Factors That Influence Turnover Intention Among Medical Employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur

Factors That Influence Turnover Intention Among Medical Employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur

This study examines the differences related between four factors of job satisfaction which is pay, promotion, the job itself and supervision, and differences related between two demographic factor which is age and tenure (length of service) and turnover intention among medical employees of National...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Abd Latif, Mohamed
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2011
Subjects:
HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/2882/1/Abd_Latif_Mohamed.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/2882/2/1.Abd_Latif_Mohamed.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.2882
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Mohd Yunos, Jasmani
topic HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
spellingShingle HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Abd Latif, Mohamed
Factors That Influence Turnover Intention Among Medical Employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur
description This study examines the differences related between four factors of job satisfaction which is pay, promotion, the job itself and supervision, and differences related between two demographic factor which is age and tenure (length of service) and turnover intention among medical employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur or Institut Jantung Negara (IJN). The study also determines the most dominant factor influence the turnover intention. The study hypothesized job satisfaction factors and demographic factors were having significant differences related with turnover intention. The methods used in the research to obtain data were via questionnaire. A total of two hundred and ten (210) medical employees of IJN were selected by modified systematic sampling as the sample of study. Data was analysed using ‘Statistical Package for Social Science’ (SPSS Window) Version 17. The tests involved were ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression. This study found that pay and supervision from job satisfaction factors were significantly related to turnover intention while promotion and job it-self were not significantly related. Both of demographic factors were not related to turnover. The research also found that the most dominant factor which influenced the turnover intention among IJN’s medical employee is pay.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Abd Latif, Mohamed
author_facet Abd Latif, Mohamed
author_sort Abd Latif, Mohamed
title Factors That Influence Turnover Intention Among Medical Employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur
title_short Factors That Influence Turnover Intention Among Medical Employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur
title_full Factors That Influence Turnover Intention Among Medical Employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur
title_fullStr Factors That Influence Turnover Intention Among Medical Employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur
title_full_unstemmed Factors That Influence Turnover Intention Among Medical Employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur
title_sort factors that influence turnover intention among medical employees of national heart institute kuala lumpur
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2011
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/2882/1/Abd_Latif_Mohamed.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/2882/2/1.Abd_Latif_Mohamed.pdf
_version_ 1747827452002959360
spelling my-uum-etd.28822022-04-10T23:04:11Z Factors That Influence Turnover Intention Among Medical Employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur 2011 Abd Latif, Mohamed Mohd Yunos, Jasmani Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business College of Business HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment This study examines the differences related between four factors of job satisfaction which is pay, promotion, the job itself and supervision, and differences related between two demographic factor which is age and tenure (length of service) and turnover intention among medical employees of National Heart Institute Kuala Lumpur or Institut Jantung Negara (IJN). The study also determines the most dominant factor influence the turnover intention. The study hypothesized job satisfaction factors and demographic factors were having significant differences related with turnover intention. The methods used in the research to obtain data were via questionnaire. A total of two hundred and ten (210) medical employees of IJN were selected by modified systematic sampling as the sample of study. Data was analysed using ‘Statistical Package for Social Science’ (SPSS Window) Version 17. The tests involved were ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression. This study found that pay and supervision from job satisfaction factors were significantly related to turnover intention while promotion and job it-self were not significantly related. Both of demographic factors were not related to turnover. The research also found that the most dominant factor which influenced the turnover intention among IJN’s medical employee is pay. 2011 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/2882/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/2882/1/Abd_Latif_Mohamed.