Health risk assessment of household hazardous waste in Malaysia

This study was conducted to assess the risk of health hazards of exposure to hazardous waste at home to employees in local authorities in Malaysia. The study was conducted on 40 local authorities (27.8%), using the same method used by Buenrostro et al, 2001 and health risk assessment guidelines of t...

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Main Author:	Mohamad, Rosli
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2011
Subjects:	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General)
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/36809/1/RosliMohamadPFKA2011.pdf
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spelling	my-utm-ep.368092018-05-27T08:15:27Z Health risk assessment of household hazardous waste in Malaysia 2011-06 Mohamad, Rosli TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) This study was conducted to assess the risk of health hazards of exposure to hazardous waste at home to employees in local authorities in Malaysia. The study was conducted on 40 local authorities (27.8%), using the same method used by Buenrostro et al, 2001 and health risk assessment guidelines of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. The Four Step Process of Health Risk Assessment is hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose response assessment and risk characterization. In this study, the household hazardous wastes (HHW) were analyzed for their permissible dose level and the existing hazard level, hazard index and cancer index by using Monte Carlo Method. This study estimated that 22,388 tonnes of wastes generated every day in Malaysia and around 2.2 percent out of that amount are HHW, which mean average generation for each person per day was 0.02 kg. The category District Council, show that the HHW generated around 3.7 %, followed by Municipal Council around 3.3 percents then for City Council with 3.0 %. These figures indicate that, the increments of the percentages depend on the status of the local authorities and it was also estimated that the waste generation increment was around 2 to 3 percents per year. The study found that almost 14 percents of the local authorities in Malaysia dumping the HHW into the drains and rivers without considering the proper management and the figures also indicated that the pollution level was at High Risk in Malaysia. Cancer Index for dermal exposure is 5.8 x 10-7 mg/m³, for Inhalation dust 1.4x x10-1 mg/m³, under Low Risk and for Inhalation aerosol is 5 x x10-2 mg/m³, under Medium Risk, while if the HHW were improperly managed, it will fall into High Risk in Malaysia if the index rate less than 1:1,000,000 as specified by United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1989 and World Health Organization. Hazard ranking for risk contamination from HHW clearly shows that the district council found 15 % are level High Risk (Rank 1). Municipal council 14 % and City Council 25 % and almost 14 percents the pollution level was at High Risk in Malaysia. For landfill with high-risk pollution potential to water resources, it should be shut in stages. Safety and health are important and should be given priority. So, the employees need to know the permissible dose level of exposure for the handling of HHW and this is the responsibility of employers to increase the level of knowledge and provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to employees in accordance with the provisions under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994. While the separation of HHW should be done at the main source by implementing enforcement and compliance with the provisions of Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing Act (Act 672) Malaysia, 2007. 2011-06 Thesis http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/36809/ http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/36809/1/RosliMohamadPFKA2011.pdf application/pdf en public phd doctoral Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
collection	UTM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General)
spellingShingle	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General) Mohamad, Rosli Health risk assessment of household hazardous waste in Malaysia
description	This study was conducted to assess the risk of health hazards of exposure to hazardous waste at home to employees in local authorities in Malaysia. The study was conducted on 40 local authorities (27.8%), using the same method used by Buenrostro et al, 2001 and health risk assessment guidelines of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. The Four Step Process of Health Risk Assessment is hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose response assessment and risk characterization. In this study, the household hazardous wastes (HHW) were analyzed for their permissible dose level and the existing hazard level, hazard index and cancer index by using Monte Carlo Method. This study estimated that 22,388 tonnes of wastes generated every day in Malaysia and around 2.2 percent out of that amount are HHW, which mean average generation for each person per day was 0.02 kg. The category District Council, show that the HHW generated around 3.7 %, followed by Municipal Council around 3.3 percents then for City Council with 3.0 %. These figures indicate that, the increments of the percentages depend on the status of the local authorities and it was also estimated that the waste generation increment was around 2 to 3 percents per year. The study found that almost 14 percents of the local authorities in Malaysia dumping the HHW into the drains and rivers without considering the proper management and the figures also indicated that the pollution level was at High Risk in Malaysia. Cancer Index for dermal exposure is 5.8 x 10-7 mg/m³, for Inhalation dust 1.4x x10-1 mg/m³, under Low Risk and for Inhalation aerosol is 5 x x10-2 mg/m³, under Medium Risk, while if the HHW were improperly managed, it will fall into High Risk in Malaysia if the index rate less than 1:1,000,000 as specified by United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1989 and World Health Organization. Hazard ranking for risk contamination from HHW clearly shows that the district council found 15 % are level High Risk (Rank 1). Municipal council 14 % and City Council 25 % and almost 14 percents the pollution level was at High Risk in Malaysia. For landfill with high-risk pollution potential to water resources, it should be shut in stages. Safety and health are important and should be given priority. So, the employees need to know the permissible dose level of exposure for the handling of HHW and this is the responsibility of employers to increase the level of knowledge and provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to employees in accordance with the provisions under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994. While the separation of HHW should be done at the main source by implementing enforcement and compliance with the provisions of Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing Act (Act 672) Malaysia, 2007.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Mohamad, Rosli
author_facet	Mohamad, Rosli
author_sort	Mohamad, Rosli
title	Health risk assessment of household hazardous waste in Malaysia
title_short	Health risk assessment of household hazardous waste in Malaysia
title_full	Health risk assessment of household hazardous waste in Malaysia
title_fullStr	Health risk assessment of household hazardous waste in Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed	Health risk assessment of household hazardous waste in Malaysia
title_sort	health risk assessment of household hazardous waste in malaysia
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Civil Engineering
granting_department	Faculty of Civil Engineering
publishDate	2011
url	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/36809/1/RosliMohamadPFKA2011.pdf
_version_	1747816462397997056

Health risk assessment of household hazardous waste in Malaysia

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