Multi-layer approach for energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol in underwater sensor networks

The Underwater Sensor Networks (USN) are known to be an emerging technology due to numerous applications in aqueous environments. The traditional routing protocols used in terrestrial sensor networks could not be applied for underwater due to the various unique characteristics of USN such as unrelia...

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Main Author:	Kamaruddin, Azlina
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2021
Subjects:	QA75 Electronic computers Computer science
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/101492/1/AzlinaKamaruddinPSC2021.pdf.pdf
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spelling	my-utm-ep.1014922023-06-21T10:18:51Z Multi-layer approach for energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol in underwater sensor networks 2021 Kamaruddin, Azlina QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science The Underwater Sensor Networks (USN) are known to be an emerging technology due to numerous applications in aqueous environments. The traditional routing protocols used in terrestrial sensor networks could not be applied for underwater due to the various unique characteristics of USN such as unreliable link, inadequate bandwidth, short life span of battery power, high packet drop rate, and attenuation. Therefore, routing protocols are specifically designed to conform to the characteristics of USN. A multi-layer Opportunistic Routing (OR) approach is an example that offers a promising method to overcome those limitations. Research indicated three critical problems in relation to designing USN: selecting the next reliable energy-efficient forwarding nodes, optimal forwarding path, and communication void. Three protocols were proposed to overcome these problems. First, in dealing with improper high energy consumption and candidate nodes selection problem, an Energy-Efficient Opportunistic Routing (EE-OR) protocol is developed aiming to select the next candidate nodes using depth information and energy metrics. Second, the EE-OR protocol is enhanced aiming to manage the unnecessary forwarding suppression problem using a multi-layer OR approach. The Optimal Path Energy-Efficient Routing (OPEE-OR) protocol is designed to reduce the number of transmissions and control path selection. Third, Energy-Efficient Void Avoidance Opportunistic Routing (EEVA-OR) protocol (a modified version of OPEE-OR) is designed aiming to identify void nodes and avoid these nodes during the process of forwarding data packets. Further, in order to evaluate the performance of the respective developed protocols, several simulations were conducted using AquaSim. Findings were compared to Depth Based Routing (DBR), Energy Efficient Depth Based Routing (EEDBR), Reliable and Energy Efficient Pressure-Based Routing (RE- PBR), Enhanced Void Avoidance Routing (E-VAR), and Void Aware Pressure Routing (VAPR). In addition, findings were also compared in terms of network lifetime, total energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, total number of data packets forwarded, and total number of forwarded void detection packet. Finally, findings also indicated that the EE-OR, OPEE-OR and EEVA-OR protocol performed better regarding network lifetime, total energy consumption (6-24%, 19-32%, 17-32%), packet delivery ratio (3-16.6%, 2-14%, 1.5-13%) and the total number of data packet forwarded (4-18%, 18-31%, 5-28%) respectively. In conclusion, the proposed energy efficient void avoidance opportunistic routing protocol tends to improve energy efficiency and packet delivery ratio; and this leads to the expansion of the corpus of knowledge in the area of underwater sensor networks. 2021 Thesis http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/101492/ http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/101492/1/AzlinaKamaruddinPSC2021.pdf.pdf application/pdf en public http://dms.library.utm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:150390 phd doctoral Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Faculty of Engineering - School of Computing
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
collection	UTM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	QA75 Electronic computers Computer science
spellingShingle	QA75 Electronic computers Computer science Kamaruddin, Azlina Multi-layer approach for energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol in underwater sensor networks
description	The Underwater Sensor Networks (USN) are known to be an emerging technology due to numerous applications in aqueous environments. The traditional routing protocols used in terrestrial sensor networks could not be applied for underwater due to the various unique characteristics of USN such as unreliable link, inadequate bandwidth, short life span of battery power, high packet drop rate, and attenuation. Therefore, routing protocols are specifically designed to conform to the characteristics of USN. A multi-layer Opportunistic Routing (OR) approach is an example that offers a promising method to overcome those limitations. Research indicated three critical problems in relation to designing USN: selecting the next reliable energy-efficient forwarding nodes, optimal forwarding path, and communication void. Three protocols were proposed to overcome these problems. First, in dealing with improper high energy consumption and candidate nodes selection problem, an Energy-Efficient Opportunistic Routing (EE-OR) protocol is developed aiming to select the next candidate nodes using depth information and energy metrics. Second, the EE-OR protocol is enhanced aiming to manage the unnecessary forwarding suppression problem using a multi-layer OR approach. The Optimal Path Energy-Efficient Routing (OPEE-OR) protocol is designed to reduce the number of transmissions and control path selection. Third, Energy-Efficient Void Avoidance Opportunistic Routing (EEVA-OR) protocol (a modified version of OPEE-OR) is designed aiming to identify void nodes and avoid these nodes during the process of forwarding data packets. Further, in order to evaluate the performance of the respective developed protocols, several simulations were conducted using AquaSim. Findings were compared to Depth Based Routing (DBR), Energy Efficient Depth Based Routing (EEDBR), Reliable and Energy Efficient Pressure-Based Routing (RE- PBR), Enhanced Void Avoidance Routing (E-VAR), and Void Aware Pressure Routing (VAPR). In addition, findings were also compared in terms of network lifetime, total energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, total number of data packets forwarded, and total number of forwarded void detection packet. Finally, findings also indicated that the EE-OR, OPEE-OR and EEVA-OR protocol performed better regarding network lifetime, total energy consumption (6-24%, 19-32%, 17-32%), packet delivery ratio (3-16.6%, 2-14%, 1.5-13%) and the total number of data packet forwarded (4-18%, 18-31%, 5-28%) respectively. In conclusion, the proposed energy efficient void avoidance opportunistic routing protocol tends to improve energy efficiency and packet delivery ratio; and this leads to the expansion of the corpus of knowledge in the area of underwater sensor networks.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Kamaruddin, Azlina
author_facet	Kamaruddin, Azlina
author_sort	Kamaruddin, Azlina
title	Multi-layer approach for energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol in underwater sensor networks
title_short	Multi-layer approach for energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol in underwater sensor networks
title_full	Multi-layer approach for energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol in underwater sensor networks
title_fullStr	Multi-layer approach for energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol in underwater sensor networks
title_full_unstemmed	Multi-layer approach for energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol in underwater sensor networks
title_sort	multi-layer approach for energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol in underwater sensor networks
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
granting_department	Faculty of Engineering - School of Computing
publishDate	2021
url	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/101492/1/AzlinaKamaruddinPSC2021.pdf.pdf
_version_	1776100710854688768

Multi-layer approach for energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol in underwater sensor networks

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