Hubungan Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh Dengan Tahap Pemindahan Teknologi : Suatu Kajian Empirikal Mengikut Perspektif Penyelidik Universiti

Total Quality Management (TQM) practices have been positively associated with organizational performance particularly for business-oriented organization in the manufacturing and service sectors. While TQM as a successful managerial strategy is generally accepted in commercial organizations, its rol...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ahmad, Jusoh
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2008
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/1567/1/Ahmad_Jusoh.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/1567/2/Ahmad_Jusoh.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.1567
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
topic HD62 Standardization
Simplification
Waste
spellingShingle HD62 Standardization
Simplification
Waste
Ahmad, Jusoh
Hubungan Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh Dengan Tahap Pemindahan Teknologi : Suatu Kajian Empirikal Mengikut Perspektif Penyelidik Universiti
description Total Quality Management (TQM) practices have been positively associated with organizational performance particularly for business-oriented organization in the manufacturing and service sectors. While TQM as a successful managerial strategy is generally accepted in commercial organizations, its role in public sector especially in higher education institution is still controversial. Only a few empirical studies exist to support the implementation of TQM in higher education institution. Besides, previous studies have shown that the TQM practices adapted in higher education institution are predominantly in administrative areas and teaching activities only. Accordingly it is too hard to find any TQM literatures focusing and discussing on the issues of research and development (R&D) management in higher education setting. Therefore there is a big gap in the TQM literature that has to be filled and a new framework of TQM is called for,along with the modification of the TQM practices for a unique culture of research. In addition, having a good practice of research management in higher education institution is really critical since it will affects the research performance such as the level of technology transfer. Looking at the current phenomenon of technology transfer in higher education institution, there is a need and the justification for doing a research is to understand how TQM practices in R&D management would explain the level of technology transfer. This study is able to prove that there is a positive impact of TQM practices on the level of technology transfer. There are seven constructs in measuring TQM practices i.e. leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, data and information management, people management, process and system management, and partnership and resources. While the indicators of technology transfer are ranging from publication, seminar, consultation,invention disclosure, patenting, licensing, royalties and spin-off company. This study used academic researchers from four research universities as the unit of analysis and had employed stratified sampling technique in the data collection procedure. The instrument used in the data collection process is a set of questionnaire which recorded a high response rate. The instrument had been validated using certain procedure such as expert opinion assessment, pilot test and factor analysis. It also has a higher degree of reliability.The factor analysis was carried out and Hierarchical Multiple Regression analysis that takes into account the personal factor was used to test the main hypothesis of the study.The analyses revealed that there are some modifications on the original construct of TQM and there is a positive significant relationship between TQM practices and level of technology transfer. In conclusion the findings of the study have contributed to the enhancement of understanding on the subject matter and more importantly it also contribute to the development and affirmation of theories in the field of quality management.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Ahmad, Jusoh
author_facet Ahmad, Jusoh
author_sort Ahmad, Jusoh
title Hubungan Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh Dengan Tahap Pemindahan Teknologi : Suatu Kajian Empirikal Mengikut Perspektif Penyelidik Universiti
title_short Hubungan Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh Dengan Tahap Pemindahan Teknologi : Suatu Kajian Empirikal Mengikut Perspektif Penyelidik Universiti
title_full Hubungan Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh Dengan Tahap Pemindahan Teknologi : Suatu Kajian Empirikal Mengikut Perspektif Penyelidik Universiti
title_fullStr Hubungan Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh Dengan Tahap Pemindahan Teknologi : Suatu Kajian Empirikal Mengikut Perspektif Penyelidik Universiti
title_full_unstemmed Hubungan Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh Dengan Tahap Pemindahan Teknologi : Suatu Kajian Empirikal Mengikut Perspektif Penyelidik Universiti
title_sort hubungan pengurusan kualiti menyeluruh dengan tahap pemindahan teknologi : suatu kajian empirikal mengikut perspektif penyelidik universiti
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department College of Business (COB)
publishDate 2008
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/1567/1/Ahmad_Jusoh.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/1567/2/Ahmad_Jusoh.pdf
_version_ 1747827167564136448
spelling my-uum-etd.15672013-07-24T12:12:20Z Hubungan Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh Dengan Tahap Pemindahan Teknologi : Suatu Kajian Empirikal Mengikut Perspektif Penyelidik Universiti 2008 Ahmad, Jusoh College of Business (COB) College of Business HD62 Standardization. Simplification. Waste Total Quality Management (TQM) practices have been positively associated with organizational performance particularly for business-oriented organization in the manufacturing and service sectors. While TQM as a successful managerial strategy is generally accepted in commercial organizations, its role in public sector especially in higher education institution is still controversial. Only a few empirical studies exist to support the implementation of TQM in higher education institution. Besides, previous studies have shown that the TQM practices adapted in higher education institution are predominantly in administrative areas and teaching activities only. Accordingly it is too hard to find any TQM literatures focusing and discussing on the issues of research and development (R&D) management in higher education setting. Therefore there is a big gap in the TQM literature that has to be filled and a new framework of TQM is called for,along with the modification of the TQM practices for a unique culture of research. In addition, having a good practice of research management in higher education institution is really critical since it will affects the research performance such as the level of technology transfer. Looking at the current phenomenon of technology transfer in higher education