Synthesis and characterization of renewable carbon cryogel beads from empty fruit bunch for adsorption of ethyl orange

Liquefaction of empty palm fruit bunch (EFB) to lignin was carried out by using ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to identify the optimum condition for lignin yield. The liquefied product (i.e. lignin EFB) was reacted with furfural to synthesize resin. The resin...

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Main Author:	Abu Bakar Sidik, Dilaeleyana
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2013
Subjects:	TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/78135/1/DilaeleyanaAbuBakarSidikMFKK20131.pdf
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spelling	my-utm-ep.781352018-07-25T08:17:38Z Synthesis and characterization of renewable carbon cryogel beads from empty fruit bunch for adsorption of ethyl orange 2013-07 Abu Bakar Sidik, Dilaeleyana TP Chemical technology Liquefaction of empty palm fruit bunch (EFB) to lignin was carried out by using ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to identify the optimum condition for lignin yield. The liquefied product (i.e. lignin EFB) was reacted with furfural to synthesize resin. The resin was washed, freeze-dried and carbonized to obtain carbon cryogel beads (CCBs). The CCBs were then chemically activated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce activated CCBs (A-CCBs). Both CCBs and A-CCBs were characterized for their morphology and physical properties using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scan Electron Microscope, X-Ray Diffraction, Breuner, Emmer and Teller (BET) and Thermogravimetric Analysis. The performance of A-CCBs towards the removal of ethyl orange dye via adsorption process was performed. The adsorption mechanism was revealed through adsorption kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic properties. The results indicate that the optimum lignin yield of 26.6% was produced at temperature of 150.5oC, time of 151 minutes, ionic liquid to EFB weight ratio of 3:1, and sulfuric acid concentration of 4.73 %. The results obtained reveal that chemical activation with KOH increased the BET surface area to 58 m2g-1 and 1068 m2g-1 for CCBs and A-CCBs, respectively. The experimental data were appropriately described by the Langmuir model with correlation coefficient of 0.997. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order. The negative values of the free energy change indicated the adsorption is spontaneous. The positive value of enthalpy change (414.36 J/mol) and entropy change (191.97 J/K.mol) confirmed the endothermic nature and showed the increment of structural changes at solid-solution interface during adsorption process, respectively. It can be concluded that the prepared A-CCBs derived from lignin EFB provide reasonable ethyl orange dye removal capability by up to 83% removal capacity. 2013-07 Thesis http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/78135/ http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/78135/1/DilaeleyanaAbuBakarSidikMFKK20131.pdf application/pdf en public http://dms.library.utm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:78610 masters Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
collection	UTM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	TP Chemical technology Abu Bakar Sidik, Dilaeleyana Synthesis and characterization of renewable carbon cryogel beads from empty fruit bunch for adsorption of ethyl orange
description	Liquefaction of empty palm fruit bunch (EFB) to lignin was carried out by using ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to identify the optimum condition for lignin yield. The liquefied product (i.e. lignin EFB) was reacted with furfural to synthesize resin. The resin was washed, freeze-dried and carbonized to obtain carbon cryogel beads (CCBs). The CCBs were then chemically activated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce activated CCBs (A-CCBs). Both CCBs and A-CCBs were characterized for their morphology and physical properties using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scan Electron Microscope, X-Ray Diffraction, Breuner, Emmer and Teller (BET) and Thermogravimetric Analysis. The performance of A-CCBs towards the removal of ethyl orange dye via adsorption process was performed. The adsorption mechanism was revealed through adsorption kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic properties. The results indicate that the optimum lignin yield of 26.6% was produced at temperature of 150.5oC, time of 151 minutes, ionic liquid to EFB weight ratio of 3:1, and sulfuric acid concentration of 4.73 %. The results obtained reveal that chemical activation with KOH increased the BET surface area to 58 m2g-1 and 1068 m2g-1 for CCBs and A-CCBs, respectively. The experimental data were appropriately described by the Langmuir model with correlation coefficient of 0.997. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order. The negative values of the free energy change indicated the adsorption is spontaneous. The positive value of enthalpy change (414.36 J/mol) and entropy change (191.97 J/K.mol) confirmed the endothermic nature and showed the increment of structural changes at solid-solution interface during adsorption process, respectively. It can be concluded that the prepared A-CCBs derived from lignin EFB provide reasonable ethyl orange dye removal capability by up to 83% removal capacity.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Abu Bakar Sidik, Dilaeleyana
author_facet	Abu Bakar Sidik, Dilaeleyana
author_sort	Abu Bakar Sidik, Dilaeleyana
title	Synthesis and characterization of renewable carbon cryogel beads from empty fruit bunch for adsorption of ethyl orange
title_short	Synthesis and characterization of renewable carbon cryogel beads from empty fruit bunch for adsorption of ethyl orange
title_full	Synthesis and characterization of renewable carbon cryogel beads from empty fruit bunch for adsorption of ethyl orange
title_fullStr	Synthesis and characterization of renewable carbon cryogel beads from empty fruit bunch for adsorption of ethyl orange
title_full_unstemmed	Synthesis and characterization of renewable carbon cryogel beads from empty fruit bunch for adsorption of ethyl orange
title_sort	synthesis and characterization of renewable carbon cryogel beads from empty fruit bunch for adsorption of ethyl orange
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering
granting_department	Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering
publishDate	2013
url	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/78135/1/DilaeleyanaAbuBakarSidikMFKK20131.pdf
_version_	1747817915579629568

Synthesis and characterization of renewable carbon cryogel beads from empty fruit bunch for adsorption of ethyl orange

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