Effects of Teacher Autonomy Support Intervention on Thai Students' Motivation: A Self Determination Theory Perspective

Self Determination Theory (SDT) postulates that Teacher’s Autonomy Support (TAS) promotes learning motivation and academic outcomes, but cross cultural controversies within SDT question the significance of TAS in Asian classrooms. The present research tests the relevance of TAS on Thai students’ mot...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Amrita, Kaur
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2011
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/2966/1/Amrita_Kaur.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/2966/2/1.Amrita_Kaur.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.2966
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Awang Hashim, Rosna
Abdul Rahim, Fauziah
topic LB1050.9-1091 Educational psychology
spellingShingle LB1050.9-1091 Educational psychology
Amrita, Kaur
Effects of Teacher Autonomy Support Intervention on Thai Students' Motivation: A Self Determination Theory Perspective
description Self Determination Theory (SDT) postulates that Teacher’s Autonomy Support (TAS) promotes learning motivation and academic outcomes, but cross cultural controversies within SDT question the significance of TAS in Asian classrooms. The present research tests the relevance of TAS on Thai students’ motivation in relation to Thai Education reforms. In a quasi-experimental non-equivalent group design, 103 students (56 girls and 47 boys) of Grade-6, from a Thai public school, participated in the present study. The experimental group underwent an autonomy supportive intervention for seven (7) sessions (60 minutes each) in a regular classroom setting by a trained teacher. Data were gathered for the Pretest, posttest1 and posttest2 using an intrinsic motivation inventory by Ryan (1982), a self-regulation questionnaire by Ryan and Connell (1989) and a learning climate questionnaire by Black and Deci (2000) for variables which include interest, effort, pressure, relatedness, perceived autonomy support, identified and external regulation. An analysis using Multivariate Analysis of Variance in the pretest showed no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group on all variables including gender. However, significant mean differences were observed in the following cases: (i) between both groups at the postest1, (ii) between the pretest and postest1 of the experimental group, with the main effects observed for all variables as a result of TAS and (iii) between means of the postest1 and postest2 in the experimental group. However, the main effects were only significant for variables such as effort, relatedness and perceived autonomy support. Thus, the findings have strengthened the SDT belief that autonomy is not a culturally bound value and is equally relevant for Thai students and has implications for Thai education and its policies.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Amrita, Kaur
author_facet Amrita, Kaur
author_sort Amrita, Kaur
title Effects of Teacher Autonomy Support Intervention on Thai Students' Motivation: A Self Determination Theory Perspective
title_short Effects of Teacher Autonomy Support Intervention on Thai Students' Motivation: A Self Determination Theory Perspective
title_full Effects of Teacher Autonomy Support Intervention on Thai Students' Motivation: A Self Determination Theory Perspective
title_fullStr Effects of Teacher Autonomy Support Intervention on Thai Students' Motivation: A Self Determination Theory Perspective
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Teacher Autonomy Support Intervention on Thai Students' Motivation: A Self Determination Theory Perspective
title_sort effects of teacher autonomy support intervention on thai students' motivation: a self determination theory perspective
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2011
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/2966/1/Amrita_Kaur.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/2966/2/1.Amrita_Kaur.pdf
_version_ 1747827472873816064
spelling my-uum-etd.29662022-04-12T00:24:29Z Effects of Teacher Autonomy Support Intervention on Thai Students' Motivation: A Self Determination Theory Perspective 2011 Amrita, Kaur Awang Hashim, Rosna Abdul Rahim, Fauziah Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Sciences LB1050.9-1091 Educational psychology Self Determination Theory (SDT) postulates that Teacher’s Autonomy Support (TAS) promotes learning motivation and academic outcomes, but cross cultural controversies within SDT question the significance of TAS in Asian classrooms. The present research tests the relevance of TAS on Thai students’ motivation in relation to Thai Education reforms. In a quasi-experimental non-equivalent group design, 103 students (56 girls and 47 boys) of Grade-6, from a Thai public school, participated in the present study. The experimental group underwent an autonomy supportive intervention for seven (7) sessions (60 minutes each) in a regular classroom setting by a trained teacher. Data were gathered for the Pretest, posttest1 and posttest2 using an intrinsic motivation inventory by Ryan (1982), a self-regulation questionnaire by Ryan and Connell (1989) and a learning climate questionnaire by Black and Deci (2000) for variables which include interest, effort, pressure, relatedness, perceived autonomy support, identified and external regulation. An analysis using Multivariate Analysis of Variance in the pretest showed no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group on all variables including gender. However, significant mean differences were observed in the following cases: (i) between both groups at the postest1, (ii) between the pretest and postest1 of the experimental group, with the main effects observed for all variables as a result of TAS and (iii) between means of the postest1 and postest2 in the experimental group. However, the main effects were only significant for variables such as effort, relatedness and perceived autonomy support. Thus, the findings have strengthened the SDT belief that autonomy is not a culturally bound value and is equally relevant for Thai students and has implications for Thai education and its policies. 