institution, there is a need and the justification for doing a research is to understand how TQM practices in R&D management would explain the level of technology transfer. This study is able to prove that there is a positive impact of TQM practices on the level of technology transfer. There are seven constructs in measuring TQM practices i.e. leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, data and information management, people management, process and system management, and partnership and resources. While the indicators of technology transfer are ranging from publication, seminar, consultation,invention disclosure, patenting, licensing, royalties and spin-off company. This study used academic researchers from four research universities as the unit of analysis and had employed stratified sampling technique in the data collection procedure. The instrument used in the data collection process is a set of questionnaire which recorded a high response rate. The instrument had been validated using certain procedure such as expert opinion assessment, pilot test and factor analysis. It also has a higher degree of reliability.The factor analysis was carried out and Hierarchical Multiple Regression analysis that takes into account the personal factor was used to test the main hypothesis of the study.The analyses revealed that there are some modifications on the original construct of TQM and there is a positive significant relationship between TQM practices and level of technology transfer. In conclusion the findings of the study have contributed to the enhancement of understanding on the subject matter and more importantly it also contribute to the development and affirmation of theories in the field of quality management. 2008 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/1567/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/1567/1/Ahmad_Jusoh.pdf application/pdf eng validuser https://etd.uum.edu.my/1567/2/Ahmad_Jusoh.pdf application/pdf eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abd. Majid, M. Z., Rasli, A., & Asmi, A. (2006, June 14-16). Knowledge Management and project performance in Malaysian Construction Consulting Companies. Paper presented at the Joint International Conference on Computing and Decision Making in Civil and Building Engineering,Montreal, Canada.Abdullah, M. (1994). Analisis Regresi. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Adam, E. E., & Foster, S. T. (2000). Quality improvement approach and performance:multisite analysis within a firm. Journal of Quality Management, 5(2), 143-158.Agmon, T., & Von Glinow, M. (1991). Technology transfer in international business.Oxford, UK: Oxford university press.Ahire, S. L., Golhar, D. Y., & Waller, M. A. (1996). Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, 27(1), 23-56.Ahmad Mahzan, A. (2005). Kaedah Penyelidikan sosioekonomi (3rd ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Ahmad, S., & Schroeder, G. (2002). The importance of recruitment and selection process for sustainability of total quality management. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 19(5), 540-550. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. New Jersey: Printice Hall. Allen, T. J. (1984). Managing the flow of technology: Technology transfer and the dissemination of technological information within the R&D organization.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Altbach, P. G. (Ed.). (2002). Studies in Higher Education: Dissertation Series. New York: RoutlegeFalmer. Al-Turki, U., & Duffuaa, S. (2003). Performance measures for academic departments.The International Journal of Education Management, 17(6/7), 330-338.Aly, N., & Akpovi, J. (2001). Total quality management in California public higher education. Quality Assurance in Education, 9(3), 127-131.Anderson, E. W., & Fornel, C. (2000). Foundation of the American Customer Satisfaction Index. Total Quality management, 11(7), 869-882.Anderson, J. C., Rungtusanatham, M., & Schroeder, R. G. (1994). A theory of quality management underlying the Deming Management Method. Academic Management Review, 19(3), 472-509.Arnold, E., Rush, H., Bessant, J., & Hobday, M. (1998). Strategik planning in research and technology institutes. R & D Management, 28(2), 89-100.Arrindell, W. A., & Van de Ende, J. (1985). An emperical test of the utility of the observation-to-variables ratio in factor and components analysis. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 165-178. Aslan, A.-S. (2006). University-Industry Research and Technology Links in Malaysia.Manchester Business School, Manchester.Babbie, B. (1979). The Practice of Social Research. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Publishing Co. Inc. Babu, A. R., & Singh, Y. P. (1998). Determinants of research productivity.Scientometrics, 43(3),309-329.Baldrige. (2006). Baldrige National Quality Program-Criteria for performance excellence. Retrieved 20 Sept, 2006, from http://www.quality.nist.gov Barnes, T., Pashby, I., & Gibbons, A. (2002). Effective university-industry interaction: A multicase evaluation of collaborative R&D projects. European Management Journal, 20(3), 272-285.Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.Barney, J. B. (1996). Resource-based theory of the firm. Organizational Science, 7,469-480.Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2002). Management: Competing in the New Era (5ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Behara, R. S., & Gundersen, D. E. (2001). Analysis of quality management practices in services. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 18(6),584-603.Bennett, L. M., & Kerr, M. A. (1996). A system approach to the implementation of total quality management. Total Quality management, 7(6), 631-665.Bercovitz, J., Feldman, M., Feller, I., & Burton, R. (2001). Organizational structure as a determinant of academic patent and licencing behavior: An exploratory study of Duke, Johns Hopkins and Pennsylvania State Universities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26, 21-35.Berry, G. (1997). Leadership and the development of quality culture in schools.International Journal of Educational Management, 11(2), 52-64.Besterfield, D. H., Besterfield-Michna, C., Berterfield, G. H., & Besterfield-Scare, M.(2003). Total Quality Management (3 ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Birley, S. (2003). University, academics and spinout companies: Lesson from Imperial. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1(1), 1-21.Bishop, A. P., & Peterson, M. B. (1990). Developing information system for technology transfer: an example from tribology. Science and Technology Library, 11(2), 5-27. Black, S. A., & Porter, L. J. (1996). Identification of the critical factors of TQM.Decision Sciences, 27(1), 1-21. Blackburn, R. T., Behymer, C. E., & Hall, D. E. (1978). Research notes: correlates of faculty publications. Sociology of Education, 51, 132-141.Bland, C. J., & Ruffin, M. T. (1992). Characteristics of a productive research environment: literature review. Academic Medicine, 67(6), 385-397.Blumenthal, D., Campbel, C., Causino, N., & Louis, K., 335(23), 1734-1739. (1996).Participation of life-sciences faculty in research relationship with industry.New England Journal of Medicine, 335(23), 1734-1739.Bolton, A. (1995). A rose by any other name: TQM in higher education. Quality Assurance in Education, 3(2), 13-18.Boselie, P., & Wiele, T. v. d. (2002). Employee perceptions of HRM and TQM, and the effects on satisfaction and intention to leave. Managing Service Quality,12(3), 165-172.Bozeman, B. (2000). Technology transfer and public policy: a review of research andtheory. Research Policy, 29, 627-655.Bozeman, B., & Boardman, C. (2003). Research and technology collaboration and linkages: Implications from two U.S. case studies. Report prepared for the Council of Science and Technology Advisor (CSTA) Study on Federal S&T linkages. Retrieved Sept 8, 2006, from http://www.csta-cest.ca/files/usa.pdfBozeman, B., & Lee, S. (2003). The impact of research collaboration on scientific productivity. Paper presented at the Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, February 15-18,2003, Denver, Colarado.Bremer, H. (1999). University technology transfer evolution and revolution. Retrieved 18/2/99, from http://web.mit.edu/osp/www/cogr/bremer.htm Brennan, L. (2001). Total quality management in research and development environment. Intergrated Manufacturing System, 12(2),94-102. Bristish Standard Institute. (1992). BS5750: Guidance Notes for Application to Education and Training: BSI Quality Assurance, Milton Keynes.British Standard Institute. (2000). Quality management system. London: BSI. Brown, G. D. (1995). Understanding barriers to basing nursing practices upon research: a communicaion model approach. Journal of Advance Nursing, 21,154-157. Calvo-Mora, A., Leal, A., & Roldan, J. L. (2006). Using enablers of the EFQM model to manage institutions of higher education. Quality Assurance in Education,14(2), 99-122. Carayannis, E. G., Rogers, E. M., Kurihara, K., & Allbrit, M. M. (1998). High-Technology spin-offs from goverment R&D laboratories and research universities. Technovation, 18(1), 1-11.Carlsson, B., & Fridh, A.-C. (2002). Technology transfer in United States universities. A survey and statistical analysis. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 12, 199-232.Chang, P.-L., & Hsu, C.-W. (1998). A quality management model for research institutes responsible for goverment-supported R&D projects. International Journal of Technology Management, 16(4-6), 393-404.Chang, Y. C., Chen, M.-H., Hua, M., & Yang, P. Y. (2005). Industrialization academic knowledge in Taiwan. Research Technology Management, 48(4),45-50.Chataway, J., & Wield, D. (2000). Industrialization, innovation and what does knowledge management change? Journal of International Development, 12, 803-824.Chatterji, D., & Davidson, J. M. (2001). Examining TQM'S Legacies for R&D.Research Technology Management, 44(1), 10-12.Chen, Y., Gupta, A., & Hoshower, L. (2006). Factors that motivate business faculty to conduct research: An Expectancy Theory analysis. Journal of Education for Business, 81(4), 179-189.Chiesa, V., & Piccaluga, A. (2000). Exploitation and diffusion of public research: The case of academic spinoffs in Italy. R & D Management, 30(4), 329-340.Chubin, D. E., Porter, A. L., & Boeckman, M. (1981). Career patterns of scientists.Academic Sociological Review, 46, 488-496.CIPA. (2006). Basic Patents. Retrieved 27/4/05, 2006, from http://www.cipa.org.uk/pages/advice-patentsClark, S. M., & Lewis, D. R. (1985). Faculty Vitality and Institutional Productivity: Critical Perspectives for Higher Education. New York: Teachers College Press. Clarke, T. E. (2002a). Unique features of an R&D work environment and researchscientists and engineers. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 15(3), 58-69. Clarke, T. E. (2002b). Why do we still not apply what we know about managing R&D personnel? Research Technology Management, March-April,9-11.Coakes, S. J., Steed, L., & Dzidic, P. (2006). SPSS version 13.0 for windows: Analysis without Anguish. Sydney, Australia: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd.cohen, G. (2004). Technology transfer: strategic management in developing countries. New Delhi: Sage Publication.Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral science (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.).Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Cook, S. (2005). Ticking the right boxes. Training Journal(July), 42-45.Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2000). Business research method (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corsten, H. (1987). Technology transfer from universities to small and medium-sized enterprises- an emperical survey from the standpoint of such enterprises.Technovation, 6, 57-68. Cragg, P. B. (2005). The information system content of Baldrige and EFQM models.Total Quality management, 16(8/9), 1001-1008.Crosby, P. B. (1979). Quality is free: The art of making quality certain. New York:Mcgraw Hill.Cusins, P. (1994). Understanding quality through system thinking. The TQM Magazine, 6(5), 19-27.Cuttance, P. (1995, 2-5 July). A question about quality. Paper presented at the ACEA International Conference, Sydney.Dellana, S. A., & Wiebe, H. A. (1992). Application of total quality management to research and development: a historical perspective. Paper presented at the Engineering Management Conference: Managing in Global Environment-1992. International, Eatontown, NJ, USA.Deming, W. E. (1982a). Out of the crisis. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Advanced Engineering Study.Deming, W. E. (1982b). Quality, productivity and competetive position. Cambridge,Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dess, G., & Robinson, R. (1984). Measuring organization performance in the absence of objective measure: the case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal, 5(3), 265-273.Dessler, G. (2004). Management: principles and practices for tomorrow's leaders(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education, Inc.Dias, M. M. K., & Vergueiro, W. (1998). Information and technology transfer in Brazil: evolution and perspectives. New Library World, 99(1141), 112-118. DiGregorio, D., & Shane, S. (2003). Why some universities generate more start-ups than others. Research Policy, 32(2), 209-227.Dorf, R. C., & Worthington, K. K. F. (1990). Technology transfer from universities and research laboratories. Technology Forecasting and Social Change, 37(251-266).Dorsamy, E. K. (1999). Developing a model fr research management at the historically black universities in South Africa. Retrieved Sept 8, 2006, from http://www.herdsa.org.au/branches/vic/Cornerstones/pdf/Dorsamy.PDF Druilhe, C., & Garnsey, E. (2004). Do academic spin-outs differ and does it matter. