Beban Kerja, Tekanan Kerja dan Prestasi Kerja dalam Kalangan Juruteknologi Makmal Perubatan Hospital Kerajaan

This study investigates job performance of medical laboratory technologists. Workload was considered as the independent variable, job stress as the mediating variable while job performance as the dependent variable.A survey of 153 medical laboratory technologists working in Pathology Department in H...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Kam, Boon Lai
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2011
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/3115/1/KAM_BOON_LAI.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3115/2/1.KAM_BOON_LAI.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.3115
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Mohd Shamsudin, Faridahwati
topic HF5548.7-5548.85 Industrial Psychology
spellingShingle HF5548.7-5548.85 Industrial Psychology
Kam, Boon Lai
Beban Kerja, Tekanan Kerja dan Prestasi Kerja dalam Kalangan Juruteknologi Makmal Perubatan Hospital Kerajaan
description This study investigates job performance of medical laboratory technologists. Workload was considered as the independent variable, job stress as the mediating variable while job performance as the dependent variable.A survey of 153 medical laboratory technologists working in Pathology Department in Hospital Kuala Lumpur was conducted. Regression analyses run show that job stress has a partial mediating effect on workload and job performance. The implications of the findings to practice and future research, and the limitations of the study are discussed.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Kam, Boon Lai
author_facet Kam, Boon Lai
author_sort Kam, Boon Lai
title Beban Kerja, Tekanan Kerja dan Prestasi Kerja dalam Kalangan Juruteknologi Makmal Perubatan Hospital Kerajaan
title_short Beban Kerja, Tekanan Kerja dan Prestasi Kerja dalam Kalangan Juruteknologi Makmal Perubatan Hospital Kerajaan
title_full Beban Kerja, Tekanan Kerja dan Prestasi Kerja dalam Kalangan Juruteknologi Makmal Perubatan Hospital Kerajaan
title_fullStr Beban Kerja, Tekanan Kerja dan Prestasi Kerja dalam Kalangan Juruteknologi Makmal Perubatan Hospital Kerajaan
title_full_unstemmed Beban Kerja, Tekanan Kerja dan Prestasi Kerja dalam Kalangan Juruteknologi Makmal Perubatan Hospital Kerajaan
title_sort beban kerja, tekanan kerja dan prestasi kerja dalam kalangan juruteknologi makmal perubatan hospital kerajaan
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2011
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/3115/1/KAM_BOON_LAI.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3115/2/1.KAM_BOON_LAI.pdf
_version_ 1747827502248624128
spelling my-uum-etd.31152016-04-19T01:15:13Z Beban Kerja, Tekanan Kerja dan Prestasi Kerja dalam Kalangan Juruteknologi Makmal Perubatan Hospital Kerajaan 2011 Kam, Boon Lai Mohd Shamsudin, Faridahwati Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HF5548.7-5548.85 Industrial Psychology This study investigates job performance of medical laboratory technologists. Workload was considered as the independent variable, job stress as the mediating variable while job performance as the dependent variable.A survey of 153 medical laboratory technologists working in Pathology Department in Hospital Kuala Lumpur was conducted. Regression analyses run show that job stress has a partial mediating effect on workload and job performance. The implications of the findings to practice and future research, and the limitations of the study are discussed. 2011 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3115/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3115/1/KAM_BOON_LAI.pdf application/pdf eng validuser https://etd.uum.edu.my/3115/2/1.KAM_BOON_LAI.pdf application/pdf eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia AbuAlRub,R.F.(2004).Job stress,job performance, and social support among hospital nurses.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,36(1),73-78. Ahmadi,K., & Alireza,K.(2007).Stress and job satisfaction among air force military pilots.Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3),159-163. Ahsan,N.,Abdullah,Z.,Yong,D.G.F., & Alam,S.S.