The design of 16X1 array photon counting circuit with brent-kung adder optimization

Farming involves sequence and processes of cultivating crops; among others are bush clearing, irrigation, and soil testing. The soil testing carried out manually by dissolving chemical reagent to form a color, then compared with a color chart is time consuming and error prone without quantitative va...

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Main Author:	Mohammed Ndottiwa, Abubakar
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2020
Subjects:	TK Electrical engineering Electronics Nuclear engineering
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/93011/1/AbubakarMohammedMSKE2020.pdf
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spelling	my-utm-ep.930112021-11-07T06:00:25Z The design of 16X1 array photon counting circuit with brent-kung adder optimization 2020 Mohammed Ndottiwa, Abubakar TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering Farming involves sequence and processes of cultivating crops; among others are bush clearing, irrigation, and soil testing. The soil testing carried out manually by dissolving chemical reagent to form a color, then compared with a color chart is time consuming and error prone without quantitative value. Subsequent systems comprise spectrophotometer, general packet radio service (GPRS), artificial neural network (ANN), and raspberry pi based are expensive and slow. Another system has been developed based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) with capability to test one sample at a time. FPGA supports parallel computing, but it depends on the program written to synthesize the hardware. To tap this advantage, this study developed a design of FPGA based photon counting system, using 16 bits parallel adder (Brent Kung) algorithm. The developed system comprises 16 bits buffer, 16 bits adder, 16 bits parallel input serial output (PISO), and the clock divider circuit. The incoming signal stored in buffer and passed to parallel adder. The parallel adder passes the result to PISO and the clock divider was used to control the counting. The main advantage of the method is speed, the algorithm allows parallel computation, such that, it will be easily implemented in low cost FPGA module. The speed of the adder was achieved by making FPGA operate in parallel mode. To test the effectiveness of the proposed method, Verilog hardware description language was used to synthesize through Vivado suite by Xilinx and simulated under different condition by changing the samples signal with various degree of frequency. It was further verified with Synopsys. The superiority of the proposed method over the conventional is high frequency of 625 MHz in FPGA, 1190 MHz for Brent Kung integrated circuit (IC) and 1639 MHz for two stage pipeline Brent Kung integrated circuit with low power of 2 mW in gate levels. It is envisioning that the proposed method will be very useful in the implementation of high performance, low cost for not only soil nutrient measurement, but also for transforming other serial system to parallel system. 2020 Thesis http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/93011/ http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/93011/1/AbubakarMohammedMSKE2020.pdf application/pdf en public http://dms.library.utm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:135916 masters Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering - School of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering - School of Electrical Engineering
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
collection	UTM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TK Electrical engineering Electronics Nuclear engineering
spellingShingle	TK Electrical engineering Electronics Nuclear engineering Mohammed Ndottiwa, Abubakar The design of 16X1 array photon counting circuit with brent-kung adder optimization
description	Farming involves sequence and processes of cultivating crops; among others are bush clearing, irrigation, and soil testing. The soil testing carried out manually by dissolving chemical reagent to form a color, then compared with a color chart is time consuming and error prone without quantitative value. Subsequent systems comprise spectrophotometer, general packet radio service (GPRS), artificial neural network (ANN), and raspberry pi based are expensive and slow. Another system has been developed based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) with capability to test one sample at a time. FPGA supports parallel computing, but it depends on the program written to synthesize the hardware. To tap this advantage, this study developed a design of FPGA based photon counting system, using 16 bits parallel adder (Brent Kung) algorithm. The developed system comprises 16 bits buffer, 16 bits adder, 16 bits parallel input serial output (PISO), and the clock divider circuit. The incoming signal stored in buffer and passed to parallel adder. The parallel adder passes the result to PISO and the clock divider was used to control the counting. The main advantage of the method is speed, the algorithm allows parallel computation, such that, it will be easily implemented in low cost FPGA module. The speed of the adder was achieved by making FPGA operate in parallel mode. To test the effectiveness of the proposed method, Verilog hardware description language was used to synthesize through Vivado suite by Xilinx and simulated under different condition by changing the samples signal with various degree of frequency. It was further verified with Synopsys. The superiority of the proposed method over the conventional is high frequency of 625 MHz in FPGA, 1190 MHz for Brent Kung integrated circuit (IC) and 1639 MHz for two stage pipeline Brent Kung integrated circuit with low power of 2 mW in gate levels. It is envisioning that the proposed method will be very useful in the implementation of high performance, low cost for not only soil nutrient measurement, but also for transforming other serial system to parallel system.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Mohammed Ndottiwa, Abubakar
author_facet	Mohammed Ndottiwa, Abubakar
author_sort	Mohammed Ndottiwa, Abubakar
title	The design of 16X1 array photon counting circuit with brent-kung adder optimization
title_short	The design of 16X1 array photon counting circuit with brent-kung adder optimization
title_full	The design of 16X1 array photon counting circuit with brent-kung adder optimization
title_fullStr	The design of 16X1 array photon counting circuit with brent-kung adder optimization
title_full_unstemmed	The design of 16X1 array photon counting circuit with brent-kung adder optimization
title_sort	design of 16x1 array photon counting circuit with brent-kung adder optimization
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering - School of Electrical Engineering
granting_department	Faculty of Engineering - School of Electrical Engineering
publishDate	2020
url	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/93011/1/AbubakarMohammedMSKE2020.pdf
_version_	1747818626256207872

The design of 16X1 array photon counting circuit with brent-kung adder optimization

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