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3/4), 269-285. Dundar, H., & Lewis, D. R. (1998). Determinants of research productivity in higher education. Research in Higher Education, 39(6), 607-731.Eadie, T. L., & Doyle, P. C. (2005). Quality of life in male tracheoesophageal (TE) speakers. Journal of Rehabilation Research & Development, 42(1), 115-124.EFQM. (2006). The fundamental concepts of excellence. Retrieved 24 Sept, 2006,from http://www.quality-foundation.co.uk Ehrenberg, R. H., & Stupak, R. J. (1994). Total Quality Management: Its relationship to administrative theory and organizational behavior in the public sector.Public Administration Quaterly, 18(1), 75-98. Elmuti, D., Kathawala, Y., & Manippallil, M. (1996). Are total quality management programmes in higher education worth the effort? International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management., 13(6), 29-44.Eto, M., Rogers, E. M., Wierengo, D., & Allbritton, M. (1995). Technology transfer from goverment R&D laboratories in the United States and Japan: Focus on New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, Department of Communication and Journalism, Report to the Mitsubishi International Corporation.Everything2. (2006). Walter A. Shewhart. Retrieved 28/4, 2006, from http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1389297 Feigenbaum, A. V. (1991). Total quality control (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Feldman, M., & Desrochers, P. (2003). Research universities and local economic development: Lessons from the history of the Johns Hopkins University.Industry and Innovation, 10(1), 5-24.Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: SagePublications.Filho, A. d. F., Paez, M. L. D. A., & Goedert, W. J. (2002). Strategic Planning in Public R&D organization for agribusiness: Brazil and the USA. Technology Forecasting and Social Change, 69(8), 833-847.Fisher, J., Kirk, C., & Taylor, D. (1995). The implication of TQM for R&D strategyin New Zealand firms. Technovation, 15(1), 1-9.Fisher, W. A. (1976). Emprical approachs to understanding technology transfer. R&D Management, 6(4), 151-157.Flynn, B. B., Schroeder, R. G., & Sakakibara, S. (1994). A framework of qualitymanagement research and an association measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, 11(4), 339-366. Forza, C. (2002). Survey research in operations management: a process-based perspective. International Journal of Operations & Production Management,22(2), 152-194. Forza, C., & Filippini, R. (1998). TQM impact on quality conformance and customer satisfaction: a causal model. International Journal of Production Economics, 55(1), 1-20.Franklin, S. J., Wright, M., & Lockett, A. (2001). Academic and surrogate entrepreneurs in university spin-out companies. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26, 127-141.Friedman, J., & Silberman, J. (2003). University technology transfer : Do incentives, management and location matter? Journal of Technology Transfer, 28, 17-30.Fujisue, K. (1998). Promotion of academia-industry cooperation in Japanestablishing the "law of promoting technology transfer from university to industry" in Japan. Technovation, 18(6/7), 371-381. Garavelli, A. C., Gorgogline, M., & Scozzi, B. (2002). Managing knowledge transfer by knowledge technologies. Technovation, 22, 269-279.Garland, R. (1991). The mid-point on a rating scale: Is it desireable? Marketing Bulletin, 2, 66-70.Garvin, D. A. (1991). How the Baldrige Award really works. Harvard Business Review, 69(6), 80-95. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Gitlow, H. S., Oppenheim, A. J., Oppenheim, R., & Levine, D. M. (2005). Quality Management (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.Goetsch, D. L., & Davis, S. B. (2003). Quality Management: Introduction to Total Quality Management for production, processing and services (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Goldenberg, K., & Goldenberg, K. L. (1997, May). Procedures for reducing measurement errors in establishment surveys. Paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Norfolk, Virginia.Goldfarb, B., & Henrekson, M. (2003). Bottom-up versus top down policies towards the commercialization of universites intellectual property. Research Policy,32, 639-658.Gotzami, K. D., & Tsiotras, G. D. (2002). The true motives behind ISO 9000 certification; Their effect on the overall certification benefits and long term contribution towards TQM. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 19(2), 151-169. Greenwood, J., & Gray, G. (1998). Developing a nursing research culture in the university and health sectors in Western Sydney, Australia. Nurse Education Today, 18, 642-648.Grenn, S. B. (1991). How many subjects does it taketo do regression analysis?Multivariate Behavioural Research, 26, 499-510.Gulbrandsen, M., & Smeby, J.-C. (2005). Industry funding and university professors' research performance. Research Policy, 34, 932-950. Hair, J. F., Jr, Babin, B., Money, A. H., & Samouel, P. (2003). Essential of business research methods. New Jersey: John Wiley & Son, Inc.Hair, J. F., Jr, Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006).Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Printice Hall.Hansen, G., & Wernerfelt, B. (1989).Determinants of firm performance: the relative importance of economic and organizational factor. Strategic Management Journal, 10(5), 399-411.Harman, G., & Harman, K. (2004). Goverments and universities as the main drivers of enhanced australian university research commercialization capability.Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 26(2), 153-169.Hasan, H. (1999). Effective information for managers: Using multi-dimensional data structures to support research management. Retrieved Sept 8, 2006, from http://www2.vuw.ac.nc/acis99/Papers/PaperHasan-034.pdf Heininger, S. A. (1988). R&D and competitiveness-What leader must do. Research Technology Management, 31(6), 6-7.Hellstrom, T., Eckerstein, J., & Helm, A. (2001). R&D management through network mapping: using the internet to identify strategik network actors in cooperative research network. R&D Management, 31(3), 257-263.Helms, M. M., Williams, A. B., & Nixon, J. C. (2001). TQM principles and their relevance to higher education: The question of tenure and post-tenure review.The International Journal of Education Management, 15(7), 322-331.Hemlin, S. (2006). Managing creativity in academik research. Science Studies, 1, 83-92.Hemsley-Brown, J. (2004). Facilitating research utilization. A cross-sector review of research evidence. The International Journal of Public Sector Management,17(6), 534-552. Ho, S. K. (1995). TQM an integrated approach. London: Kogan Page.Ho, S. K., & Fung, C. K. (1995). Developing a TQM excellence model: Part 2. The TQM Magazine, 7(1), 24-32. Ho, S. K., & Wearn, K. (1995). A TQM model for higher education and training.Training for quality, 3(2), 25-33. Hollowway, J. (1994). Is there a place for total quality management in higher education? In G. D. Doherty (Ed.), Developing Quality System in Education.London: Routledge. Holmes, J. D., McClaskey, D. J., & Tarpley, A. R. (1988). Doubling research's productivity using TQM. Paper presented at the ASQ's Annual Quality Congress, Milwaukee.Hornby, A. S. (2001). Oxford Fajar advanced learner's English-Malay dictionary.Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Bakti.Horng, D.-J., & Hsueh, C.