(2009).A study of job stress on job satisfaction among university staff in Malaysia: Empirical study.European Journal of Social Sciences,8(1),121-130. Ajeneye,F.(2007).Pre-analytical quality assurance: A biomedical perspective.The Biomedical Scientist,51(2), 86-87. Al Hilli,F.(2004).History of medical laboratory services in Bahrin–Part III.Bahrain Medical Bulletin,26(4),1-10. Al-Ahmadi,H.(2009).Factors affecting performance of hospital nurses in Riyadh Region,Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,22(1),40-54. Ali,H., & Davies,D.R.(2003).The effects of age,sex,tenure on the job performance of rubber tappers.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,76(3),381-391. Aniza,I.,Malini,R., & Khalib,L.(2010).A study on organizational factors that influence job stress among medical laboratory technologists in Klang Valley hospitals. The Medical Journal of Malaysia,65(2),103-107. Anuar,I.,Zahedi,F.,Kadir,A., & Mokhtar,A.B.(2008). Laboratory-acquired injuries in medical laboratory: A survey of three referral medical laboratories from year 2001 to 2005.Journal of Community Health,14(1),32-38. Appley,M.H., & Trumbull,R.(1967).Industrial psychology.New York: Prentice Hall. Asare,A.L., & Caldwell,C.W.(2000).An information system for improving clinical laboratory outcomes.Retrieved August 23, 2011,from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Ashavaid,T.F.,Dandekar,S.P.,Khodaiji,S.,Ansari,M.H. & Singh,A.P.(2009).Influence of mthod of specimen collection on various preanalytical sample quality indicators in EDTA blood collected for cell counting.Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry,24(4),356-360. Asri,I.N.M.(2003).Faktor-faktor tekanan kerja di kalangan jururawat: Kajian di Hospital Lipis, Pahang. Unpublished Master Dissertation.Universiti Utara Malaysia,Sintok. Astion,M.(2005).What you've always wanted to know about laboratory errors & patient safety.Laboratory Errors and Patient Safety,2(2),1-2. Aziah,B.D.,Rusli,B.N.,Winn,T.,Naing,L., & Tengku,M.A. (2004a).Prevalence and risk factors of job strain among laboratory technicians in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.Singapore Medical Journal,45(4),170-175. Aziah,B.D.,Rusli,B.N.,Winn,T.,Naing,L., & Tengku,M.A. (2004b).Risk factors of job-related depression in laboratory technicians in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) and Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (KKM) hospitals in Kelantan.Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine Public Health,35(2),468-475. Azmi,I.A.G.(2008).Amalan pengurusan sumber manusia berteraskan kompetensi dan kualiti perkhidmatan dalam organisasi awam di Malaysia: Kesaling bergantungan tugasan sebagi penyederhana.Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Universiti Sains Malaysia,Pulau Pinang. Bakker,A.B., & Demerouti,E.(2007).The job demands-resources model:State of the art.Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3),309-326. Bakker,A.B.,Demerouti,E., & Euwema,M.C.(2005).Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,10(2),170-180. Bakker,A.B.,Demerouti,E., & Schaufeli,W.B.(2003).The socially induced burnout model.In S.P.Shohov (Ed.), Advances in psychology research (Vol.25). New York: Nova Science Publishers. Barcharach,S.B.,Bamberger,P., & Conley,S.C.(1990).Work processes, role conflict and role overload: The case of nurses and engineers in the public sector.Work and Occupations,17(2),199-228. Baron,R.M., & Kenny,D.A.(1986).The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual,strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6), 1173-1182. Bashir,U., & Ramay,M.I.(2010).Impact of stress on employees job performance: A study on banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Marketing Studies,2(1),122-126. Beastall,G.H.,Shenkin,A.,Stansbie,D., & Worth,H.(2002).NHS clinical biochemistry 'A profession under siege'.London: The Royal College of Pathologists. Becich,M.J.,Gilbertson,J.R.,Gupta,D.,Patel,A.,Grzybicki, D.M., & Raab,S.S.(2004).Pathology and patient safety: The critical role of pathology informatics in error reduction and quality initiatives.Clinical Laboratory Medicine, 24(4),913-943. Benge,H.,Csako,G., & Parl,F.F.