Validity Of The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory In Malaysian Drivers

This study aims to classify the driving styles (DS) in Malaysia by using the Multidimensional Driving Styles Inventory (MDSI) for drivers in Malaysia. Users of the future automated vehicles (AV) will usually prefer their vehicles to drive like themselves. The driving style of the AV need to be human...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Format: Thesis
Language:English
English
Published: 2020
Online Access:http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25494/1/Validity%20Of%20The%20Multidimensional%20Driving%20Style%20Inventory%20In%20Malaysian%20Drivers.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25494/2/Validity%20Of%20The%20Multidimensional%20Driving%20Style%20Inventory%20In%20Malaysian%20Drivers.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-utem-ep.25494
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection UTeM Repository
language English
English
advisor Karjanto, Juffrizal

description This study aims to classify the driving styles (DS) in Malaysia by using the Multidimensional Driving Styles Inventory (MDSI) for drivers in Malaysia. Users of the future automated vehicles (AV) will usually prefer their vehicles to drive like themselves. The driving style of the AV need to be humanised to prevent the technology from being ignored and to avoid causing any health-related problems. This research also intends to find the correlation between the personality traits (trust to the automated system and desire for control) with the Malaysian's driving styles. Besides, the differences between the sociodemographic variables with the style has also been studied. Previously, this MDSI study has been performed in Malaysia but was carried out in English while in this study, it was carried out in the Malay language. A total of 430 respondents took part in this study. The MDSI was analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Pearson correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. The results revealed five Malaysian driving styles factors: careful, risky, angry-impatient, dissociative, and anxious. The Pearson correlation results show that careful drivers have a significant effect on trust and desire for control while the angry-impatient drivers show a significant effect with the desire for control. The results of the sociodemographic variables show significant effects with careful, risky, angry-impatient and anxious driving styles. The dissociative driving style shows no significant effect on the sociodemographic variables
format Thesis
qualification_name Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
qualification_level Master's degree
title Validity Of The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory In Malaysian Drivers
spellingShingle Validity Of The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory In Malaysian Drivers
title_short Validity Of The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory In Malaysian Drivers
title_full Validity Of The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory In Malaysian Drivers
title_fullStr Validity Of The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory In Malaysian Drivers
title_full_unstemmed Validity Of The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory In Malaysian Drivers
title_sort validity of the multidimensional driving style inventory in malaysian drivers
granting_institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering
publishDate 2020
url http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25494/1/Validity%20Of%20The%20Multidimensional%20Driving%20Style%20Inventory%20In%20Malaysian%20Drivers.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25494/2/Validity%20Of%20The%20Multidimensional%20Driving%20Style%20Inventory%20In%20Malaysian%20Drivers.pdf
_version_ 1747834133331050496
spelling my-utem-ep.254942022-01-06T11:43:40Z Validity Of The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory In Malaysian Drivers 2020 This study aims to classify the driving styles (DS) in Malaysia by using the Multidimensional Driving Styles Inventory (MDSI) for drivers in Malaysia. Users of the future automated vehicles (AV) will usually prefer their vehicles to drive like themselves. The driving style of the AV need to be humanised to prevent the technology from being ignored and to avoid causing any health-related problems. This research also intends to find the correlation between the personality traits (trust to the automated system and desire for control) with the Malaysian's driving styles. Besides, the differences between the sociodemographic variables with the style has also been studied. Previously, this MDSI study has been performed in Malaysia but was carried out in English while in this study, it was carried out in the Malay language. A total of 430 respondents took part in this study. The MDSI was analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Pearson correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. The results revealed five Malaysian driving styles factors: careful, risky, angry-impatient, dissociative, and anxious. The Pearson correlation results show that careful drivers have a significant effect on trust and desire for control while the angry-impatient drivers show a significant effect with the desire for control. The results of the sociodemographic variables show significant effects with careful, risky, angry-impatient and anxious driving styles. The dissociative driving style shows no significant effect on the sociodemographic variables 2020 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25494/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25494/1/Validity%20Of%20The%20Multidimensional%20Driving%20Style%20Inventory%20In%20Malaysian%20Drivers.