-C. (2005). How to improve efficeincy in transfer of scientific knowledge from university to firm: the case of universities in Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 7(3), 187-190.Houghton, J. W. (2005). Changing research practices and research infrastructure development. Higher Education Management and Policy, 17(1), 1-19.Hsu, J. P., & Yeo, K. T. (1996). A systematic approach to re-engineer a Public Research Institute (PRI) for commercialization. International Journal of Project Management, 14(6), 387-393. Hughes, N. A. (1994). TQM in higher education: the application of IT. Unpublished Phd Thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincold, NE.Ishikawa, K. (1985). What is Total Quality Control? Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice Hall. ISO 9000. (2006). Quality Management Principle. Retrieved 20 Sept, 2006, from http:www.iso.org/iso/en/iso9000-14000/understand/qmp.html Jablonski, J. R. (1992). Implementing TQM: Competing in the nineties through Total Quality Management. CA: Pfeiffer & Company.Jabnoun, N., & Sahraoui, S. (2004). Enabling a TQM structure through information technology. Competitiveness Review, 14(1/2), 72-81.Jabnoun, N., & Sedrani, K. (2005). TQM, Culture and performance in UEA manufacturing firm. The Quality Management Journal, 12(4), 8-20.Jain, R. K., & Triandis, H. C. (1990). Management of research and development organizations: Managing the unmanageable. New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc.Jankowski, J. E. (1999). Trends in academic research spending, alliances and commercialization. Journal of Technology Transfer, 24, 55-68.Jaraiedi, M., & Ritz, D. (1994). TQM applied to engineering education. Quality Assurance in Education, 2(1), 32-40.Johnston, S., & Mccormack, C. (1997). Developing research potential through a structured mentoring program: issues arising. Higher Education, 33, 251-264.Juran, J. M. (1988). Juran's quality control handbook. New York: Mcgraw Hill.Kanji, G. K., & Tambi, A. M. A. (1999). Total quality management in UK higher education institutions. Total Quality management, 10(1), 129-153.Kanji, G. K., Tambi, A. M. A., & Wallace, W. (1999). A comparitive study of quality practices in higher education institutions in the US and Malaysia. Total Quality management, 10(3), 357-371.Katz, E., & Coleman, M. (2001). The growing importance of research at academic colleges of education in Isreal. Education & Training, 43(2/3), 82-94.Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2004). Kod Amalan Jaminan Kualiti IPTA di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Bahagian Jaminan Kualiti, Jabatan Pendidikan Tinggi, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Khalil, T. (2000). Management of technology: the key to competitiveness and wealth creation. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.Kiella, M. L., & Golhar, D. Y. (1997). Total quality management in R&D environment. International Journal of Operation and Production Management, 17(2), 184-198.Kirkland, J. (2005). Towards an integrated approach: university research management in an institutional context. International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development, 4(3), 155-166.Klofsten, M., & Jones-Evans, D. (2000). Comparing academic entrepreneurship in Europe- The case of Sweden and Ireland. Small Business Economics, 14(4),299-309.Koch, V. J. (2003). TQM: Why is its impact in higher education so small? The TQM Magazine, 15(5), 325-333.Kondo, Y. (1994). Kaoru Ishikawa: What he thought and achieved, a basis for further research. Quality Management Journal, July, 86-91. Konstadt, P. (1990). The unending quest for quality. CIO, 3(11), 83-85.Korunka, C., Carayon, P., Sainfort, F., Scharitzer, D., & Hoonakker, P. (2003).Quality in public sector from an employee's perspective: results from a transnational comparison. Total Quality management, 14(5), 537-548.Kotter, J. P. (1990). What leaders really do. Harvard Business Review, May-June,103-111.Krejcie, R., & Morgan, D. (1970). Determining sample saiz for research activities.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.Kumar, V., & Boyle, T. (2001). A quality management framework for manufacturingbased R&D environment.International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 18(3), 336-359.Kwan, P. Y. K. (1996). Application of total quality management in education: retrospect and prospect. International Journal of Educational Management,10(5), 25-35.Kyvik, S. (1995). Are big universities department better than small ones? Higher Education, 30(3), 295-304.Lake, N. (2004). The real art of strategic planning. Total Quality management,15(5/6),735-742.Landry, R., Amara, N., & Lamari, M. (2001). Utilization of social science research knowledge in Canada. Research Policy, 30(333-349). Landry, R., Amara, N., & Ouimet, M. (2006). Determinants of knowledge transfer:evidence from Canadian university researchers in natural sciences and engineering. Retrieved 1 Disember, 2006, from http://www.springerlink.com/content/v385561575m27q03/fulltext.htmlLandry, R., Lamari, M., & Amara, N. (2003). Extent and determinants of utilization of university research in goverment agencies. Public Administration Review,63(2), 191-204. Lee, J., & Win, H. N. (2004). Technology transfer between university research centers and industry in Singapore. Technovation, 24, 433-442.Lee, M. N. N. (2004). Research assessment in institutions of higher learning / by the Advisory Committee to the Vice-Chancellor on World Class. Pulau Pinang:Universiti Sains Malaysia.Lee, Y. S. (1996). Technology transfer and the research university: a search for the boundaries of university-industry collaboration. Research Policy, 25, 843-863.Lee, Y. S. (1996). 'Technology transfer' and the research university: a search for the boundaries of university-industry collaboration. Research Policy, 5, 843-863.Lee, Y. S. (2000). The sustainability og university-industry research collaboration.Journal of Technology Transfer, 25, 111-133.Lembaga Akreditasi Negara. (2006). Kod Amalan Jaminan Kualiti IPTA di Malaysia. Retrieved 18 July, 2006, from http://www.lan.gov.my Levin, R. I., Rubin, D. S., Munisamy, S., & Awang, H. (2000). Statistik untuk Pengurusan (7th ed.). P.J. Selangor: Prentice Hall.Levin, S. G., & Stephan, P. E. (1989). Age and research productivity of academic scientists. Research in Higher Education, 30(5), 531-549. Levine, D. M., Stephan, D., Krehbiel, T. C., & Berenson, M. L. (2002). Statistics for managers: using microsoft excel (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Li, L. (1997). Relationship between determinants of hospital quality management and service quality performance- a path analytic model. International Journal of Management Science, 25(5), 535-545.Lim, K. T. (2003). Impak prinsip-prinsip PKM ke atas kepuasan hati pelajar dan pencapaian akademik pelajar: Satu kajian emperikal dalam sektor pendidikan tinggi awam Malaysia. Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok.Lind, D. A., & Mason, R. D. (1996). Basic statistics for business and economics (2nd ed.).New York, USA: Irwin.Liu, H., & Jiang, Y. (2001). Technology transfer from higher education institution to industry in China: nature and implications. Technovation, 21, 175-188.Logar, C. M., Ponzurick, T. G., Spears, J. R., & France, K. R. (2001).Commercializing intelectual property: a university-industry alliance for new product development. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 10(4), 206-217.Long, C., & Vickers-Koch, M. (1995). Is it process management and, with, or insteadof TQM? Journal of Quality and Participation, 18(3), 70-77.Long, J. S., Allison, P. D., & McGinnis, R. (1979). Entrance into the avademic career.American Sociological Review, 44, 816-830. López, S. P., Peón, J. M. M., & Ordás, C. J. V. (2004). Managing knowledge: the link between culture and organizational learning. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(6), 93-104.Lowe, J. (1993). Commercialization of university research: A policy perspective.Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 5(1), 27-37.MacGuire, J. M. (1990). Putting nursing research finding into practices: research utilization as an aspect of the management change. Journal of Advance Nursing, 15, 614-620.Malaysia. (2001). Eight Malaysia Plan 2001-2005. Kuala Lumpur: Unit Perancangan Ekonomi, Jabatan Perdana Menteri.Malaysia. (2006). Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan 2006-2010. Putrajaya: Unit Perancang Ekonomi, Jabatan Perdana Menteri.Mani, S. (2000). Policy instruments for stimulating R&D in the enterprise sector. The contrasting experiences of two MNC dominated economies from Southeast Asia. Maastricht, The Netherlands: United Nation University/Institute for New Technology.Manning, L. M., & Barrette, J. (2005). Research performance management in academe. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 22(4), 273-287. Markman, G. D., Gianiodis, P. T., Phan, P. H., & Balkin, D. B. (2004).Entrepreneurship from the ivory tower: Do incentive system matter? Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(253-364).MASTIC. (2004a). Malaysian Science and Technology Indicators: 2004 Report.Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation(MOSTI). MASTIC. (2004b). National Survey of Research & Development; 2004 report.Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation(MOSTI).Matkin, G. W. (1990). Technology transfer and the university. New York: Macmillan. Matta, K., Chen, H.-G., & Tama, J. (1998). The information requirements of total quality management. Total Quality management, 9(6), 445-461.McAdam, R., & Welsh, W. (2000). A critical view of the business excellence quality model applied to further education colleges. Quality Assurance in Education,8(3), 120-130.Mergen, E., Grant, D., & Widrick, S. M. (2000). Quality management applied to higher educatio. Total Quality management, 11(3), 345-352. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied Multivariate Research:Design and Intrepretation. California, USA: Sage Publication, Inc.Michener, H. A., DeLamater, J. D., & Myers, D. J. (2004). Social Psychology. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.Milken Institute. (2006). Milken Institute Technology Transfer and Commercilization Index 2000-2004. Retrieved 23 March, 2007, from http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/m2m2002_uni_tech.pdf Miller, G. (1994). Quality in research: an emperical study. Technovation, 14(6), 381-394.Montgomery, D. C. (1997). Introduction to statistical quality control (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Son.Moskal, B. S. (1994). Perseption is the reality. Industry Week, 243, 39-40.MOSTE. (2000). Users' Manual for IRPA Programme 8th Malaysia Plan. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment. Motwani, J., & Kumar, A. (1997). The need for implementing total quality management in education. International Journal of Educational Management,11(3), 131-135. MTSF. (2005). from www.mtsf.org Muller, C., & Fujiwara, T. (2002). The commercialization of biotechnology in Japan. Drug Discovery Today, 7(13), 699-704.Nahar, N., Lyytinen, K., Huda, N., & Murravyov, S. V. (2006). Success factor for information technology supported international technology transfer: Finding expert consensus. Information and management, 43, 663-677.Nobelius, D. (2004). Towards the six generation of R&D management. International Journal of Project Management, Article in Press.Nolinske, T. (1995). Research Forum: Survey research and measurement error.Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 7(2), 68-77. Norfadzillah, H. (2004, 16 Nov). Making Research Work. Malaysian Business, 14.Norfatimah, A. (2006, 30 Mac). Tanpa paten ciptaan mudah diciplak. Berita Harian, p. 13.Numprasertchai, S., & Igel, B. (2005). Managing knowledge through collaboration:multiple case studies af managing research in university laboratories in Thailand.Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.Oakland, J. S. (1989). Total Quality Management. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Oakland, J. S. (2004). Oakland on Quality Management. London: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.Ojanen, V., Piippo, P., & Tuominen, M. (2002). Applying quality award criteria in R&D project management. International Journal of Production Economics,80, 119-128.O'Shea, R., Allen, T. J., O'Gorman, C., & Roche, F. (2004). Universities and technology transfer: A review of academic entrepreneurship Literature. Irish Journal of Management, 25(2), 11-29. Osseo-Asare, A. E., Jr, & Longbottom, D. (2002). The need for education and training in the use of the EFQM model for quality management in UK higher education institutions. Quality Assurance in Education, 10(1), 26-36.Owen, W. H., Jr. (1993). Higher education and TQM: Needs, caveats and opportunities for employee surveys. Retrieved 2 January, 2006, from http:www.amstat.org/sections/SRMS/proceeding/paper/1993_215.pdf Owen-Smith, J., & Powel, W. W. (2001). To patent or not: Faculty decisions and institutional success at technology transfer. Journal of Technology Transfer,26(99-114).Owlia, M. S., & Aspinwall, E. M. (1996). A framework for the dimension of quality in higher education. Quality Assurance in Education, 4(2), 12-20.Owlia, M. S., & Aspinwall, E. M. (1997). TQM in higher education- a review.International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 14(5), 527-543.Owlia, M. S., & Aspinwall, E. M. (1998). A Framework for measuring quality in engineering education. Total Quality management, 9(6), 501-518.Parker, D. D., & Zilberman, D. (1993). University technology transfers: impacts on local and US economies. Contemporary Policy Issues, 11(2), 87-96.Pearson. (2006). Response scales: How many points and what labels. Retrieved 18 Jan, 2006, from www.PearsonNCS.com/survey Pearson, A. W., Vaughan, N., & Butler, J. (1988). The implementation of TQM in R&D. International Journal of Technology Management, 16(4-6), 405-432.Peteraf, M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: a resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 179-191.Petruska, I. (2002). Why should companies and universities co-operate in R&D?