(1993).A 10-year analysis of “revenues”,costs,staffing, and workload in academic medical center clinical chemistry laboratory.Clinical Chemistry, 39(9),1780-1787. Bokti,N.L.M., & Talib,M.A.(2010).Tekanan kerja,motivasi dan kepuasan kerja tentera laut armada Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia.Jurnal Kemanusiaan,15,46-62. British Medical Association Health Policy and Economic Study Unit.(2002).Retrieved April 21,2011,from http://www.bma.org.uk/. Buesa,R.J. (2008). Histology without formalin? Annals Diagnostic Pathology, 12(6),387-396. Buesa,R.J., & Peshkov,M.V.(2011).Complete elimination of xylene in practice of a histology laboratory. Arkhiv Patologii (Archives of Pathology),73(1),54-60. Burbeck,R.,Commber,S.,Robinson,S.M., & Todd,C. (2002). Occupational stress in consultants in accident and emergency medicine: A national survey of levels of stress at work.Emergency Medicine Journal,19(3),234-238. Butt,G., & Lance,A.(2005).Secondary teacher workload and job satisfaction: Do successful strategies for change exist? Educational Management Administration Leadership, 33(4),401-422. Canadian Community Health Survey.(2003).Retrieved August 06,2011,from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/. Cascio,W.F.(1995).Wither industrial and organizational psychology in a changing world? American Psychologist, 50(11),928-939. Chan,K.B.,Lai,G.,Ko,Y.C., & Boey,K.W.(2000).Work stress among six professional groups: The Singapore experience. Social Science Medicine,50(10),1415-1432. Chandrasekharan,M.(1982).Health laboratory services in Malaysia.Medical Journal of Malaysia,37(3),197-204. Chandrasekharan,M.(1983).The chemical pathology laboratory services in Malaysia.The Malaysian Journal of Pathology,6, 9-14. Chaudhry,A.A.,Malik,M.I., & Ahmad,I.(2011).Examining the relationship of work-life conflict and employee performance (A case from NADRA Pakistan).International Journal of Business and Management,6(10),170-177. Chawla,R.,Goswami,B.,Tayal,D., & Mallika,V. (2010). Identification of the types of preanalytical errors in the clinical chemistry laboratory: 1-year study at G.B. Pant Hospital. LabMedicine, 41,89-92. Cherniss,C.(1980).Profesional burnout in human service organizations. New York: Praeger. Chu,C.I., & Hsu,Y.F.(2011).Hospital nurse job attitudes and performance: The impact of employment status. Journal of Nursing Research,19(1),53-60. Chua,Y.P.(2006).Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan buku 2: Asas statistik penyelidikan. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill. Chua,Y.P.(2008).Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan buku 3: Asas statistik penyelidikan. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill. Coakes,S.J., & Ong,C.(2011).SPSS version 18.0 for Windows: Analysis without anguish.Milton:John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd. Cohen,J.(1969).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.New York: Academic Press. Conn,L.M.(2003).Reducing burn-out in clinical laboratory shift workers utilizing HFE techniques.Retrieved March 25, 2011,from http://jclauson.com/. Conyers,R.A.J.(1999).Modifying use of pathology services. The Medical Journal of Australia,170,8-9. Cooper,C.L.(1988).Theories of organizational stress.New York: Oxford Univeristy Press. Costello,C.G.(1982).Social factors associated with depression:A retrospective community study. Psychological Medicine, 12(2),329-339. Cozens,F.J.(1997).Predicting stress in general practitioners : 10 year follow-up postal survey. British Medical Journal, 315(7099),34-35. Delwiche,F.A.(2003).Mapping the literature of clinical laboratory science.Journal of the Medical Library Association,91(3),303-310. Demerouti,E.,Bakker,A.B.,Nachreiner,F., & Schaufeli,W.B. (2001).The job demands: Resources model of burnout.Journal of Applied Psychology,86(3),499-512. Dieleman,M., & Harnmeijer,J.W.(2006).Improving health worker performance: In search of promising practices. Retrieved October 15,2011,from http://www.who.int/. Dimenstein,I.B.(2009).A pragmatic approach to formalin safety in anatomical pathology.LabMedicine,40(12),740-746. Emilia,Z.A., & Hassim,I.N.(2007).Work-related stress and coping: A survey on medical and surgical nurses in a Malaysian teaching hospital.Jurnal Kesihatan Masyarakat, 13(1),55-66. Erasmus,R.T., & Zemlin,A.E.