Indium tin oxide-based Q-switched fiber laser generation and sensing application

A pulsed fiber laser has gained significant attention due to widespread and useful photonics applications in the fields of high-speed communications, optical imaging, and material processing. Q-switching and mode-locking are two possible pulse fiber lasers that can be generated using active an...

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Main Author:	Zalkepali @ Zulkefli, Noor Ummi Hazirah Hani
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English English
Published:	2021
Subjects:	TA1501-1820 Applied optics Photonics
Online Access:	http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/3932/1/24p%20NOOR%20UMMI%20HAZIRAH%20HANI%20ZALKEPALI%20%40%20ZULKEFLI.pdf http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/3932/2/NOOR%20UMMI%20HAZIRAH%20HANI%20ZALKEPALI%20%40%20ZULKEFLI%20COPYRIGHT%20DECLARATION.pdf http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/3932/3/NOOR%20UMMI%20HAZIRAH%20HANI%20ZALKEPALI%20%40%20ZULKEFLI%20WATERMARK.pdf
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spelling	my-uthm-ep.39322022-02-03T02:11:43Z Indium tin oxide-based Q-switched fiber laser generation and sensing application 2021-08 Zalkepali @ Zulkefli, Noor Ummi Hazirah Hani TA1501-1820 Applied optics. Photonics A pulsed fiber laser has gained significant attention due to widespread and useful photonics applications in the fields of high-speed communications, optical imaging, and material processing. Q-switching and mode-locking are two possible pulse fiber lasers that can be generated using active and passive techniques. The active technique requires a bulky and complex modulator, but the passive technique uses only a piece of a nanomaterial as a saturable absorber (SA) to induce loss modulation in laser configurations. In this regard, the active material of indium tin oxide (ITO) was used to build a SA device through DC magnetron sputtering in generation Q-switched pulse erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL). ITO was never used for tuning wavelength with an intra-cavity filter and the application of pulse fiber laser such as a sensor. Two different implementation methods of ITO were successfully fabricated and characterized for Q�switching. The first ITO was deposited onto fiber ferrules to observe the performances of Q-switched pulse EDFL using various configurations such as linear, single ring, and Figure-8 cavities that have the repetition rate of 18.20 kHz, 38.03 kHz, and 24.19 kHz, respectively. Thus, the single ring configuration was selected and improved to enable Q-switched wavelength tunability by employing a tunable bandpass filter (TBF). The tunable Q-switched pulse EDFL wavelength was operated from 1540.0 nm to 1570.0 nm. The generated output pulses displayed a repetition rate of 94.34 kHz and the shortest pulse width of 3.22 µs at the maximum pump power of 378.6 mW. Next, the stable switchable dual wavelength was generated by the aid of two selected fiber Bragg gratings in the single ring cavity. To achieve a flexible switched in individual wavelength of 1532 or 1533 nm and a simultaneous dual-wavelength fiber laser, the in-line polarization controller had to be adjusted. The second device implemented onto the side-polished fiber, coated with ITO (SPF-ITO), had generated as a novel method for Q-switching and ammonia sensor. The SPF-ITO was successfully utilized as the SA as well as a sensor for monitoring different concentrations of the ammonia solution. The pulsed fiber laser ammonia sensor can be observed through the shifts in wavelength and frequency domain due to the interactions between the ammonia molecules and ITO thin film where the SPF-ITO was immersed in the ammonia solution. The shifts of wavelength from 1558.45 nm to 1554.25 nm resulted from the increase in ammonia concentrations from 0.5 x 105 to 3.0 x 105 ppm. The wavelength shifted from 1561.30 nm to 1559.35 nm using an increased concentration of ammonia from 1 to 10 ppm. Meanwhile, the shifts of RF signal from 35.50 kHz to 43.50 kHz were the result of the change in ammonia concentrations from 0.5 x 105 to 3.0 x 105 ppm. The RF signal shifted from 30.10 kHz to 33.70 kHz in tandem with the increase of ammonia concentrations from 1 to 10 ppm. In brief, the SPF-ITO was successfully fabricated for the Q-switcher as well as the sensor 2021-08 Thesis http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/3932/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/3932/1/24p%20NOOR%20UMMI%20HAZIRAH%20HANI%20ZALKEPALI%20%40%20ZULKEFLI.pdf text en public http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/3932/2/NOOR%20UMMI%20HAZIRAH%20HANI%20ZALKEPALI%20%40%20ZULKEFLI%20COPYRIGHT%20DECLARATION.pdf text en staffonly http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/3932/3/NOOR%20UMMI%20HAZIRAH%20HANI%20ZALKEPALI%20%40%20ZULKEFLI%20WATERMARK.pdf text en validuser phd doctoral Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Fakulti Sains Gunaan dan Teknologi