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/25494/2/Validity%20Of%20The%20Multidimensional%20Driving%20Style%20Inventory%20In%20Malaysian%20Drivers.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=118372 mphil masters Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering Karjanto, Juffrizal 1. Aberg, L., & Rimmd, P. A. (1998). Dimensions of aberrant driver behaviour. Ergonomics. https://doi.org/10.1080/001401398187314 2. Alicia, P. (2020). Unbelievable Benefits And Drawbacks Of The Self-Driving Car.https://www.lifehack.org/articles/technology/unbelievable-benefits-and-drawbacks-theself-driving-car.html 3. Alonso, L., Milanes, V., Torre-Ferrro, C., Godoy, J., Oria, J. P., & de Pedro, T. (2011). Ultrasonic sensors in urban traffic driving-aid systems. Sensors, 77(1), 661-673. https://doi.org/10.3390/sll0100661 4. Arbib, J., & Seba, T. (2017). Rethinking Transportation 2020-2030: The Disruption of Transportation and the Collapse of the Internal-Combustion Vehicle and Oil Industries. 5. Asquith, A., & Horsman, G. (2019). Let the robots do it!-Taking a look at Robotic Process Automation and its potential application in digital forensics. Forensic Science International: Reports, https://doi.org/ 0.1016/j.fsir.2019.100007 6. Avula, L. (2018). Self-driven-cars, https://medium.com/self-driven-cars/conclusion. If the people s thought hasn,safe and are becoming safer. Driverless cars appear to be, and it’s safety. 7. Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., Mamat, M., & Aimran, N. (2017). Modeling Structural Model for Higher Order Constructs (HOC) Using Marketing Model. World Applied Sciences Journal. 8. Basu, C., Yang, Q., Hungerman, D., Singhal, M., & Dragan, A. D. (2017a). Do You Want Your Autonomous Car to Drive Like You? ACM/IEEE International Conference on HumanRobot Interaction,PartF1271, 417-A25. https://doi.org/10.1145/2909824.3020250 9. Bazilinskyy, P., Kyriakidis, M., Dodou, D., & de Winter, J. (2019). When will most cars be able to drive fully automatically? Projections of 18,970 survey respondents. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 64, 184-195. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.05.008 10. Bekiaris, E., Amditis, A., & Panou, M. (2003). DRIVABILITY: a new concept for modelling driving performance. Cognition, Technology & Work, https://doi.org/10.1007/sl0111-003-0119. 11. Bellem, H., Schonenberg, T., Krems, J. F., & Schrauf, M. (2016). Objective metrics of comfort: Developing a driving style for highly automated vehicles. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.05.005 12. Bimbraw, K. (2015). Autonomous cars: Past, present and future: A review of the developments in the last century, the present scenario and the expected future of autonomous vehicle technology. ICINCO 2015 - 12th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics, Proceedings, 1, 191-198. https://doi.org/10.5220/0005540501910198 13. Blockey, P., & Hartley, L. R. (1995). Aberrant driving behaviour: Errors and violations. Ergonomics, https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139508925225. 14. Blunch, N. J. (2017). Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling using IBM SPSS Statistics and AMOS. In Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling using IBM SPSS Statistics and AMOS, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526402257 15. Bose, A., & Ioannou, P. (1999). Analysis of traffic flow with mixed manual and semiautomated vehicles. Proceedings of the American Control Conference,3(June), 2173-2177. https://doi.org/10.1109/acc.1999.786335. 16. Burger, J. M., & Cooper, H. M. (1979). The desirability of control. Motivation and Emotion, 3(4), 381-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994052. 17. Carsten, O., Lai, F. C. H., Barnard, Y., Jamson, A. H., & Merat, N. (2012). Control task substitution in semiautomated driving: Does it matter what aspects are automated? Human Factors, https://doi.org/10. 177/0018720812460246. 18. Chen, B., Sun, D., Zhou, J., Wong, W., & Ding, Z. (2020). A future intelligent traffic system with mixed autonomous vehicles and human-driven vehicles. Information Sciences. https://doi.org/ 0.1016/j.ins.2020.02.009. 19. Christensen, A., Cunningham, A., Engelman, J., Green, C., Kawashima, C., Kiger, S., Prokhorov, D., Tellis, L., Wendling, B., & Barickman, F. (2015). Key Considerations in the Development of Driving Automation Systems. Proc. of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 1-14. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.04.018. 