(2009).Clinical audit in the laboratory.Journal of Clinical Pathology,62,593-597. Fogarty,T.J.(1996).Gender differences in the perception of the work environment within large international accounting firms.Managerial Auditing Journal,11(2),10-19. Frazer,G.H., & Sechrist,S.R.(1994).A comparison of occuptional stressors in selected allied health disciplines.Health Care Supervisor,13(1),53-65. Freeman,R.(2002).Microbiology workload.Journal of Clinical Pathology,55(10),734. Frempong,C.A., & Düvel,G.H.(2009).The comparative role of intervening variables in understanding farmers‟ adoption behavior. Paper presented at Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of Association International Agricultural and Extension Education,May 2009,InterContinental San Juan Resort,Puerto Rico. French,J.R.P., & Caplan,R.D.(1973).Organizational stress and individual strain.In A.J.Marrow (Ed.).,The failure of success.New York:American Management Academy. Galvis,C.O.,Raab,S.S.,Amico,F.D., & Grzybicki,D.M.(2001). Pathologists' assistants practice: A measurement of performance.American Society of Clinical Pathologists,116, 816-822. Gauch,R.R.,Feeney,K.B., & Brown,J.W.(1990).Fear of AIDS and attrition among medical technologists.American Journal of Public Health,80(10),1264-1265. Gede,N.T., & Lawanson,O.A.(2011).Employees' characteristics and job performance of staff of the Bayelsa State Ministry of Education.Paper presented at Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Teaching,Learning and Change, 5-8th September 2011,Omoku-Nigeria. Glaser,D.N.,Tatum,B.C.,Nebeker,D.M.,Sorenson,R.C.,& Aiello, J.R.(1999).Workload and social support: Effects on performance and stress.Human Performance,12(2),155-176. Goldenson,R.M.(1970).The encyclopedia of human behaviour, vol.2. Garden City,New York: Doubleday & Co. Inc. Golembiewski,R.T.,Munzenrider,R.F., & Stewenson,J.G.(1986). Stress in organizations: Toward a phase model of burnout. New York: Praeger. Gough,L.A., & Reynolds,T.M.(2000).Is Clinical Pathology Accreditation worth it? A survey of CPA-accredited laboratories.British Journal of Clinical Governance,5(4), 195-201. Graham,J.,Ramirez,A.J.,Field,S., & Richards,M.A.(2000).Job stress and satisfaction among clinical radiologists. Clinical Radiology,55(3),182-185. Green,C.,Jegadeesh,N., & Tang,Y.(2009).Gender and job performance: Evidence from Wall Street.Financial Analysts Journal,65(6),1-15. Grehan,D., & McDermott,M.(2001).Formalin or not formalin; that is the the question.Journal of Clinical Pathology, 54(9),734-735. Griffin,C.W.III,Mehaffey,M.A.,Cook,E.C.,Blumer,S.O., & Podeszwik,P.A.(1986).Relationship between performance in three of the Centres for Disease Control microbiology proficiency testing programs and the number of actual patient specimens tested by participating laboratories. Journal of Clinical Microbiology,23(2),246-250. Griffin,P., & Klun,C.L.(1980).Laboratory stress: What causes it? American Journal Medical Technology,46(7), 490-494. Groenewegen,P.P., & Hutten,J.B.F.(1991).Workload and job satisfaction among general practitioners: A review of the literature. Social Science & Medicine,32(10),1111-1119. Groot,R.A.D.,Haan,J.D.,Bosveld,H.E.P.,Nijland,A., & Jong, B.M.D.(2002).The implementation of a call-back system reduces the doctor's workload, and improves accessibility by telephone in general practice.Family Practice,19(5), 516-519. Gurses,A.P.,Carayon,P., & Wall,M.(2009).Impact of performance obstacles on intensive care nurses' wokload, perceived quality and safety of care, and quality of working life.Health Services Research, 44(2p1),422-443. Hair,J.F.Jr.,Babin,B.,Money,A.H., & Samouel,P.(2003). Essentials of business research methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Hair,J.F.Jr.,Black,W.C.,Babin,B.J., & Anderson,R.E.(2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. Hair,J.F.Jr.,Money,A.H.,Samouel,P., & Page,M.(2007). Research Methods for Business. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons. Hamilton,L.T.(2007).Managing the laboratory technical workforce.Clinics in Laboratory Medicine,27(4),807-821. Hanif,R.(2006).Role of self efficacy in teacher stress and job performance of women school teachers.Paper presented at 28th International School Psychologists Association Colloquium,15-19th July,Hangzhau,China. Hanson,R.W. (1981) .Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Biochemical Education, 9(3),89-91. Harrington,J.M.(1982).Health and safety in medical laboratories.Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 60(1),9-16. Harrison,J.P., & McDowell,G.M.(2008).The role of laboratory information systems in healthcare quality improvement. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 21(7),679 –691. Hawkins,R.C.(2007).Laboratory turnaround time.Clinical Biochemist Reviews,28(4),179-194. Herwaldt,B.L.(2001).Laboratory-acquired parasitic infections from accidental exposures.Clinical Microbiology Reviews,14(4),659-688. Ho,W.H.,Chang,C.S.,Shih,Y.L., & Liang,R.D.(2009).Effects of job rotation and role stress among nurses on job satisfaction and organizational commitment.BMC Health Services Research, 9(8),1-10. Hombergh,P.V.D.,Künzi,B.,Elwyn,G.,Doremalen,J.V.,Akkermans, R.,Grol,R., & Wensing,M.(2009).High workload and job stress are associated with lower practice performance in general practice: An observational study in 239 general practices in Netherlands.BMC Health Services Research, 9(118),1-8. Hospital Kuala Lumpur.(2011).Jabatan Patologi, Hospital Kuala Lumpur.Retrieved March 25,2011,from http://www. hkl.gov.my. Hospital Langkawi. (2011).Jabatan Patologi, Hospital Langkawi.Retrieved March 25,2011,from http://www.hlangkawi. moh.gov.my. Hourani,L.L.,Williams,T.V., & Kress,A.M.(2006).Stress, mental health, and job performance among active duty military personnel: Findings from the 2002 department of defense health-related behaviors survey.Military Medicine, 171(9),849-856. Hsieh,H.L.,Huang,L.C., & Su,K.J.(2004).Work stress and job performance in the hi-tech industry: A closer view for vocational education.World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education,3(1),147-150. Ivancevich,J.M.,& Matteson,M.T.(1986).Medical technologists and laboratory technicians: Sources of stress and coping strategies.In R.Payne & J.Firth (Eds.),Stress in the health professions.Chichester:John Wiley and Sons. Jackson,L., & Rothmann,S.(2006).Occupational stress, organisational commitment, and ill-health of educators in the North West Province.South African Journal of Education, 26(1),75-95. Jacobson,J.T.,Orlob,R.B., & Clayton,J.L.(1985).Infections acquired in clinical laboratories in Utah.Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 21(4),486-489. Jamal,M.(1984).Job stress and job performance controversy: An empirical assessment.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 33(1),1-21. Jamal,M.(1990).Relationship of job stress and Type-A behavior to employee‟s job satisfaction, organizational commitment,psychosomatic health problems, and turnover motivation.Human Relations,43,727-738. James,F.J.,Joann,G.E., & David,L.K.(1996).Epidemiology, biostatistics and prevention medicine.Philidelphia:W.B. Sauders Company. Jegathesan,M.(1982).Organisation of laboratory services in Malaysia.The Malaysian Journal of Pathology,5,1-5. Jesus,S.N.D., & Conboy,J.(2001).A stress management course to prevent teacher distress.International Journal of Educational Management,15(3),131-137. Jex,S.M.(1988).Stress and job performance. London: Sage Publications. Jourdain,G., & Chênevert,D.(2010).Job demands-resources, burnout and intention to leave the nursing profession: A questionnaire survey.International Journal of Nursing Studies,47(6),709-722. Kahn,R.L., & Byosiere,P.(1992).Stress in organization.In M.D.Dunnette, & L.M.Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology,(pp.572-650).Palo Alto,CA: Consulting Psychological Press. Kalaskar,A., & Vasanthi,G.(2011).Needlestick injuries among laboratory technicians in diagnostic laboratories of Kanyakumari District,India. Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences,4(4),348-351. Kalra,J.(2004).Medical errors: Impact on clinical laboratories and other critcal areas.Clinical Biochemistry, 37(12),1052-1062. Kandyala,R.,Raghavendra,S.P.C., & Rajasekharan,S.T.(2010). Xylene: An overview of its health hazards and preventive measures.Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology,14(1),1-5. Kane,J.S., & Lawler,E.E.