influence of the Natural Fibers on the Mechanical, Thermal and Biodegradability Properties. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 18, pp.422–429. 169. Zampaloni, M., Pourboghrat, F., Yankovich, S.A., Rodgers, B.N., Moore, J., Drzal, L.T., Mohanty, A.K., and Misra, M., 2007. Kenaf natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: A discussion on manufacturing problems and solutions. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 38, pp.1569–1580.

Similar Items