20. Constantinescu, Z., Marinoiu, C., & Vladoiu, M. (2010). Driving style analysis using data mining techniques. International Journal of Computers, Communications and Control,5(5), 654-663. https://doi.Org/10.15837/ijccc.2010.5.2221. 21. Coombs, C., Hislop, D., Taneva, S. K., & Barnard, S. (2020). The strategic impacts of Intelligent Automation for knowledge and service work: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, July 2017, 101600. https://doi.org/ 0.1016/j.jsis.2020.101600 22. Dahlen, E. R., Martin, R. C., Ragan, K., & Kuhlman, M. M. (2005). Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.aap.2004.10.006. 23. De Winter, J. C. F., & Dodou, D. (2010). The driver behaviour questionnaire as a predictor of accidents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Safety Research, 41(6 ), 463-470. https://d0i.0rg/l0.1016/j.jsr.2010.10.007. 24. DiStefano, C., Zhu, M., & Mindrila, D. (2009). Understanding and using factor scores: Considerations for the applied researcher. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation,74(20). 25. Dokic, J., Muller, B., & Meyer, G. (2015). European Roadmap Smart Systems for Automated Driving. In European Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration. https://doi.org/ 0.1017/CB09781107415324.004. 26. Dorn, L., & Witteloostuijn, V. (2012). Commentaries and Responses to The Driver Behaviour Questionnaire as a predictor of accidents: A meta-analysis Commentaries lead by Anders af Wahlberg; Responses lead by J.C.F. de Winter: The following discussion is in response to a 2010 article publishe. Journal of Safety Research, 45(1), 83-99. https://d0i.0rg/l0.1016/j.jsr.2011.06.011 27. Dorr, D., Grabengiesser, D., & Gauterin, F. (2014). Online driving style recognition using fuzzy logic. 2014 17th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, TTSC 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2014.6957822 28. Field, A. (2009). Exploring assumptions. In Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. https://doi.org/10.Ill l/insr.1201121 29. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. In Statistics. 30. Fraedrich, E., Cyganski, R., Wolf, I., & Lenz, B. (2016). User Perspectives on Autonomous Driving: A Use-Case-Driven Study in Germany. Arbeitsberichte. 31. France, P. U. De, & Humain, L. T. (2010). Self-Regulatory Driving Behaviour in the Elderly : Relationships With Aberrant Driving Behaviours and Perceived Abilities Les Comportements D Autoregulation Chez Les Conducteurs Ages : Relations Entre Les Comportements Inadaptes EtLes Capacites Percept. Le Travail Humain, 75(1), 31-52. 32. French, D. J., West, R. J., Elander, J., & Wilding, J. M. (1993). Decision-making style, driving style, and self-reported involvement in road traffic accidents. Ergonomics. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139308967925 33. Gilman, E., Keskinarkaus, A., Tamminen, S., Pirttikangas, S., Roning, J., & Riekki, J.(2015). Personalised assistance for fuel-efficient driving. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.trc.2015.02.007 34. Giubilato, B., Zhang, G., & Alfieri, A. (2019). Automotive returnable container management with RFID: A simulation approach. IFAC-PapersOnLine. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.ll.127 35. Gueho, L., Granie, M. A., & Abric, J. C. (2014). French validation of a new version of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) for drivers of all ages and level of experiences. Accident Analysis and Prevention,63, 41-48. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.024 36. Gulian, E., Matthews, G., Glendon, A. I., Davies, D. R., & Debney, L. M. (1989). Dimensions of driver stress. Ergonomics,32(6), 585-602. 37. Haeuslschmid, R., Von Buelow, M., Pfleging, B., & Butz, A. (2017). Supporting trust in autonomous driving. International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Proceedings TUI. https://doi.org/10-l145/3025171.3025198 38. Ishibashi, M., Okuwa, M., Doi, S., & Akamatsu, M. (2007). Indices for characterizing driving style and their relevance to car following behavior. Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference,1132-1137. https://doi.org/10.1109/SICE.2007.4421155 39. Johnson, D. A., & Trivedi, M. M. (2011). Driving style recognition using a smartphone as a sensor platform. IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC. https://doi.org/10. 109/ITSC.2011.6083078 40. Kalabic, U., Chakrabarty, A., Quirynen, R., & Cairano, S. Di. (2019). Learning autonomous vehicle passengers preferred driving styles using g-g plots and haptic feedback. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC), 4012-4017. https://d0i.0rg/l0.1109/ITSC.2019.8917328 41. Karjanto, J., Yusof, N. M., Terken, J., Hassan, M. Z., Delbressine, F., Van Huysduynen, H. H., & Rauterberg, M. (2017). The identification of Malaysian driving styles using the multidimensional driving style inventory. MATEC Web of Conferences, 90. https://doi.org/ 0.1051/matecconf/20179001004 42. Kuderer, M., Gulati, S., & Burgard, W. (2015). Learning driving styles for autonomous vehicles from demonstration. 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 134,2641-2646. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2015.7139555 43. Kyriakidis, M., Happee, R., & De Winter, J. C. F. (2015). Public opinion on automated driving: Results of an international questionnaire among 5000 respondents. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.04.014 44. Laerd, S. (2020). Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. Statistics.Laerd.Com. 45. Lajunen, T., Parker, D., & Summala, H. (2004). The Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire: A cross-cultural study. Accident Analysis and Prevention. https://doi.org/ 0.1016/S0001-4575(02)00152-5 46. Ledesma, R. D., Montes, S. A., Poo, F. M., & Lopez-Ramon, M. F. (2010). Individual differences in driver inattention: The attention-related driving errors scale. Traffic Injury Prevention, https://doi.org/!0.1080/15389580903497139 47. Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004). Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance. InHuman Factors. https://doi.org/10.1518/hfes.46.L50_30392 48. Llaneras, R. E., Salinger, J., & Green, C. A. (2013). Human Factors Issues Associated with Limited Ability Autonomous Driving Systems: Drivers Allocation of Visual Attention to the Forward Roadway, https://doi.org/10.17077/drivingassessment.1472 49. Long, S., & Ruosong, C. (2019). Reliability and validity of the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory in Chinese drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention, 20(2), 152-157.https://doi.org/!0.1080/15389588.2018.1542140 50. Lund, A., & Lund, M. (2013). Mann-Whitney U Test using SPSS Statistics. LaerdStatistics. 51. MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4( 1 ),84-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4T.84 52. McCall, R., McGee, F., Mimig, A., Meschtscheijakov, A., Louveton, N., Engel, T., & Tscheligi, M. (2019). A taxonomy of autonomous vehicle handover situations. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 124( xxxx), 507-522. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.05.005 53. Meder, B., Fleischhut, N., Krumnau, N. C., & Waldmann, M. R. (2018, August). How Should Autonomous Cars Drive? A Preference for Defaults in Moral Judgments Under Risk and Uncertainty. Risk Analysis, https://doi.org/10.llll/risa.13178 54. Merritt, S. M., Heimbaugh, H., Lachapell, J., & Lee, D. (2013). I trust it, but i don t know why: Effects of implicit attitudes toward automation on trust in an automated system. Human Factors,55(3 ),520-534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812465081 55. Muhl, K., Strauch, C., Grabmaier, C., Reithinger, S., Huckauf, A., & Baumann, M. (2019). Get Ready for Being Chauffeured: Passenger s Preferences and Trust While Being Driven by Human and Automation. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,001872081987289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819872893 56. Mulaik, S. A. (2010). Foundations of Factor Analysis, Second Edition. In Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2 edition (September 25, 2009).https://doi.org/10.1201/bl5851 57. Naujoks, F., Purucker, C., & Neukum, A. (2016). Secondary task engagement and vehicle automation - Comparing the effects of different automation levels in an on-road experiment. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. https://doi.org/ 0.1016/j.trf.2016.01.011 58. Oliveira, L., Proctor, K., Bums, C. G., & Birrell, S. (2019). Driving style: How should an automated vehicle behave? Information (Switzerland), 10(6 ), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/INF010060219 59. Padilla, J. L., Castro, C., Doncel, P., & Taubman - Ben-Ari, O. (2020). Adaptation of themultidimensional driving styles inventory for Spanish drivers: Convergent and predictivevalidity evidence for detecting safe and unsafe driving styles. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 73<5(January 2019), 105413. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105413 60. Pearson, R. H., & Mundfirom, D. J. (2010). Recommended sample size for conducting exploratory factor analysis on dichotomous data. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 9(2),359-368. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1288584240 61. Pena-Suarez, E., Padilla, J.-L., Ventsislavova, P., Gugliotta, A., Roca, J., Lopez-Ramon, M.-F., & Castro, C. (2016). Assessment of proneness to distraction: English adaptation and validation of the Attention-Related Driving Errors Scale (ARDES) and cross-cultural equivalence. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 43, 357-365. https://doi.org/ 0.1016/J.TRF.2016.09.004 62. Poo, Fernando Martin, & Ledesma, R. D. (2013). A Study on the Relationship Between Personality and Driving Styles. Traffic Injury Prevention. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2012.717729 63. Raja Parasuraman, & Victor Riley. (1997). Humans and Automation: Use, Misuse, Disuse, Abuse. Human Factors, 2(39), 230-253. https://stulf.mit.edU/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/l6/16.459/OldFiles/www/parasuraman.pdf 64. Raubenheimer, J. (2004). An item selection procedure to maximise scale reliability and validity. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v30i4.168 65. Reason J, Manstead A, Stradling S, Baxter J, & Campbell K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads: a real distinction? Ergonomics, https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139008925335. 