(1979).Performance appraisal effectiveness: Its assessment and determinants.In B.Staw (Ed.),Research in organizational behavior,vol 1. Greenwich: JAI Press. Kanitvittaya,S.,Suksai,U.,Suksripanich,O., & Pobkeeree, V. (2010).Laboratory quality improvement in Thailand's northernmost provinces.International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,23(1),22-34. Kassabry,G.F., & Shamsudin,F.M.(2010).The impact of human resource management practices on organizational performance in Palestine: The mediating role of employee commitment. Paper presented at 5th National Human Resource Management Conference,8-10 June 2010,Kuala Terengganu,Malaysia. Kazmi,R.,Amjad,S., & Khan,D.(2008).Occupational stress and its effect on job performance a case study of medical house officers of district Abbottabad.Journal Ayub Medical College Abbottabad,20(3),135-139. Kendall,C.W.,Bernardo,R., & Timothy,R.(2011).The laboratory workforce shortage: A managerial perspective. Health Care Manager, 30(2),148-155. Khuwaja,A.K.,Qureshi,R.,Andrades,M.,Fatmi,Z., & Khuwaja, N.K.(2004).Comparison of job satisfaction and stress among male and female doctors in teaching hospitals of Karachi. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abottabad,16(1),23-27. Klassen,R.M., & Chiu,M.M.(2010).Effects on teachers' self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Teacher gender,years of experience, and job stress.Journal of Educational Psychology,102(3),741-756. Koseoglu,M.,Hur,A.,Atay,A., & Cuhadar,S.(2011).Effects of hemolysis interference on routine biochemistry parameters. Biochemia Medica,21(1),79-85. Krejcie,R., & Morgan,D.(1970).Determining sample size for research activities.Educational and Psychological Measurement,30,607-610. Kwok,J., & Jones,B.(2005).Unnecessary repeat requesting of tests: An audit in a government hospital immunology laboratory.Journal of Clinical Pathology,58(5),457-462. Laga,A.C.,Cheves,T.A., & Sweeney,J.D.(2006).The effect of specimen hemolysis of coagulation test results.American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 126,748-755. Landro,L.(2009).Staff shortages in labs may put patients at risk.Retrieved July 23,2011,from http://online.wsj.com. Lask,B.(1987).Forget the stiff upper lip. British Medical Journal,295,1584-1585. LeBlanc, V.R. (2009).The effects of acute stress on performance:Implications for health professions education. Academic Medicine, 84(10),S25-S33. Lee,K.C.(2009).Hubungan antara budaya organisasi dengan prestasi kerja:Satu kajian di pasukan Polis DiRaja Malaysia.Unpublished Master Dissertation.Universiti Utara Malaysia,Sintok. Lee,Y.D.,Lain,J.W., & Chen,C.Y.(1999).A study on the measurement of productivity for white color employees: A case of electronic industry in Taiwan.The Chinese Military Academy Journal,14,345-361. Leitão,P., & Restivo,F.(2004).The use of qualitative indicators for performance measurement in manufacturing control systems.Paper presented at Proceedings of the 11th IFAC Symposyum on Information Control Promblems in Manufacturing (pp.109-114).Salvador Baía,Brazil. Leka,S.,Griffiths,A., & Cox,T.(2003).Work organization and stress: Systematic problem approaches for employers, managers and trade union representatives.Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Levey,R.E.(2001).Sources of stress for residents and recommendations for programs to assist tehm.Academic Medicine, 76(2),142-150. Lippi,G.,Montagnana, M., & Giavarina,D.(2006).National survey on the pre-analytical variability in a representative cohort of Italian laboratories.Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Medicine, 44(12),1491-1494. Liu,W.W.,Pan,F.C.,Wen,P.C.,Chen,S.J., & Lin,S.H.(2010).Job stressors and coping mechanisms among emergency department nurses in the armed force hospitals of Taiwan. International Journal of Human and Social Sciences,5(10), 626-633. Looi,L.M.(1983).The histopathology laboratory services in Malaysia.The Malaysian Journal of Pathology, 6,15-19. Lua,P.L., & Imilia,I.(2011).Work-related stress among healthcare providers of various sectors in Peninsular Malaysia.Retrieved October 15,2011 from http://www. mjpsychiatry.org/. Lucas,J.(1995).Practice nurse workload. The British Journal of General Practice, 45(401),692. Lundberg,U., & Hellström,B.