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/2882/2/1.Abd_Latif_Mohamed.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Allen, T.J. & Katz, R. (1986). The Dual Ladder: Motivational Solution or Managerial Delusion?. Journal of R&D Management, 16(2), 185-197 Allen, T.J. & Katz, R. (1995). The Project-oriented Engineer: a Dilemma for Human Resource Management. Journal of R&D Management, 25(2), 129-140 Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour. Prentice-Hall, Eaglewood, Califfs, New Jersey Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Process, 50, 179-211 Anderson, Cynthia D., and Donald Tomaskovic-Devey. 1995. “Patriarchal Pressures: An Exploration of Organizational Processes That Exacerbate and Erode Gender Earnings Inequality.” Journal Work and Occupations, 22: 328-356. Arnold , H. & Feldman, D. (1982). ‘A Multivariate Analysis of Determinants of Job Turnover’.Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 67. 3. 350-360 Bigliardi, B., Petroni, A., and Ivo Dormio, A. (2005). Organizational socialization, career aspirations and turnover intentions among design engineers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(6), 424 - 441. Blau, P. (1994). Exchange and Power in Social Life, Wiley, New York, NY Blau, G. (2000). Job organizational, professional context antecedents as predictors of intent for inter-role work transitions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(3), 330-445 Bluedorn, A.C. (1979). Structure, environment and satisfaction: toward a causal model of turnover from military organizations. Journal of Military and Political Sociology, 7, 181- 207 Brett, J.M. and Stroh, L.K (1997). Jumping ship: who benefits from an external labor market career strategy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 331-341 Bluedorn, A.C. (1982). A unified model of turnover from organizations. Journal of Human Relations, 35, 135-153 Carmeli, A. (2005). The relationship between organizational culture and withdrawal intentions and behavior. International Journal of Manpower, 26(2): 177 – 195 Cascio, W. F. (1989). Managing human resources: Productivity, quality of work life, profits. New York, NY: McGraw-Hil Cascio, W. F. (2000). Costing human resources: The financial impact of behavior in organizations, (4th ed.). Boston, MA: PWS-Kent Publishing Company Cavanagh, M. A., Boswell, W. R., Roehling, M. V., & Boudreau, J. W. (2000). An Empirical Examination of Self-Reported Work Stress among United States Managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1). 65-67 Chang, L., McBride-Chang, c., (1997). Self and Peer-ratings of Female and Male Roles and Attributes. Journal of Social Psychology, 137. 527-530. Chen, X.P., Hui, C. & Sego, D.J. (1998). The role of organization citizenship behaviour in turnover: conceptualization and preliminary tests of keys hypotheses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 922-31 Chew, Y. T. (2005). Achieving Organisational Prosperity through Employee Motivation and Retention: A Comparative Study of Strategic HRM Practices in Malaysian Institutions, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 13(2), 87-104. Chiu, R.K. & Francesco, Anne Marie (2003). Dispositional traits and turnover intention: examining the mediating role of job satisfaction and affective commitment. International Journal of Manpower, 24(3), 284-298 Gomez-Meija, L.R. and Balkin, D.B (1992). Compensation, organizational strategy and firm performance, South-Western, Cincinnati, OH Darrell Zahorsky.(2004). ‘Fighting Employee Turnover Costs Reduce employee Turnover’ Retrieved May 22, 2011 from http://sbinformation.about.com/od/hiringfiring/a/reduceturnover.htm Dess, G.D. & Show, J.D. (2001). Voluntary turnover, social capital and organizational performance. Academy of Management Review, 26(3), 446-56 Dipboye, R.L., Smith, C.S. & Howell, W.C. (1994). Understanding and Industrial and Integrated Organizational Approach Psychology. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Fort Worth. Dario, M.A. (1989). Personnel Manager’s Desk Book. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Dweck, C.S. & Leggett, E.L. (1988). A social cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-73 Fisher, C.D., Schoenfeldt, L.F., & Shaw, J.B (1993). Human Resource Management (2nd ed.). Boston: Hounghton Miffin Company Frost & Sullivan 2010: Malaysia's Medical Tourism Industry has Healthy Vitals, April 14 Furnham, A. (1995). Personality at Work: The Role of Individual Differences in the Workplace. New York: Routledge Gelinas, L. S. & David Loh, Y. H. (2004). ‘The Effect of Workforce Issues on Patient Safety’, Journal Nursing Economic. Vol. 34. 