-The marketing fundamentals. Periodica Polytechnica Ser. Soc. Man. Sci, 10(2),303.Pirnay, F., Surlemont, B., & Nlemvo, F. (2003). Toward a typology of university spin-offs. Small Business Economics, 21, 355-369.PKPA. (1992). Panduan pengurusan kualiti menyeluruh TQM bagi pentadbiran awam.Pekeliling Kamajuan Pentadbiran Awam Bil 1 tahun 1992. Malaysia:MDC Penerbit Percetak Sdn Bhd.Powell, T. C. (1995). Total quality management as competitive advantage: a review and emperical study. Strategic Management Journal, 16, 15-37.Power, J., & McDougall, P. (2005). University start-up formation and technology licencing with firm that go public: A resource based view of academic entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(3), 291-311.Powers, J. B. (2000). Academic entrepreneurship in higher education: Institutional effects on performance of university technlogy transfer. Indiana University, Indiana.Prajogo, D. I., & Mcdermott, C. M. (2005). The relationship between total quality management practices and organizational culture. International Journal of Operation & Production Management, 25(11), 1101-1122.Prajogo, D. I., & Sohal, A. S. (2003). The relationship between TQM practices,quality performance and innovation performance. International Journal ofQuality & Reliability Management,, 20(8), 901-918.Prajogo, D. I., & Sohal, A. S. (2006). The intergration of TQM and technology/R&D management in determining quality and innovation performance. The International Journal of Management Science, 34, 296-312. Pratt, M., Margaritis, D., & Coy, D. (1999). Developing a research culture in a university faculty. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 1(1), 43-55.Prez-Bustamante, G. (1999). Knowledge management in agile innovative organization. Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(1), 6-17. Prpic, K. (1996). Scientific fields and eminent scientists' productivity patterns and factors. Scientometrics, 37(3), 445-471.Quetglas, G. M., & Grau, B. C. (2002). Aspect of university research and technology transfer to private industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 39, 51-58.Rahman, S.-u. (2001). A comparative study of TQM practice and organizational performance of SMEs with and without ISO certification. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 18(1), 35-49.Rasli, A. (2006). Data analysis and intrepretation: A handbook for postgraduate social scientist. Skudai, Johor: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.Richardson, B., & Cooper, N. (2003). Developing a virtual interdisciplinary research university in higher education. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 17(2), 173-182.Richardson, T. L. (1996). Total Quality Management. New York: Delmar.Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. (2003). Management (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education, Inc.Rogers, E. M., Yin, Y., & Hoffmann, J. (2000). Assessing the effectiveness of technology transfer offices at U.S. research universities. The Journal of the Association of University Technology Manager, 12, 47-80.Rose, E. L., & Ito, K. (1996). Knowledge creation through the internal information market: an integration of total quality management. Quality Management Journal, 3, 87-102.Ruiz-Carrillo, J. I. C., & Fernandez-Ortiz, R. (2005). Theoretical Foundation of the EFQM model: The resource-based view. Total Quality management, 16(1), 31-55.Rushton, J. P., Murray, H. G., & Paunonen, S. V. (1987). Personality characteristics associated with high research productivity. In D. N. Jackson & J. P. Rushton (Eds.), Scientific excellence. Newbury Park, C.A: Sage Publications.Sahal, D. (1981). Alternative conceptions of technology. Research Policy, 10, 2-24.Sahney, S., Banwet, D. K., & Karunes, S. (2004). Conceptualizing total quality management in higher education. The TQM Magazine, 16(2), 145-159.Sakthivel, P. B., Rajendran, G., & Raju, R. (2005). TQM implementation and students' satisfaction of academic performance. The TQM Magazine, 17(6),573-589.Sakthivel, P. B., & Raju, R. (2006). An instrument for measuring engineering education quality from students' persepctive. The Quality Management Journal, 13(3), 23-34.Sallis, E. (1993). Total Quality Management in Education. London: Kogan Page.Samson, D., & Terziovski, M. (1999). The relationship between total quality management practices and operational performance. Journal of Operation Management, 17(4), 393-409.Santoro, M. D., & Gopalakrisnan, S. (2001). Relationship dinamik between university research centers and industrial firms: Their impact on technology transfer activities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26, 163-171. Sapienza, A. M. (2005). From the inside: scientists' own experience of good ( and bad) management). R & D Management, 35(5), 2005.Saraph, J. V., Benson, P. G., & Schroeder, R. G. (1989). An instrument for measuring the critical factors of quality management. Decision Sciences, 20(4), 457-478.Savolainen, T. (2000). Strategies for gaining business excellence through total quality management: A Finnish case study. Total Quality management, 11, 211-226.Schartinger, D., Schibany, A., & Gassler, H. (2001). Interactive relations between universities and firms: Emperical Evidence for Austria. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26, 255-268.Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schroeder, R. G., Bates, K. A., & Junttila, M. A. (2002). A resource-based view of manufacturing strategy and relationship to manufacturing performance.Strategic Management Journal, 23(2), 105-117.Scmitdt, E. K., Graversen, E. K., & Langberg, K. (2003). Innovation and dynamics in public research environment in Denmark: a research-policy perspective.Science and Public Policy, 30(2), 107-116.Seashore Louis, K., Blumenthal, D., Gluck, M. E., & Stoto, M. A. (1989).Entrepreneurs in academe: An exploration of behavior among life scientists.Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 110-131. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research method for business: A skill-building approach (4 ed.).New York: John Wiley & Sons. Siegel, D. S., Waldman, D., Atwater, L. E., & Link, A. (2004). Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from academicians to practitioners: Qualitative evidence from the commerciallization of universities technologies.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 21, 115-142.Siegel, D. S., Waldman, D., & Link, A. (2003a). Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the relative productivity of technology transfer offices: An exploratory study. Research Policy, 32, 27-48.Siegel, D. S., Waldman, D., & Link, A. (2003b). Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the relative productivity of university technology transfer offices: an exploratory study. Research Policy, 32, 27-48.Siegel, D. S., Waldman, D. A., Atwater, L. E., & N.Link, A. (2003). Commercial knowledge transfers from universities to firms: Improving the effectiveness ofuniversity-industry collaboration. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 14, 111-133. Silpakampises, K. (2003). Quality management principles and their association with student satisfaction in clinical teaching effectiveness in nursing colleges.Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok.Sirvanci, M. B. (2004). Critical issues for TQM implementation in higher education.The TQM Magazine, 16(6), 382-386.Skymark. (2006). Walter Shewhart-The grandfather of Total Quality management. Retrieved 28/4, 2006, from http://www.skymark.com/resources/leader/shewart.asp Smeby, J.