institution	Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
collection	UTHM Institutional Repository
language	English English English
topic	TA1501-1820 Applied optics Photonics
spellingShingle	TA1501-1820 Applied optics Photonics Zalkepali @ Zulkefli, Noor Ummi Hazirah Hani Indium tin oxide-based Q-switched fiber laser generation and sensing application
description	A pulsed fiber laser has gained significant attention due to widespread and useful photonics applications in the fields of high-speed communications, optical imaging, and material processing. Q-switching and mode-locking are two possible pulse fiber lasers that can be generated using active and passive techniques. The active technique requires a bulky and complex modulator, but the passive technique uses only a piece of a nanomaterial as a saturable absorber (SA) to induce loss modulation in laser configurations. In this regard, the active material of indium tin oxide (ITO) was used to build a SA device through DC magnetron sputtering in generation Q-switched pulse erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL). ITO was never used for tuning wavelength with an intra-cavity filter and the application of pulse fiber laser such as a sensor. Two different implementation methods of ITO were successfully fabricated and characterized for Q�switching. The first ITO was deposited onto fiber ferrules to observe the performances of Q-switched pulse EDFL using various configurations such as linear, single ring, and Figure-8 cavities that have the repetition rate of 18.20 kHz, 38.03 kHz, and 24.19 kHz, respectively. Thus, the single ring configuration was selected and improved to enable Q-switched wavelength tunability by employing a tunable bandpass filter (TBF). The tunable Q-switched pulse EDFL wavelength was operated from 1540.0 nm to 1570.0 nm. The generated output pulses displayed a repetition rate of 94.34 kHz and the shortest pulse width of 3.22 µs at the maximum pump power of 378.6 mW. Next, the stable switchable dual wavelength was generated by the aid of two selected fiber Bragg gratings in the single ring cavity. To achieve a flexible switched in individual wavelength of 1532 or 1533 nm and a simultaneous dual-wavelength fiber laser, the in-line polarization controller had to be adjusted. The second device implemented onto the side-polished fiber, coated with ITO (SPF-ITO), had generated as a novel method for Q-switching and ammonia sensor. The SPF-ITO was successfully utilized as the SA as well as a sensor for monitoring different concentrations of the ammonia solution. The pulsed fiber laser ammonia sensor can be observed through the shifts in wavelength and frequency domain due to the interactions between the ammonia molecules and ITO thin film where the SPF-ITO was immersed in the ammonia solution. The shifts of wavelength from 1558.45 nm to 1554.25 nm resulted from the increase in ammonia concentrations from 0.5 x 105 to 3.0 x 105 ppm. The wavelength shifted from 1561.30 nm to 1559.35 nm using an increased concentration of ammonia from 1 to 10 ppm. Meanwhile, the shifts of RF signal from 35.50 kHz to 43.50 kHz were the result of the change in ammonia concentrations from 0.5 x 105 to 3.0 x 105 ppm. The RF signal shifted from 30.10 kHz to 33.70 kHz in tandem with the increase of ammonia concentrations from 1 to 10 ppm. In brief, the SPF-ITO was successfully fabricated for the Q-switcher as well as the sensor
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Zalkepali @ Zulkefli, Noor Ummi Hazirah Hani
author_facet	Zalkepali @ Zulkefli, Noor Ummi Hazirah Hani
author_sort	Zalkepali @ Zulkefli, Noor Ummi Hazirah Hani
title	Indium tin oxide-based Q-switched fiber laser generation and sensing application
title_short	Indium tin oxide-based Q-switched fiber laser generation and sensing application
title_full	Indium tin oxide-based Q-switched fiber laser generation and sensing application
title_fullStr	Indium tin oxide-based Q-switched fiber laser generation and sensing application
title_full_unstemmed	Indium tin oxide-based Q-switched fiber laser generation and sensing application
title_sort	indium tin oxide-based q-switched fiber laser generation and sensing application
granting_institution	Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
granting_department	Fakulti Sains Gunaan dan Teknologi
publishDate	2021
url	http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/3932/1/24p%20NOOR%20UMMI%20HAZIRAH%20HANI%20ZALKEPALI%20%40%20ZULKEFLI.pdf http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/3932/2/NOOR%20UMMI%20HAZIRAH%20HANI%20ZALKEPALI%20%40%20ZULKEFLI%20COPYRIGHT%20DECLARATION.pdf http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/3932/3/NOOR%20UMMI%20HAZIRAH%20HANI%20ZALKEPALI%20%40%20ZULKEFLI%20WATERMARK.pdf
_version_	1747831043471179776

Indium tin oxide-based Q-switched fiber laser generation and sensing application

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