4. 57-63 Gomez-Meija, L.R., Balkin, D.B. and Cardy, R.L (2007). Managing Human Resources (5th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Gregory, D.M, Way, C.Y., LeFort, S., Barrett, B. J. & Parfey, P.S (2007). Predictors of registered nurses’ organizational commitment and intent to stay. Health Care Management Review, 32(2), 119-127 Gray, A. M. & Philips V. L. (1994). Turnover, Age and Length or Service: A Comparison of Nurse and Other Staff in the National Health Service. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol 19. 4. 819-827 Griffeth, R.W., (1995). Moderations of the Effects of Job Enrichment by Participation: A Longitudinal Field Experiment. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process, 35, 73-93 Griffeth, R.W., Hom, P.W. & Gaertner, S. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover: Update, Moderator Test and Research Implications for the Next Millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463-488 Gupta, N., and Jenkins, G. D. Jr. (1991). Rethinking Dysfunctional Employee Behaviors. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 39–59 Hanisch, K. A., & Hulin, C. L. (1991). General attitudes and organizational withdrawal: An Evaluation of a Causal Model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37, 60-78 Harrell, A. M., and M. J. Stahl. (1984). McClelland's Trichotomy of NeedsNtheory and the Job Satisfaction and Work Performance of CPA Firm Professionals. Accounting, Organizations and Society 9 (3/4):241-252 Hellman, C.M. (1997). Job Satisfaction an intention to leave. Journal of Social Psychology, 79, 617 - 626 Hom, P.W. and Griffeth, R.W. (1995). Employee Turnover. South-Western Cincinnati, OH Hom, P.W. (1992). Turnover Cost among Mental Health Professionals. College of Business, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Hom, P.W., Braker, J.S. and Julian, G. (1988). In Pursuit of Greener Pastures. New Accountant, 4, 24 Huselid, M. A. (1995). The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover, Productivity and Corporate Financial Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 635–672 Hutton, C. & Emerson, E. (1998). Brief report: organizational predictors of actual staff turnover in a service for people with multiple disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 11, 166-171 Igbaria, M., Greenhous, J.J. & Silver, M. (1999). Career orientations and career success among research and development and engineering professional. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 16(1), 29-54. Jackofsky E. F., & Petre L. H. (1983) Job Turnover Versus Company Turnover: Reassessment of the March and Simon Participations of Hypothesis. Journal of Applied Psychology. 68. 490-495 Johnsrud, L.K. & Rosser, V.J. (1999). Predicting and Reducing Mid-Level Administrative Staff Turnover. College and University Personnel Association. Jones, C. B, Havens, D. S, & Thompson, P. A, & Knodel, L. J. (2008).Chief Nursing Officer Retention and Turnover: A Crisis Brewing?. Journal of Nursing Administration. Vol. 38 (12) 516-525 Kanugo, R.N. & Conger, T.A. (1993). Promoting altruism as a corporate goal. The Academy of Management Executive, 7(3), 37-47 Lawler III, E.E. (1994). Motivation in Work Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Lindfors, P. M., Meretoja, O. A., Luukkonen, R. A., Elovainio, M. J. & Leino, T. J. (2009). Attitudes to Job Turnover Among Finnish Anesthetists. Oxford Journal Occupational Medicine, Volume 59. 2. 126-129 Lum. L., Kervin, J., Clark, K., Reid, F. & Sirola, W. (1998). Explaining nursing turnover intent: job satisfaction, pay satisfaction or organizational commitment?. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 19, 305-320 Ma, X., & MacMillan, R. B. (1999). Influence of workplace conditions on teachers’ job satisfaction. The Journal of Educational Research, 93, 39-44 Marcia Zidle,(2009) ‘Employee Turnover: Seven Reasons Why People Quit Their Jobs’ Retrieved May 22, 2011 from http://erasingfiles.com/uncategorized/employee-turnover- seven-reasons-why-people-quit-their-jobs/ Mc Carthy G, Tyrell M. P. & Lehane E. (2003). Turnover Rate in Nursing and Midwifery: The Irish Experience. Journal of Research in Nursing; 4, 249-263 McCormick, E.J. & Ilgen, D. (1985). Industrial and Organization Psychology(8th.ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Meyer, J.P., Allen, N.J. & Smith, C.A. (1993). Commitment to organization and occupations: Extension and test of a three component model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551 Milkovich, G.T.& Boudreau, J.W (1997). Human Resource Management (8th ed). New York: Irwin McGraw-Hill Mobley, W.H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62,237-240 Mobley, W.H., Horner, S.O. & Hollingsworth, A.T. (1978). An evaluation of precursors of hospital employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 408-414 Mobley, W.H, Griffith, R.W, Hand, H.H & Meglino (1979). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. PsychologicalBulletin, 86, 493-522 Mohammed M. Al-Momani,(2008). Improving Nurse Retention in Jordanian Public Hospitals. Topics in Advanced Practice Nursing eJournal. Vol. 8(4) 121-128 Moynihan, L. M., Boswell, W. R., & Boudreau, J. W. (2000). The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Executive Withdrawal and Performance. Centre for Advanced Human Resource Studies, Cornell University, New York Muchinsky, P. M., & Tuttle, M. L., (1979). An Empirical and Methodological Assessment. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 14. 45-57 Muhammad Aminu Bawa & Muhammad Jantan (2005). Human Resource Practices as Determinations of Employee Turnover: An Empirical Investigation. Asian Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, 69–80 Monday, R.W. & Noe, R.M (1990). Human Resource Management (4th ed). United State of America: Allyn and Bacon. Morgan, L. J., Doyle, M. E. and Albers, J. A, (2005). ‘Knowledge Continuity Management in Healthcare’. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice. Vol. 6. 77-86 Morrel, K.M., Loan-Clarke, J. & Wilkinson, A.J. (2004). Organizational change and employee turnover. 33(2) 161-173 Mowday, R.T., Steer, R.M. & Porter, L.W. (1979), The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 14, 224-247. Moynihon, L.M, Boswel, W.R. & Boudreau, J.W. (1998). The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Executive Withdrawal and Performance. United State of America: CAHRS/Cornell University Muchinsky, P.M. (1993). Psychology Applied to Work (4th ed.). California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company Mueller, C.W. & Price, J.L. (1990). Economic psychological and sociological determinants of voluntary turnover. The Journal of Behavioural Economics, 19(3), 321-335 Munn, E.K., Barber, C.E & Fritz, J.J. (1996). Factors affecting the professional well-being of child life specialists. Children’s Health Care, 25, 71-91 Needlemen, J., Buerhaus, P., Mattke, S., Stewart, M., & Zelevinsky, K. (2002). Nurse- Staffing Levels and the Quality of Care in Hospitals. New England Journal of Medicine. 346(22), 1715-1722 Newman, J.E. (1974). Predicting absenteeism and turnover: A field comparison of Fishbein’s model and traditional job attitude measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 610-615 Newman, D.R. & Hodgetts, R.M (1998). Human Resource Management: A Customer Oriented Approach, New Jersey: Prentice Hall NewStorm. J.W. & Davis, K. (1994). Organizational Behaviour (8thed.). New York: McGraw Hill Book Company Park, J.S & Kim, T.H. (2009). Do types of organizational culture matter in nurse job satisfaction and turnover intention?. Leadership in Health Services, 22(1), 20-38 Pathman DE, Konrad TR, Dann R, Koch G.(2004) The retention of primary care physicians in ural health professional shortage areas. American Journal Primary Health.94:1723- 1729 Pearson, R. (1991). The Human Resource: Managing People and Work in the 1990s. London: McGraw-Hill Book Company Peltier, J. & Dahl, A. (2009). The Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction and Hospital Patient Experience. Forum for People Performance Management and Measurement. Retreived May 22, 2011 from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/17499300/THE- RELATIONSHIP-BETWEEN- EMPLOYEE-SATISFACTION Pigors, P. & Myers C.A. (1981). Personnel Administration: A Point of View and a Method (9thed.). Auckland: McGraw-Hill Poling, R.L. (1990). Factors associated with job satisfaction of faculty members at a land-grant university (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1990). Summary of Research in Extension, 5, 143 Price, J.L. (2001). Reflection on the determinants of voluntary turnover. International Journal of Manpower, 22(7), 660-664 Public Bank Economic Review, Malaysia: Trade and Investment Indicators, August 2007 Rasa Zarauskaite (2008). Income and Payment System, Labour Market, Psychosocial Work Factors, Quality of Work Indicator. Institute of Labour and Social Research, Lithania Reichheld, F.F. (1993). Loyalty-based management. Harvard Business Review, 71,64-73 Reuters 2007, Job satisfaction increases with age: study, Aug 24 Rumery, S.M. (1997). A cross level analysis of the influence of group level:turnover on individual-level intention to turnover. University of Connecticut. Robbins, S.P. & Judge. T.A. (2007). Organizational Behaviour (12thed). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Ross Blake. (2006) ‘Employee Retention: What employee Turnover Cost Your Company’ http://archive.managernewz.com/managernewz-21-20060724 html Rusli Ahmad. (2007). Performance Appraisal: Everything You Have Always Wanted To Know. Kuching: RS Group Rusli Ahmad & Camelia Lemba. (2010) Performance Appraisal Politics and Employee Turnover Intention. Jurnal Kemanusiaan. bil.16, Sager, J.K. and Johnston, M.W. (1989). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment: A study of salespeople. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 9, 30-34 Salmon, J.R., Crews, C., Scanlon, S.R, Jang, Y, Weber, S.M & Oakley, M.L.(1999). Nurse Aid Turnover: Literature Review of Research, Policy and Practice. Florida: University of South Florida. Samad, S. (2006). The contribution of demographic variables: job characteristic and job satisfaction on turnover intentions. Journal of International Management Studies, 1(1) Saiyadain, M. S., and Ahmad, Z. A. (1997). Human resource management in Malaysian oil palm estates. Unpublished project report, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang. Schermerhorn, J.R., Jr., Hunt, J.G. & Osborn, R.N. (2000). Organizational Behaviour (7thed). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Schultz, D.P & Schultz, S.E. (1994). Psychology and Work Today: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology (6thed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Scott, M., Swortzel, K.A & Tylor, W.N. (2005). The relationship between selected demographic factors and the level of job satisfaction of extension agents. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 55(1) Sekaran, U. (2000). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (3rded.). United State of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business (4thed.). United State of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Seta, C.E., Paulus, P.B & Baron, R.A (2000). Effective Human Resource Relations:A Guide to People at Work (4thed.). United State of America: Allyn and Bacon. SIGMA Assessment System, (2005) Overview of Employee Turnover. Retrieved May 22, 2011 from http://sigmaassessmentsystems.com/articles/default.asp Smith, P.C., Kendall, L.M & Hulin, C.L (1969). The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Chicago: Rand McNally Spector, P.E. and Jex, S.M. (1991). Relations of job characteristics from multiple data sources with employee affect, absence, turnover intentions and health. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 484-505 Spencer, D. G.; and Steers, R. M. (1981), "Performance as a Moderator of the Job Satisfaction-Turnover Relationship", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 66, pp.511-514 Staw, B.M. (1980). The consequences of turnover. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 1, 253-273 Steel, R. P. (2002)Turnover theory at the empirical interface: Problems of fit and function. Academy of Management Review.;27:346–360 Stewart J. E., Smith S. N., Grussing P. G. (1987) The Factors Influencing the of Turnover Among Hospital Pharmacist. American Journal Hospital Pharmacist, 43, 1936-1941 Syptak, J. M., Marsland, D. W., & Ulmer, D. (1999). Job satisfaction: Putting theory into practice. American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved May22, 2011, from http://www.aafp.org/fpm/991000fm/26.html. Tett, R.P. & Meyer, J.P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention and turnover: path analysis based on analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46, 259-293. Ton, Zeynep, and Robert S. Huckman.(2008).“Managing the Impact Employee Turnover on Performance: The Role of Process Conformance.” Organization Science, Vol. 19, 1 56-68 Turnipseed. D. & Murkison.G. (1996). Organization Citizenship Behaviour: an Examination of the Influence of the Workplace. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 17(2), 42–47 Wagner, S. & Rush, M., (2000). Altruistic Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Context, Disposition and Age. Journal of Social Psychology, 140: 379-391 Valentine, S., Silver, L. & Twigg, N. (1999). Locus of control, job satisfaction and job complexity: the role of perceived race discrimination. Psychological Reports, 84, 1267-1273 Valentine, S.R. (2001). A path analysis of gender, race, and job complexity as determinants of intention to look for work. Employee Relations. 23(2), 130-145 Valias, N.S & Young, D. (2000). Question and Answer on Staff Turnover in Rehabilitaion Service. Rehabiilitation Review, 11(12) 1-4 VandeWalle, D. (2001). Goal orientation: why wanting to look successful doesn’t always lead to success. Organisational Dynamics, 30(2), 162-171 Vandenburg, R., & Nelson, J. (1999). Disaggregating the Motives Underlying Turnover Intentions: When Do Intentions Predict Turnover Behavior?. Journal of Human Relations, 52(10), 1313-1336. Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M & Liden, R.C (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader- member exchange: a social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82-111 Weiss, D. J., Darwis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1967). The Measurement of Vocational Needs. Minnesota Studies of Vocational Rehalibitation. XVI William H. Pinkovitz. (2000). Understanding the Costs of Employee Turnover. Retrieved May 22, from http://www.edwardlowe.org/index.elf?page=sserc&function=story&storyid=0010

Similar Items