-C. (2003). The impact of massification on university research. Tertiary Education and Management, 9(2), 131-144.Sohn, S. Y., & Moon, T. H. (2003). Structural equation model for predicting technology commercialization success index (TCSI). Technology Forecasting and Social Change, 70(9), 885-899. Srikanthan, G., & Dalrymple, J. (2003). Developing alternative perspectives forquality in higher education. The International Journal of Education Management, 17(3), 126-136.Stackhouse, J., & Day, R. (2005). Global and regional practices in university research management. International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development, 4(3), 189-205.Steele, L. W. (1988). Selecting R&D programs and objectives. Research Technology Management, 31(2), 17-36.Stephan, P. E. (2001). Educational implications of University-Industry technology transfer. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(3), 199-205. Stevens, J. P. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for social sciences (4th ed.).Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Storper, M., & Walker, R. (1989). The capitalist imperative: Territory, Technology and industrial growth. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Stralser, S. M. (1998). Faculty views and attitudes about technology transfer.Unpublished Phd Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Synodinos, N. E. (2003). The 'art' of questionnaire construction: some important considerations for manufacturing studies. Intergrated Manufacturing System, 14(3), 221-237.Syuhada, C. A. (2006, 25 Mac). Hasil R&D IPTA dikomersial. Kementerianmemadankan produk dihasil dengan usahawan industri. Berita Harian, p. 7. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.).Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Taguchi, G. (1986). Introduction to Quality Engineering. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization. Taguchi, G., & Byrne, D. M. (1987). The Taguchi approach to parameter design.Quality Progress, 19-26.Taylor, R., & Pearson, A. (1994). Total quality management in research and development. The TQM Magazine, 6(1), 26-34.Tena, A. B. E., Llusar, J. C. B., & Puig, V. R. (2001). Measuring the relationship between total quality management and sustainable competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Total Quality management, 12(7&8), 932-938.Terrell, J. E., Fisher, S. G., & Wolf, G. T. (1998). Long-term quality of life after treatment of laryngeal cancer. The department of Veterans Affair Laryngeal Cancer Study Group. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery, 124(9), 964-971.Terziovski, M., Samson, D., & Dow, D. (1997). The business value of quality management system certification: Evidence from Australia and New Zealand.Journal of Operation Management, 15, 1-18.Thomas, C. D. (1997). Perceived levels of success of a total quality management program in an institution of higher learning. University of Tennessee,Knoxville. Thursby, J. G., Jensen, R., & Thursby, M. C. (2001). Objectives, characteristics and outcomes of university licencing: A survey of major U.S. universities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1-2), 59-72.Thursby, J. G., & Kemp, S. (2002). Growth and productive efficiency of university intellectual property licensing. Research Policy, 31, 109-124.Tien, F. F., & Blackburn, R. T. (1996). Faculty rank system, research motivation and faculty research productivity. Journal of Higher Education, 67(1), 2-22.Tornatzky, L. G., Waugaman, P. G., & Gray, D. O. (2002). Industry-University Technology Transfer: Model of alternative practices, policy and program.Retrieved 15 November, 2006, from http:www.t-c-group.com/tt3.pdf Tummala, V. M. R., & Tang, C. L. (1996). Strategic quality management, Malcolm Baldrige and European quality awards and ISO 9000 certification core concepts and comparative analysis. The International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 13(4), 8-25.United Nation Centre on Transnational Corporation. (1987). Transnational corporations and technology transfer: effect and policy issues. New York:UNCTC.USPTO. (2005). General information concerning patents. Retrieved 27/4/06, 2006, from http://www.uspto.gov/go/pac/doc/general/ Van Looy, B., Callaert, J., Debackere, K., & Verbeek, A. (2003). Patent relatedindicators for assessing knowledge-generating institutions: Towards a contextualised approach. Journal of Technology Transfer, 28, 53-61. Vinzant, J. C., & Vinzant, D. H. (1996). Strategic management and total qualitymanagement: challenges and choices. Public Administration Quarterly,Summer, 202-219. Weggeman, M. P., & Groeneveld, M. J. (2005). Applying the business excellence model to a research organization. Research Technology Management, 48(4), 9-13.Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180. Whetten, D. A. (1989). What constitutes a theoritical contribution? Academic Management Review, 14(4), 490-495. Wikipedia. (2006). Walter A. Shewhart. Retrieved 28/4, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/walter_A._Shewhart Winn, B. A., & Cameron, K. S. (1998). Organizational quality: An examination of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality framework. Research in Higher Education, 39(5), 491-512.Wood, F. Q. (1992). The commercialization of university research in Australia: issues and problems. Comparative Education, 28(3), 293-313. Wood, L. V., & McCamey, D. A. (1993). Implementing total quality in R&D.Research Technology Management, 36(4), 39-41. Worcester, R. M., & Burns, T. R. (1975). A statistical examination of the relative precision of verbal scales. Journal of Market Research Society, 17(3), 181-197.Wright, M., Birley, S., & Mosey, S. (2004). Entrepreneurship and university technology transfer. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29, 235-246.Wright, M., Vohora, A., & Lockett, A. (2004). The formation of high-tech university spinouts: The role of joint venture and venture capital investors. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3/4), 287-310. Wunsch, M. (1993). Mentoring probationary women academics: a pilot programmefor career development. Studies in Higher Education, 18(3), 349-362.Yencken, J., & Ralston, L. (2005). Evaluation of incentives for commercialization of research in Australian universities: A survey of selected Australian Universities. Retrieved Sept 8, 2006, from http://www.dest.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/47EA81AF-6271-40E9-813F- 66F82AD85F2A/4770/incentives_commercialisation1.pdf Youssef, M. A., Libby, P., Al-Khafaji, A., & Sawyer, G. J. (1998). TQM implementation barriers in higher education. International Journal of Technology Management, 16(4/5/6), 584-593.Zainab, A. N. (1999). Personal, academic and departmental correlates of research productivity: A review of the literature. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 14(2), 73-110.Zairi, M. (1994). Leadership in TQM implementation. The TQM Magazine, 6(6), 9- 16.Zairi, M. (1995). Total quality education for superior performance. Training for quality, 3(1), 29-35.Zeleny, M. (1986). High technology management. Human system management, 6,109-120.Zink, K. J., & Schmidt, A. (1995). Measuring universities againts the European Quality Award Criteria. Total Quality management, 6(5&6), 547-561.