Correlation of rock quality designation and resistivity using unmanned aerial vehicle and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography

Rock Quality Designation (RQD) is a widely applied rock mass classification system for quantifying rock mass quality because it is simple and easily obtained compared to other rock mass classification systems. The rock mass quality using RQD can be identified from drill cores and scanline surveys. H...

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Main Author:	Muhammad Junaid, Muhammad Junaid
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2022
Subjects:	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General)
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/101473/1/MuhammadJunaidPSKA2022.pdf
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spelling	my-utm-ep.1014732023-06-21T10:06:13Z Correlation of rock quality designation and resistivity using unmanned aerial vehicle and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography 2022 Muhammad Junaid, Muhammad Junaid TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) Rock Quality Designation (RQD) is a widely applied rock mass classification system for quantifying rock mass quality because it is simple and easily obtained compared to other rock mass classification systems. The rock mass quality using RQD can be identified from drill cores and scanline surveys. However, the calculation of RQD from core samples is expensive and directional-dependent. On the other hand, the scanline survey of obtaining RQD, provides point base information, is time-consuming, and is not practicable in large areas. In addition, the information by scanline survey is limited to the rock outcrop only, and subsurface rock mass quality remains unidentified. For subsurface investigation of rock mass conditions, 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D ERT) has been extensively applied; however, no comprehensive and detailed correlation of RQD and resistivity values exists to date. This study utilised an integrated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle survey (UAV) and 2D ERT survey at two sites with similar geological formations and aims to establish the correlation between resistivity and RQD indexes. The UAV survey enables the reconstruction of 3D point cloud that calculates the RQD on the surface indirectly from 1 m × 1 m block utilizing Volumetric Joint Count (Jv). This was achieved in ShapeMetrix (SMX) software. At the same time, the 2D ERT survey allows extracting the corresponding resistivity values for each RQD indexes from the same block using ZonRes2D software. A series of Linear Regression (LR) analysis and k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) algorithm were performed in Python to obtain continuous projections of RQD and rock resistivity and assigned resistivity values to respective RQD indexes. Two hundred twenty-three data points were obtained representing RQD and corresponding resistivity values. These data points successfully provide a continuous projection of RQD with resistivity using LR analyses, and it was confirmed that the resistivity of rock mass increases 30 Om for each unit increase in RQD index. Whereas the k-NN efficiently assigned resistivity values to various RQD indexes, the very poor rock shows a resistivity value of less than 350 Om; for poor rock, it ranges from 350-1150 Om. While for fair rock, the resistivity varies between 1150 to 1850 Om, for good rock, the resistivity ranges from 1850 to 2500 Om, and excellent rock has a resistivity value greater than 2400 Om. The established correlation of RQD obtained via k-NN characterize the surface and subsurface rock mass quality along the slope in RQD mapping. It was found that the subsurface rock mass quality was at higher quality compared to the surface at both sites. It can be concluded that the integrated UAV and 2D ERT have been successfully applied in this study. In addition, the established correlation will help in obtaining the RQD values using expeditious, inexpensive, and environmental non-destructive approach. 2022 Thesis http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/101473/ http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/101473/1/MuhammadJunaidPSKA2022.pdf application/pdf en public http://dms.library.utm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:150611 phd doctoral Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Faculty of Engineering - School of Civil Engineering
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
collection	UTM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General)
spellingShingle	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General) Muhammad Junaid, Muhammad Junaid Correlation of rock quality designation and resistivity using unmanned aerial vehicle and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography
description	Rock Quality Designation (RQD) is a widely applied rock mass classification system for quantifying rock mass quality because it is simple and easily obtained compared to other rock mass classification systems. The rock mass quality using RQD can be identified from drill cores and scanline surveys. However, the calculation of RQD from core samples is expensive and directional-dependent. On the other hand, the scanline survey of obtaining RQD, provides point base information, is time-consuming, and is not practicable in large areas. In addition, the information by scanline survey is limited to the rock outcrop only, and subsurface rock mass quality remains unidentified. For subsurface investigation of rock mass conditions, 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D ERT) has been extensively applied; however, no comprehensive and detailed correlation of RQD and resistivity values exists to date. This study utilised an integrated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle survey (UAV) and 2D ERT survey at two sites with similar geological formations and aims to establish the correlation between resistivity and RQD indexes. The UAV survey enables the reconstruction of 3D point cloud that calculates the RQD on the surface indirectly from 1 m × 1 m block utilizing Volumetric Joint Count (Jv). This was achieved in ShapeMetrix (SMX) software. At the same time, the 2D ERT survey allows extracting the corresponding resistivity values for each RQD indexes from the same block using ZonRes2D software. A series of Linear Regression (LR) analysis and k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) algorithm were performed in Python to obtain continuous projections of RQD and rock resistivity and assigned resistivity values to respective RQD indexes. Two hundred twenty-three data points were obtained representing RQD and corresponding resistivity values. These data points successfully provide a continuous projection of RQD with resistivity using LR analyses, and it was confirmed that the resistivity of rock mass increases 30 Om for each unit increase in RQD index. Whereas the k-NN efficiently assigned resistivity values to various RQD indexes, the very poor rock shows a resistivity value of less than 350 Om; for poor rock, it ranges from 350-1150 Om. While for fair rock, the resistivity varies between 1150 to 1850 Om, for good rock, the resistivity ranges from 1850 to 2500 Om, and excellent rock has a resistivity value greater than 2400 Om. The established correlation of RQD obtained via k-NN characterize the surface and subsurface rock mass quality along the slope in RQD mapping. It was found that the subsurface rock mass quality was at higher quality compared to the surface at both sites. It can be concluded that the integrated UAV and 2D ERT have been successfully applied in this study. In addition, the established correlation will help in obtaining the RQD values using expeditious, inexpensive, and environmental non-destructive approach.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Muhammad Junaid, Muhammad Junaid
author_facet	Muhammad Junaid, Muhammad Junaid
author_sort	Muhammad Junaid, Muhammad Junaid
title	Correlation of rock quality designation and resistivity using unmanned aerial vehicle and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography
title_short	Correlation of rock quality designation and resistivity using unmanned aerial vehicle and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography
title_full	Correlation of rock quality designation and resistivity using unmanned aerial vehicle and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography
title_fullStr	Correlation of rock quality designation and resistivity using unmanned aerial vehicle and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography
title_full_unstemmed	Correlation of rock quality designation and resistivity using unmanned aerial vehicle and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography
title_sort	correlation of rock quality designation and resistivity using unmanned aerial vehicle and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
granting_department	Faculty of Engineering - School of Civil Engineering
publishDate	2022
url	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/101473/1/MuhammadJunaidPSKA2022.pdf
_version_	1776100706517778432

Correlation of rock quality designation and resistivity using unmanned aerial vehicle and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography

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