Production of synthetic vanillin from coconut husk lignin via alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation

Vanillin is one of the essential constituents that provide the flavor and aroma characteristics to the vanilla extract. Due to the increasing market demands, the production of synthetic vanillin has gradually developed as an alternative to the complex production of natural vanillin from vanilla orch...

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Main Author:	Abdul Halim, Noor Amirah
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2014
Subjects:	QD Chemistry
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/48591/1/NoorAmirahAbdulMFCh2014.pdf
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spelling	my-utm-ep.485912020-02-06T00:55:41Z Production of synthetic vanillin from coconut husk lignin via alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation 2014 Abdul Halim, Noor Amirah QD Chemistry Vanillin is one of the essential constituents that provide the flavor and aroma characteristics to the vanilla extract. Due to the increasing market demands, the production of synthetic vanillin has gradually developed as an alternative to the complex production of natural vanillin from vanilla orchid beans. Recently, the chemical production of synthetic vanillin from biomass lignin has gained significant attention as the more environmental friendly alternative for vanillin production. Accordingly, lignin isolated from three sources of lignocellulosic biomass which are oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, coconut husk and kenaf fiber were studied and compared prior to be used in the vanillin derivation process. Among the biomass studied, the highest lignin fractions were recovered from the coconut husk which exhibits the best characteristics of lignin in term of structure, purity and thermal behavior. Therefore, only the coconut husk lignin was used for further study. Coconut husk lignin was subjected to an alkaline oxidation at 160 ºC for 2.5 hours, using 0.40 mL nitrobenzene as the oxidant. Approximately 2.83 % of vanillin was successfully produced and its presence in the oxidized mixture was identified by using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) method. Meanwhile, the crystalline structure of purified vanillin was verified using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H1NMR) method. In order to maximize the production yield of vanillin, several variables were considered for optimization using the response surface methodology (RSM) which includes oxidation temperature, oxidation time and volume of nitrobenzene. A maximum yield of 4.01 % vanillin was obtained from coconut husk lignin at 140 ºC for 2.8 hours using 0.44 mL nitrobenzene. The production yield of vanillin at these optimum conditions was compared with the oxidation of OPEFB and kenaf fibers lignin. The comparison shows the highest yield was obtained for the coconut husk lignin oxidation. As a conclusion, the yield of vanillin was improved at low oxidation temperature. 2014 Thesis http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/48591/ http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/48591/1/NoorAmirahAbdulMFCh2014.pdf application/pdf en public http://dms.library.utm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:79350?queryType=vitalDismax&query=Production+of+synthetic+vanillin+from+coconut+husk+lignin+via+alkaline+nitrobenzene+oxidation&public=true masters Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical Engineering
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
collection	UTM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	QD Chemistry
spellingShingle	QD Chemistry Abdul Halim, Noor Amirah Production of synthetic vanillin from coconut husk lignin via alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation
description	Vanillin is one of the essential constituents that provide the flavor and aroma characteristics to the vanilla extract. Due to the increasing market demands, the production of synthetic vanillin has gradually developed as an alternative to the complex production of natural vanillin from vanilla orchid beans. Recently, the chemical production of synthetic vanillin from biomass lignin has gained significant attention as the more environmental friendly alternative for vanillin production. Accordingly, lignin isolated from three sources of lignocellulosic biomass which are oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, coconut husk and kenaf fiber were studied and compared prior to be used in the vanillin derivation process. Among the biomass studied, the highest lignin fractions were recovered from the coconut husk which exhibits the best characteristics of lignin in term of structure, purity and thermal behavior. Therefore, only the coconut husk lignin was used for further study. Coconut husk lignin was subjected to an alkaline oxidation at 160 ºC for 2.5 hours, using 0.40 mL nitrobenzene as the oxidant. Approximately 2.83 % of vanillin was successfully produced and its presence in the oxidized mixture was identified by using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) method. Meanwhile, the crystalline structure of purified vanillin was verified using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H1NMR) method. In order to maximize the production yield of vanillin, several variables were considered for optimization using the response surface methodology (RSM) which includes oxidation temperature, oxidation time and volume of nitrobenzene. A maximum yield of 4.01 % vanillin was obtained from coconut husk lignin at 140 ºC for 2.8 hours using 0.44 mL nitrobenzene. The production yield of vanillin at these optimum conditions was compared with the oxidation of OPEFB and kenaf fibers lignin. The comparison shows the highest yield was obtained for the coconut husk lignin oxidation. As a conclusion, the yield of vanillin was improved at low oxidation temperature.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Abdul Halim, Noor Amirah
author_facet	Abdul Halim, Noor Amirah
author_sort	Abdul Halim, Noor Amirah
title	Production of synthetic vanillin from coconut husk lignin via alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation
title_short	Production of synthetic vanillin from coconut husk lignin via alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation
title_full	Production of synthetic vanillin from coconut husk lignin via alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation
title_fullStr	Production of synthetic vanillin from coconut husk lignin via alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation
title_full_unstemmed	Production of synthetic vanillin from coconut husk lignin via alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation
title_sort	production of synthetic vanillin from coconut husk lignin via alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Chemical Engineering
granting_department	Faculty of Chemical Engineering
publishDate	2014
url	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/48591/1/NoorAmirahAbdulMFCh2014.pdf
_version_	1747817427827163136

Production of synthetic vanillin from coconut husk lignin via alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation

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