66. SAE International. (2018). Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation. SAE International. https://doi.org/10.4271/J3016_201609 67. SAE International Standards, & ISO. (2019). Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles - SAE International. Sae.Org Standards. 68. Shahab, Q., Terken, J., & Eggen, B. (2013). Development of a questionnaire for identifying driver s personal values in driving. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, AutomotiveUI 2013. https://doi.org/ 0.1145/2516540.2516548 69. Smyth, J., Jennings, P., Mouzakitis, A., & Birrell, S. (2018). Too Sick to Drive: How Motion Sickness Severity Impacts Human Performance. IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2018.8569572 70. Stem, R. E., Chen, Y., Churchill, M., Wu, F., Delle Monache, M. L., Piccoli, B., Seibold, B., Sprinkle, J., & Work, D. B. (2019). Quantifying air quality benefits resulting from few autonomous vehicles stabilizing traffic. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. https://doi.Org/l0.1016/j.trd.2018.12.008 71. Summala, H. (2007a). Towards understanding motivational and emotional factors in driver behaviour: Comfort through satisficing. In Modelling Driver Behaviour in Automotive Environments: Critical Issues in Driver Interactions with Intelligent Transport Systems (pp.189-207). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-l-84628-618-6_l1 72. Sun, B., Jamsa-Jounela, S. L., Todorov, Y., Olivier, L. E., & Craig, I. K. (2017). Perspective for equipment automation in process industries. IFAC PapersOnLine. https://doi.org/!0.1016/j.ifacol.2017.12.012 73. Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., Mikulincer, M., & Gillath, O. (2004). The multidimensional drivingstyle inventory - Scale construct and validation. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36(3),323-332. https://doi.org/!0.1016/S0001-4575(03)00010-1 74. Telpaz, A., Baltaxe, M., Hecht, R. M., Cohen-Lazry, G., Degani, A., & Kamhi, G. (2018). An Approach for Measurement of Passenger Comfort: Real-Time Classification based on In-Cabin and Exterior Data. IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC, 2018-Novem(978), 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2018.8569653 75. Thoma, L., & Gruber, J. (2020). Drivers and barriers for the adoption of cargo cycles: An exploratory factor analysis. Transportation Research Procedia, 46(2019), 197-203. https://doi.org/ 0.1016/j.trpro.2020.03.181 76. Tu, H., Lin, Z., & Lee, K. (2019). Automation With Intelligence in Drug Research. Clinical Therapeutics, 41{11), 2436-2444. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.09.002 77. Vaa, T. (2011). Proposing a driver behaviour model based on emotions and feelings: Exploring the boundaries of perception and learning. In Driver Distraction and Inattention: Advances in Research and Countermeasures. 78. van Huysduynen, H. H., Terken, J., Martens, J.-B., & Eggen, B. (2015). Measuring driving styles: a validation of the multidimensional driving style inventory. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications,January 2017,257-264. https://doi.org/10T145/2799250.2799266 79. Van Vuuren, L. J. (1987). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. In SA Journal of Industrial Psychology (Vol. 13, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.vl3il.457 80. Vdovin, D., & Chichekin, I. (2016). Loads and Stress Analysis Cycle Automation in theAutomotive Suspension Development Process. Procedia Engineering. https://doi.org/!0.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.285 81. Wandtner, B., Schmidt, G., Schomig, N., & Kunde, W. (2018). Non-driving related tasks in highly automated driving - Effects of task modalities and cognitive workload on take-over performance. AmE 2018 - Automotive Meets Electronics; 9th GMM-Symposium, 1-6. 82. Williams, B., Brown Andrys Onsman, T., Onsman, A., Brown, T., Andrys Onsman, P., & Ted Brown, P. (2012). Issue 3 Article 1 2012 This Journal Article is posted at Research Online. Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care (JEPHC). 83. Woods, D. D. (2018). Decomposing automation: Apparent simplicity, real complexity. Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315137957 84. Yang, L. B. (2020). Application of Artificial Intelligence in Electrical Automation Control. Procedia Computer Science. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.02.097 85. Yusof, N. M., Kaijanto, J., Terken, J., Delbressine, F., Hassan, M. Z., & Rauterberg, M. (2016). The Exploration of Autonomous Vehicle Driving Styles. 245-252. https://doi.org/ 0.1145/3003715.3005455 86. Zihsler, J., Schwager, D., Hock, P., Szauer, P., Walch, M., Rukzio, E., & Dzuba, K. (2016) Carvatar: Increasing trust in highly-Automated driving through social cues. AutomotiveUI 2016 - 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Adjunct Proceedings. https://doi.org/10T145/3004323.3004354 87. Zuckerman, M., Michael Kuhlman, D., Thomquist, M., & Kiers, H. (1991). Five (or three) robust questionnaire scale factors of personality without culture. Personality and Individual Differences, https://doi.org/ 0.1016/0191-8869(91)90182-B