2011 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/2966/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/2966/1/Amrita_Kaur.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/2966/2/1.Amrita_Kaur.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Adams, G. R., & Berzonsky, M. D. (Eds.) (2003). Blackwell handbook of adolescence. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Adiyemi, B. (2008). Effects of cooperative learning and problem solving strategies on school student’s achievement in social studies. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology. No16, Vol 6(3), 2008, pp 691-708. Ahmad, W.F., Shafie, A., & Janier, J.B. (2007). Students’ perceptions towards Blended Learning in teaching and learning Mathematics: Application of integration. Retrieved from http://atcm.mathandtech.org/EP2008/papers_full/2412008_15274.pdf Amabile, T.M. (1983). The Social Psychology of Creativity, Springer-Verlag, NewYork, NY. Alexander, P.A. (2005). Psychology in learning and instruction. Columbus,OH: Prentice Hall. Aoki, N., & Smith, R.C. (1999). Autonomy in cultural context: The case of Japan. InS. Cotterall and D. Crabbe (eds.) Learner autonomy in language learning: Defining the field and effecting change. Frankfurt Main: Lang. 19-28. Archer, J. (2001, September). “Turning Point: Thailand wants big changes in its teaching, but doing so has meant shaking up the country’s education system from top to bottom.” Education Week : 29-35. Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., & Razavieh, A. (2005). Introduction to research in education (7th ed). Wadsworth: Thomson learning. Assor, A., Kaplan, H., Kanat-Maymon, Y., & Roth, G. (2005). Directly controlling teacher behaviours as predictors of poor motivation and engagement in girls and boys: The role of anger and anxiety. Learning and Instruction, 15, 397-413. Assor, A., Kaplan, H., & Roth, G. (2002). Choice is good, but relevance is excellent: Autonomy-enhancing and suppressing teacher behaviours in predicting student's engagement in school work. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 261-278. Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L.(2004). The emotional costs of parents' conditional regard: A self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72, 47-88. Atagi, R. (2002).Thailand Education Reform Project. School reform policy, final report, ADB TA 3585 THA. Retrieved from http://www.worldedreform.com/pub/fulltext2.pdf Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M.(2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: a motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2045-2068. Babbie, E., (1995) The Practice of Social Research (7th Ed). Wadsworth Publishing Company. Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175–1184. Bao, X., & Lam, S. (2008). Who makes the choice? Rethinking the role of autonomy and relatedness in Chinese children's motivation. Child Development, 79, 269-283. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M. & Tice. D.M. (1998).“Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (May), 1252-1265. Benware,C.A., Deci,E.L .(1984). “Quality of Learning with an Active Versus Passive Motivational Set.” American Educational Research Journal, 21, 755-765. Bergin, D. A. (1999). Influences on classroom interest. Educational Psychologist, 34(2), 87-98. Biggs, J. (1994). What are effective schools? Lessons from East and West (The Radford Memorial Lecture). Australian Educational Researcher, 21, 19-39. Black, A. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The effects of instructors' autonomy support and students' autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self-determination theory perspective. Science Education, 84, 740-756. Boden, M.A. (1994). "What is creativity?” Dimensions of Creativity, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp.75-117. Boggiano, A.K., Flink , C., Sheilds, A.,Seelbach, A., & Barrett, M. (1993). Use of techniques promoting students’ self-determination: Effects on students’ analytic problem - solving skills. Motivation and Emotion, 17,319-336. Bonwell & Eison, (1991). Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom. ERIC Digest, Washington D.C.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education. Brickman, S. J., & Miller, R. B (2001). The impact of sociocultural knowledge on future goals and self-regulation. In D. McInerny & S. Van Etten (Eds.), Research on socio cultural influences on motivation and learning (pp. 119–137). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. Bright. S.(2009) . Education in Thailand, University of Michigan.Retrieved on 25th May, 2009 http://sitemaker.umich.edu/356.bright/home. Britton, P. C., Williams, G. C., & Conner, K. R.(2008). Self-determination theory, motivational interviewing, and the treatment of clients with acute suicidal ideation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 52-66. Burton, K. D., Lydon, J. E., D'Alessandro, D. U., & Koestner, R.(2006). The differential effects of intrinsic and identified motivation on well-being and performance: Prospective, experimental and implicit approaches to self-determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 750-762. Cambell, D.T. & Stanley, J.C. (1979). Quasi –Experimentation: Design and Analysis for Field Settings. Rand Mc Nally, Chicago,Illinois. Chao, C., Yang, P., & Chen, W. (2005). A study on the learner-centered evaluation strategy. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education UICEE Vol.4, No.2. Chirkov, V. I., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Parent and teacher autonomy-support in Russian and U.S. adolescents: Common effects on well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 32, 618-635. Chirkov, V. I., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 97-110. Chirkov, V. I., Ryan, R. M., & Willness, C. (2005). Cultural context and psychological needs in Canada and Brazil: Testing a self-determination approach to the internalization of cultural practices, identity, and well-being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 423-443. Chirkov, V., Vansteenkiste, M., Tao, R., & Lynch, M. (2007). The role of self-determined motivation and goals for the study abroad in the adaptation of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 199-222. Chongchareon, K. (2008). Building a capability development model for professional school leaders in Thai education. (PhD thesis, Faculty of Education. University of Wollongong). Retrieved from http://ro.uow.edu.au/thesis/790. Cohen, L., & Manion, L., & Morrison,K., (2003). Research Methods in Education, London: Routledge. Collins, W. Andrew, ed. (1984). Development during Middle Childhood: The Years from Six to Twelve. Washington DC: National Academy Press. Costello, A.B & Osborne, J.W. (2005). Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most From Your Analysis. A Peer-Reviewed Electronic Journal of Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation. Volume 10 Number. Cross, S., & Gore, J. (2003). Cultural models of self. In M.R. Leary & J.P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self & identity (pp.253-274). New York: Guilford Press. D’Ailly, H. (2003). Children’s autonomy and perceived control in learning: A model of motivation and achievement in Taiwan. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95 (1), 84-96. DeCharms, R. (1968). Personal Causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior. Academic Press: Newyork David L. H. & Rillero P. (1994). Perspectives of Hands-On Science Teaching Education in Thailand. Retrieved on May22,2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Thailand&oldid=284236896 Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62, 119-142. Deci, E. L., La Guardia, J. G., Moller, A. C., Scheiner, M. J., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support: Mutuality in close friendships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 313-327. Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M.(2001). Extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation in education: Reconsidered once again. Review of Educational Research, 71, 1-27. Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M.(1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 627-668. Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M.(1999). The undermining effect is a reality after all: Extrinsic rewards, task interest, and self-determination. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 692-700. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macro theory of human motivation, development and health. Canadian Psychology, 49, 182-185. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behaviour. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1987). The support of autonomy and the control of behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1024-1037. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum. Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., & Williams, G. C. (1996). Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 8, 165-183. Deci, E.L., Schwartz, A.J., Sheinman, L., & Ryan, R.M. (1981). An instrument to assess adult’s orientation towards control versus autonomy with children: Reflections on intrinsic motivation and perceived competence. Journal of Education Psychology, 73, 642-650. Deci, E. L., Speigel, N. H., Ryan, R. M., Koestner, R., & Kauffman, M. (1982). The effects of performance standards on teaching styles: The behaviour of controlling teachers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 852-859. Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2004). Self-determination theory and basic need satisfaction: Understanding human development in positive psychology. Recherché di Psichologia, 27, 17-34. Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M.(1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. The Educational Psychologist, 26, 325-346. Drew, D & Fosam, B. (1994, March). Gender and the Ethnic differences in the education and youth labour market. Paper presented at the British Sociological Association Conferences ‘Sexuality in a social context”. Eisenberger, R., & Cameron, J. (1996). Detrimental effects of reward: Reality of myth? American Psychologist, 51, 1153–1166. Enzle, M.E. & Anderson, S.C. (1993). Surveillant Intentions and Intrinsic Motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 64 No 2, 257-266 Eoseewong, N. (2003). The Thai Cultural Constitution. Kyoto Review of South Asia Retrieved on May 25, 2009,from http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue2/article_243.html Estes, C. (2004). Promoting Student-Centred Learning in Experiential Education. Journal of Experiential Education, 27(2), pp. 141-161. Filak, V., & Sheldon, K. (2003). Student psychological need satisfaction and college teacher-course evaluations. Educational Psychology, 23, 235-247. Flink, C., Boggiano, A. K., & Barrett, M. (1990). Controlling teaching strategies: Undermining children's self-determination and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 916-924. Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., & Guay, F.(1995). Academic motivation and school performance: Toward a structural model. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 20, 257-274. Fry. G. W. (2002a, September). The Evolution of Educational Reform in Thailand”. Paper Presented at the Second International Forum on Education Reform: Key Factors in Effective Implementation. Fry. G. W. (2002b).Synthesis Report: “From Crisis to Opportunity, The Challenges of Educational Reform in Thailand". Report for the Office of the National Education Commission and the Asian Development Bank (TA 3585-THA) Furrer, C., & Skinner, E. (2003). Sense of relatedness as a factor in children's academic engagement and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 148-162. Gagné, M., Ryan, R. M., & Bargmann, K. (2003). Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 372-390. Gall, M.D., Gall, J.P., & Borg, W. R.(2002). Educational Research An Introduction (7th Ed). Wadsworth: Thompson Learning Gay, L.R., & Airasian, P.( 2003). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (7th Ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Georgiadis, M. M., Biddle, S. J. H., & Stavrou, N. A. (2006). Motivation for weight-loss diets: A clustering, longitudinal field study using self-esteem and self-determination theory perspectives. Health Education Journal, 65, 53-72. Goodenow, C. (1993). Classroom belonging among early adolescent students: Relationships to motivation and achievement. Journal of Early Adolescence, 13, 21–43. Gresham, G. (2007). A study of mathematics anxiety in pre-service teachers. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35(2), 181-188. Grolnick, W. S. (2001, January). Discussant’s comments: Symposium on influences on children’s motivation: New concepts and new findings. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis, MN. Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1987). Autonomy in children's learning: An experimental and individual difference investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 890-898. Grolnick, W. S., & Slowiaczek, M. (1994). Parents' involvement in children's schooling: A multidimensional conceptualization and motivational model. Child Development, 64, 237-252. Guay, F., Ratelle, C. F., & Chanal, J. (2008). Optimal learning in optimal contexts: The role of self-determination in education. Canadian Psychology, 49,233-240. Guay, F. (2005). Motivations underlying career decision-making activities: The career decision-making autonomy scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 13, 77-97. Gullotta, T. P., Adams, G. R., & Markstorm, C. A. (2000). The Adolescent Experience, (4th edition). San Diego: Academic Press. Hagger, M. S. & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2007). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport. Human Kinetics Europe Ltd. Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (2006). Multivariate data analysis with readings. Prentice Hall (Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Hang, T.B. (2008).Children’s feeling of autonomy with respect to school. A comparative study between France and Viet-Nam. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Education and sciences .University of Paris, France. Hardre, P.L., Chen, C., Huang, S., Chiang, C., Jen, F., & Warden, L. (2006). Factors Affecting High School Students ‘Academic Motivation in Taiwan. Asia pacific Journal of Education. Vol. 26, No. 2, November 2006, pp. 189–207. Hardre, P.L.& Reeve,J.(2003). A motivational model of rural students' intentions to persist in, versus drop out of, high school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 347-356. Hayamizu, T. (1997). Between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Examination of reasons for academic study based on the theory of internalization. Japanese Psychological Research, 39, 98–108. Heffernan, T.M (2005). Studying psychology, 3rd Edition, Psychology press, New York. Heine, S.J., & Lehman, D.R. (1997). Culture, dissonance, and self-affirmation.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 389- 400. Henderlong, J. & Lepper, M.R. (2000,April). The effect of Praise on children’s: person, product and process feedback. Poster presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual meeting, New Orleans Louisiana. Hernandez, M., & Iyengar, S. S. (2001). What drives whom? A cultural perspective on human agency. Social Cognition, 19(3), 269-294.Educational Research Association Annual meeting, New Orleans Louisiana. Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2006). The four-phase model of interest development. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 111-127. Hoch,J., Pellegrini, A.D.& Symons F.J. (2004). Observing Children in Their Natural Worlds: A Methodological Primer. Mahwah, NJ - Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Hodgins, H. S., Koestner, R., & Duncan, N. (1996). On the compatibility of autonomy and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 227-237. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values, 2001 edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Houlfort, N., Koestner, R., Joussemet, M., Nantel-Vivier, A., & Lekes, N. (2002). The impact of performance-contingent rewards on perceived autonomy and competence. Motivation and Emotion, 26, 279-295. Hsiao, H., & Chang, J. (2008). A quasi-experimental study researching how a problem-solving teaching strategy impacts on learning outcomes for engineering students. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education 2003 UICEE Vol.2, No.3, 2003. Iwashita, N., & Liem, I. (2005). Factors Affecting Second Language Achievement in Primary School. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, v28 n1 p36-51. Iyengar, S. S., & De Voe S.E. (2003). Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. In V.Murphy – Berman & J.J. Berman (Eds), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Cross-cultural differences in perspective on self (Vol. 49, pp. 129-174). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press). Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (2000). When choice is demotivating: Can one desire too much of a good thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 995–1006. Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (1999). Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 349–366. Jaroonpol, W. (2007). A Multi–Level Analysis of Variables Influencing the Science achievement of Grade 9 Students. Journal of Educational Research and Measurement, Burapha University, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2007 Johnson, A. (1996). Theoretical Model of Economic Nationalism in Developing States. London: George Allen and Undwin Ltd. Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Smith, K. A. (1998). Active learning: Cooperation in the college classroom. Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company. Jordon, J.V. (1997). Do you believe that the concepts of self and autonomy are useful in understanding women? In J.V.Jordon (Ed), women’s growth in diversity: pp.29-32.New York: The Guilford Press. Joussemet, M. & Koestner, R. (1999). Effect of expected rewards on children’s creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 231-239. Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Lekes, N., & Houlfort, N. (2004). Introducing uninteresting tasks to children: A comparison of the effects of rewards and autonomy support. Journal of Personality, 72, 140-166. Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Lekes, N., & Landry, R. (2005). A longitudinal study of the relationship of maternal autonomy support to children’s adjustment and achievement in school. Journal of Personality, 73, 1215-1235. Jumble, P. (1992). Nation-Building and Democratization in Thailand: A Political History, Bangkok, Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute, pp. 7-8. Katz, I. Assor A., Maymon, Y.K., & Meyer, B.Y. (2006). Interest as a motivational resource: Feedback and gender matter, but interest makes the difference Social Psychology of Education (2006) 9:27–42. Kijkosol, D., (2005).Teacher-Student Interaction and Laboratory Learning environments in Biology Classes in Thailand. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) Science Education in Curtin University of Technology. Kim, A. (2004, June ). Investigating self-regulation in Korean students. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Self-Determination Theory. Ottawa, Canada. Kitayama, S., & Duffy, S. (2004). Cultural competence—Tacit, yet fundamental: Self, social relations, and cognition in the US and Japan. In R. J., Sternberg, & E. L. Grigorenko, (Eds.), Culture and competence: Contexts of life success. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1245-1267. Kitayama, S., Snibbe, A. C., Markus, H. R., & Suzuki, T. (2004). Is there any free choice? Self and dissonance in two cultures. Psychological Science, 15, 527–533. Kitayama, S., & Uchida, Y. (2004). Interdependent Agency: An Alternative System for Action. In R. Sorrentino, D. Cohen, J.M. Olson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.). Culture and social behaviour: The Ontario Symposium, (Vol. 10). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbraum. Klem, A., & Connel, J. (2004). Relationships Matter : Linking Teacher Support to Student Engagement and Achievement. Journal of School Health, Vol.74, No7, 262-273. Knowles, T., & Brown, F. (2000). What Every Middle School Teacher Should Know. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Koestner, R., Gingras, I., Abutaa, R., Losier, G., DiDio, L., & Gagné, M. (1999). To follow expert advice when making a decision: An examination of reactive vs reflective autonomy. Journal of Personality, 67, 851-872. Koestner, R., & Losier, G. F. (1996). Distinguishing reactive versus reflective autonomy. Journal of Personality, 64, 465-494. LaGuardia, J. G., & Patrick, H. (2008). Self-determination theory as a fundamental theory of close relationships. Canadian Psychology, 49, 201-209. LaGuardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfilment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 367-384. Lam, C. F., & Gurland, S. T. (2008). Self-determined work motivation predicts job outcomes, but what predicts self-determined work motivation? Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1109-1115. Legault, L., Green-Demers, I., & Pelletier, L. G. (2006).Why do high school students lack motivation in the classroom? Toward an understanding of academic amotivation and the role of social support. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 567-582. Levesque, C., Copeland, K. J., & Sutcliffe, R. A. (2008). Conscious and nonconscious processes: Implication for self-determination theory. Canadian Psychology, 49, 218-224. Levesque, C. Zuehlke, N., Stanek, L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Autonomy and competence in German and U.S. university students: A comparative study based on self-determination theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 68-84. Little, D. (2000, September). We’re all in it together: Exploring the interdependence of teacher and learner autonomy. Paper presented at Autonomy 2000, University of Helsinki Language Centre. Littlewood, W. (1999). Defining and developing autonomy in East Asian contexts. Applied Linguistics, 20, 1, 71-94. Littlewood, W. (1999). Questioning some assumptions about East Asian learners. HKBU Papers in Applied Language Studies, 4, 152-153. McAuley, E. Duncun, T. & Tammen, V.V.(1989). Psychometric properties of the intrinsic motivation inventory in a competitive sport setting: a confirmatory factor analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports, 60 (1), 48-58. Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (2004). Models of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action. In V. Murphy-Berman & J.J. Berman (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 49. Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self (pp. 1–57). Markus, H.R. & Kitayama, S. (2003). Culture, self, and the reality of the social. psychological Inquiry. 14 (3, 4) 277-283. Lawrence Erlbaum, US Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behaviour. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 89-130). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 92, 224–253. Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R. E. (2001). Attending holistically vs. analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 922-934. McComb, B., & Whisler, J. S. (1997). The Learner-Centred Classroom and School: Strategies for Increasing Student Motivation and Achievement. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. McGraw, K. O., & McCullers, J. C. (1979). Evidence of a detrimental effect of extrinsic incentives on breaking a mental set. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 285–294. Midgley, C., & Urdan, T. (1995). Predictors of middle school students’ use of self handicapping strategies. Journal of Early Adolescence, 15, 389-411. Miller, G.W.T. (1968). Education in South-East Asia. Sydney: Novak. Miller, D.T. (1999). The norm of self- interest. American Psychologist, 54, 18. Miserandino, M. (1996). Children who do well in school: Individual differences in perceived competence and autonomy in above-average children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 203-214. Moller, A. C., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). Choice and ego-depletion: The moderating role of autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1024-1036. Muongmee, S. (2007). The role of lifelong learning and self-directed learning in educational reform in Thailand. Educational Journal of Thailand 33, Vol. 1, No.1, 1 January -December 2007 Muraven, M., Gagné, M., & Rosman, H. (2008). Helpful self-control: Autonomy support, vitality, and depletion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 573–585. Nguyen, T. H.(2005). Cultural Background for ESL/EFL Teachers Cuyahoga Community College. Paper appeared in a multicultural project at Northeast ABLE Resource Center (Ohio). Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press. Oghuvbu, E.P., (2007). Family History: A Tool for Adequate Management of Pupils and Students in Schools. Journal of Social Science, 14(2): 149-155 (2007) Oishi, S. (2000). Goals as cornerstones of subjective well-being: Linking individuals and cultures. In E. Diener & E. Suh (Eds.). Culture and subjective well-being (pp. 87-112). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Oakes, J. M., & Feldman, H. A. (2001). Statistical power for nonequivalent pretest-posttest designs: The impact of change-score versus ANCOVA models. Evaluation Review, 25(1), 3-28. Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in achievement settings. Review of Educational Research, 66, 543-578. Patrick, H., Knee, C. R., Canevello, A., & Lonsbary, C. (2007). The role of need fulfillment in relationship functioning and well-being: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 434-457. Patrick, B. C., Skinner, E. A., & Connell, J. P. (1993). What motivates children's behaviour and emotion? Joint effects of perceived control and autonomy in the academic domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 781-791. Pelletier, L. G., Seguin-Levesque, C., & Legault L. (2002). Pressure from above and pressure from below as determinants of teachers' motivation and teaching behaviour. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 186-196. Pennington, M., (1999). Asia takes a crash course in educational reform. Retrieved May29, 2009 http://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_08/uk/somm/intro.htm,on Pillay, H. (2002). Teacher development for quality learning. The Thailand Education Reform Project, Report generated by Office of Commercial Services, Brisbane, Australia. Retrieved from: www.edthai.com/publication/0005/fulltext.pdf Pinker, S. (2002). The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. New York: Viking. Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40. Pintrich, P.R., & Schunk, D.H. (1996). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Pinyakong, K., Virasilp, P., & Somboon, U. (2007). Development of private secondary schools in Thailand. Retrieved May 29, 2009 http://www.iiep.unesco.org/iiep/en/publication/pubs.html Povatong, S. (1999). National education act of B. E. 2542 (1999). Bangkok: Office of the National Education Commission. Retrieved May 29, 2009 http://www.planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/iiep/upload/Thailand.Thailand_Education_Act_1999.pdf. Ratelle, C. F., Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J., Larose, S., & Senecal, C. (2007). Autonomous, controlled, and amotivated types of academic motivation: A person-oriented analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 734-746. Reeve, J. (2006). Teachers as facilitators: What autonomy-supportive teachers do and why their students benefit. Elementary School Journal, 106, 225-236. Reeve, J. (1998). Autonomy support as an interpersonal motivating style: Is it teachable? Contemporary Educational Psychology, 23, 312-330. Reeve, J., Bolt, E., & Cai, Y. (1999). Autonomy-supportive teachers: How they teach and motivate students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 537-548. Reeve, J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Self-determination theory: A dialectical framework for understanding socio-cultural influences on student motivation. In D. M. McInerney & S. Van Etten (Eds.), Big theories revisited (pp. 31-60). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Press. Reeve, J. & Jang, H. (2006). What teachers say and do to support students' autonomy during a learning activity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 209-218. Reeve, J., Jang, H., Carrell, D.,Jeon,S.,& Barch,J. (2004). Enhancing students' engagement by increasing teachers' autonomy support. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 147-169. Reeve, J., Jang, H., Harde, P., & Omura, M. (2002). Providing a rationale in an autonomy-supportive way as a strategy to motivate others during an uninteresting activity. Motivation and Emotion, 26, 183-207. Reeve, J., Nix, G., & Hamm, D. (2003).Testing models of the experience of self-determination in intrinsic motivation and the conundrum of choice. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 375-392. Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Jang, H. (2007). Understanding and promoting autonomous self-regulation: A self-determination theory perspective. In D. Schunk & B. Zimmerman (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and application (pp. 223-244). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbam. Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. (2002). Student interest and achievement: Developmental issues raised by a case study. In A. Wigfield & J. S. Eccles (Eds.), Development of achievement motivation (pp. 173–195). NewYork: Academic. Rigby, C.S., Deci, E.L., Patrick, B.P., & Ryan, R. M. (1992). Beyond the intrinsic – extrinsic dichotomy: Self- determination in motivation and learning. Motivation and Emotion, 16, 165-185. Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P.R., & Wrightsman, L.S. (1991) Ed. Measure of personality and social psychological attitudes. United States. Elsevier. Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: a resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers. Wiley-Blackwell. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Roth, G., Assor, A., Kanat-Maymon, Y., & Kaplan, H. (2007). Autonomous motivation for teaching: How self-determined teaching may lead to self-determined learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 761-774. Roth, G., Kanat-Maymon, Y, Assor, A., & Kaplan, A. (2006).Assessing the experience of autonomy in new cultures and contexts. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 365-376. Rudy, D., Sheldon, K. M., Awong, T., & Tan, H. H. (2007). Autonomy, culture, and well-being: The benefits of inclusive autonomy. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 983-1007. Ryan, R. M. (1993). Agency and organization: Intrinsic motivation, autonomy and the self in psychological development. In J. Jacobs (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation (Vol. 40, pp. 1-56). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Ryan.R.M. & Connell, J.P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749-761. Ryan, R. M., Connell, J. P., & Plant, R. W. (1990). Emotions in non-directed text learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 2, 1-17. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will? Journal of Personality, 74, 1557-1586. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002a). An overview of self-determination theory. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3-33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist,55,68-78. Ryan, R. & Grolnick, W. S. (1986). Origins and pawns in the classroom: Self-report and projective assessments of individual differences in children's perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 550-558. Ryan, R. M., Koestner, R., & Deci, E. L. (1991). Ego-involved persistence: When free-choice behaviour is not intrinsically motivated. Motivation and Emotion, 15,185-205. Ryan, R. M., Stiller, J., & Lynch, J. H. (1994). Representations of relationships to teachers, parents, and friends as predictors of academic motivation and self-esteem. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 226-249. Sabai.D, (2009). The other side of the scenery. International view point, IV Online magazine:IV41. Retrieved from http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1641 Sangnapaboworn, W. (2003, December). Higher Education Reforms in Thailand: Towards Quality Improvement and University Autonomy. Paper presented at Shizuko Forum on Approaches of Higher Education, Intellectual creativity, cultivation of human resources seen Asian countries. Sansone, C., & Thomas, D. B. (2005). Interest as the missing motivator in self- regulation. European Psychologist, 10(3), 175-186. Sarrazin, P. G., Tessier, D. P., Pelletier, L. G., Trouilloud, D. O., & Chanal, J. P. (2006).The effects of teachers' expectations about students' motivation on teachers' autonomy-supportive and controlling behaviours. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 283-301. Savani, K., Markus, H. R., & Conner, A. L. (2008). Let your preference be your guide? Preference and choices are more tightly linked for North Americans than for Indians. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 861–876.regulation. European Psychologist, 10(3), 175-186. Schunk, D. H. (1995). Self-efficacy and education and instruction. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application (pp. 281-303). New York: Plenum Press. Schwartz, B. (2000).Self-determination: The tyranny of freedom. American Psychologist, 55, 79–88. Sharp, E. C., Pelletier, L. G., & Levesque, C. S (2006). The double-edged sword of rewards for participation in psychology experiments. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des Sciences du comportement, 38, 269-277. Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Kim, Y., & Kasser, T. (2001). What's satisfying about satisfying events? Comparing ten candidate psychological needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 325-339. Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Ryan, R. M., Chirkov, V., Kim, Y., Wu, C., Demir, M., & Sun, Z. (2004). Self-concordance and subjective well-being in four cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 209-223. Sheldon, K. M., Williams, G. C., & Joiner, T.(2003). Self-determination theory in the clinic: Motivating physical and mental health. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Sila, C. ( 2007). A Comparative Study of Two Thai Students Studying Abroad and in Thailand. ( Unpublished Master’s thesis, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology North Bangkok) Retrieved on January, 29, 2010: http://tdc.thailis.or.th Skinner, B.F. (1971). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. New York: Knopf. Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and Human Behaviour. New York: Macmillan. Skinner, E. A., & Belmont, M. J.(1993). Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behaviour and student engagement across the school year. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 571-581. Smith, R. M. (1990). The promise of learning to learn. In R. M. Smith (Eds.), Learning to learn across the life span. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Smith, L.S., & Glass, G.V. (1987). Research and evaluation in education and the social sciences.Prentice- Hall ( Englewood Cliffs, N.J.). Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M.(2005). Antecedents and outcomes of self-determination in three life domains: The role of parents’ and teachers’ autonomy support. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 589-604. Streiner, D.L., & Norman, G.R. (2003). Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use. Oxford University Press, Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics, (5th ed). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Taylor, I., & Ntoumanis, N. (2007). Teacher motivational strategies and student self-determination in physical education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 747-760. Taylor, I., Ntoumanis, N., & Standage, M.(2008).A self-determination theory approach to understanding antecedents of teachers’ motivational strategies in physical education. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 75-94. Triandis, H.C. (2001). Individualism-Collectivism and Personality. Journal of Personality, 69, 908-924. Triandis, H.C. & Gelfand, M. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 74, 118-128. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. New York: McGraw-Hill. Tsai, Y., Kunter, M., Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). What makes lessons interesting? The role of situational and individual factors in three school subjects. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 460-472. Urdan, T., & Turner, J. C. (2005). Competence motivation in the classroom. In A. J.Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of Competence and Motivation (pp. 297-317). New York: The Guilford Press. Vallerand, R. J. (1983). The effects of differential amounts of positive verbal feedback on the intrinsic motivation of male hockey players. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 100–107. Vallerand, R. J., Fortier, M. S., & Guay, F.(1997). Self-determination and persistence in a real-life setting: Toward a motivational model of high-school drop out. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1161-1176. Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., Senecal, C., et al. (1993). On the assessment of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education: Evidence on the concurrent and construct validity of the Academic Motivation Scale. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 53, 159-172. Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Koestner, R.(2008). Reflections on self-determination theory. Canadian Psychology, 49, 257-262. Vansteenkiste, M. , Lens, W., & Deci, E.L. (2006). Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation. Educational Psychologist, 41, 19-31. Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Soenens, B., & Luyckx, K. (2006). Autonomy and relatedness among Chinese sojourners and applicants: Conflictual or independent predictors of well-being and adjustment? Motivation and Emotion,30,273-282 Vansteenkiste, M., Zhou, M., Lens, W., & Soenens, B. (2005). Experiences of autonomy and control among Chinese learners: Vitalizing or immobilizing? Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 755-764 Villacorta, M., Koestner, R., & Lekes, N. (2003). Further validation of the Motivation toward the Environment Scale. Environment and Behaviour, 35, 486-505. Wallace, M.(1996, October) Traditional cultural themes in the hearts of today’s Northern Thai youth. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Thai Studies: Theme III pp. 201-212. Chiangmai University Thailand. Watson, D. L. (1990). A neat little demonstration of the benefits of random assignment of subjects in an experiment. In V. P. Makosky, C. C. Sileo, L. G. Whittemore, C. P. Landry, & M. L. Skutley (Eds.), Activities handbook for the teaching of psychology: Vol. 3 (pp. 3-4). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Wegner, D. (2002). The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Weiner, B. (1985). An attribution theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer Verlag. Weiss, H. M. & Beal, D. J. (2005). Reflections on Affective Events Theory. In N. M. Ashkanasy, W. J. Zerbe, & C. E. Hrtel (Eds.), Research on emotions in organizations: The effect of affect in organizational settings (vol. 1, pp. 1-21). UK: Elsevier, Ltd. Williams, G. C. (2002). Improving patients' health through supporting the autonomy of patients and providers. In E. L. Deci, & R. M. Ryan (Eds). Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 233-254). Rochester, NY: University Of Rochester Press. Williams, G. C., & Deci, E. L.(1998).The importance of supporting autonomy in medical education. Annals of Internal Medicine, 129, 303-308. Williams, M. B., (1997). Psychology for language teachers: a social constructivist view: New York: Cambridge. Wiratchai, N. (2002).Reforming process for learning quality development: Assurance and Assessment. Summary report of National Pilot Study on learning reform schools for developing quality of learners. ONEC, Thailand Wisadavet, W. (2003) The Buddhist Philosophy of Education: Approaches and problems. The Chulalongkorn Journal of Buddhist Studies _ Vol. 2 No. 2, 2003 Wlodkowski, R. J.,& Jaynes, J.H. (1990). Eager to Learn: Helping Children Become Motivated and Love Learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Wongsri, N., Cantwell, R., & Archer, J., (2002, December) The validation of measures of self-efficacy, motivation and self-regulated learning among Thai tertiary students. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Australian Association for Research in Education, Brisbane. Yamauchi, H., & Tanaka, K. (1998). Relations of autonomy, self-referenced beliefs and self-regulated learning among Japanese children. Psychological Reports, 82, 803–816. Zeldman, A., & Ryan, R. (2004). Motivation, Autonomy support and Entity beliefs: Their roles in methadone maintenance treatment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Vol 23, No.5, 2004, pp. 675-696.