(2002).Workload and morning salivary cortisol in women.Work & Stress, 16(4),356-363. Luthans,F.(1989).Organization behaviour (5th Ed.).New York: McGraw Hill. MacDonald,W.(2003).The impact of job dmands and workload on stress and fatigue.Australian Psychologist,38(2),102-117. MacMillan,D.(2002).Shortage of laboratory professionals: Recruitment and retention strategies.Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 24(9),65-68. Makhbul,Z.M., & Hasun,F.M.(2011).Gender responses to stress outcomes.Journal of Global Management, 1(1),48-56. Makhbul,Z.M., & Idrus,D.(2009).Work stress issues in Malaysia.Malaysia Labour Review,3(2),13-29. Mamat,I., & Hassan,Z.(2008).Pengurusan sumber manusia: Perspektif modal insan.Kuala Lumpur:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Manaf,A.H.A.(2009).Faktor-faktor tekanan dan kesannya kepada guru sekolah menengah kebangsaan: Satu kajian di Daerah Timur Laut,Pulau Pinang. Unpublished Master Dissertation. Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok. Manaf,N.H.A., & Phang,S.N.(2007).Patient satisfaction as an indicator of service quality in Malaysian public hospitals. The Asian Journal on Quality,8(3),113-122. Manafa,O.,McAuliffe,E.,Maseko,F.,Bowie,C.,Malcolm,M., & Normand,C.(2009).Retention of health workers in Malawi: Perspectives of health workers and distict management. Human Resourcses for Health,7(65),1-9. Manshor,A.T.,Fontaine,R., & Chong,S.C.(2003).Occupational stress among managers: A Malaysian survey.Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(6),622-628. Marican,S.(2006).Penyelidikan sains sosial: Penyelidikan pragmatik.Batu Caves,Selangor: Edusystem. Mathur,G.,Vigg,S.,Sandhar,S., & Holani,U.(2007).Stress as a correlate of job performance: A study of manufacturing organizations.Journal of Advances in Management Research, 4(2),79-85. Matteson,M.T., & Ivancevich,J.M.(1982a).Stress and the medical technologist:I.A general overview.The American Journal of Medical Technology, 48(3),163-168. Matteson,M.T., & Ivancevich,J.M.(1982b).Stress and the medical technologist: II.Sources and coping mechanisms.The American Journal of Medical Technology, 48(3),169-176. McLendon,W.W., & Doerpinghaus,H.(1984).Financial management.In J.B.Henry (Ed.),Todd,Sanford, and Davidsohn's clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods (17th Ed.)(pp.1393-1400).Philadephia : WB Saunders Co. McNeely,S.(1996).Stress and coping strategies in nurse from palliative psychiatric and general nursing areas.Health Manpower Management, 22(3),10-12. Meh,S.C., & Nasurdin,A.M.(2011).The relationships between job resources,job demands and teachers' OCB: Concept paper.Paper presented at Proceedings of Annual Paris Conference on "Money, Economy and Management",14-15 July 2011,Paris,France. Michie,S.(2002).Causes and management of stress at work. Occupational Environmental Medicine, 59(1),67-72. Muhamad,J.(2007).Kelakuan organisasi (6th Ed.).Petaling Jaya, Selangor: Leeds Publications. Murray,A.,Safran,D.G.,Rogers,W.H.,Chang,H., & Montgomery, J.E.(2000).Physician workload and patient-based assessments of primary care performance.Archives of Family Medicine, 9(4),327-332. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).(1999).Stress at work.Retrieved July31,2011,from http://ww.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-101/. Nicol,A-M., & Botterill,J.S.(2004).On-call work and health: A review. Environmental Health:A Global Access Science Source,3(15),1-7. Nishizaki,Y., Tokuda,Y.,Sato,E.,Kato,K.,Matsumoto,A., Takekata,M.,Terai,M.,Watanabe,C.,Lim,Y.Y.,Ohde,S., & Ishikawa,R.(2010).Relationship between nursing workloads and patient safety incidents.Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare,3,49-54. Nunnally,J.C.(1978) Psychometric theory (2nd Ed.).New York: McGraw-Hill. Ogunleye,T.O.(2006).Success anxiety,job ability perception and social interaction among women in male dominated professions 'Implications for counseling.Unpublished Doctoral Thesis.University of Lagos: Akoka,Lagos. Ouyang,Y.H.(2009).The mediating effects of job stress and job involvement under job instability: Banking service personnel of Taiwan as an example.Journal of Money, Investment and Banking,11,16-26. Palaniappan,A.K.(2009).Penyelidikan dan SPSS (PASW). Petaling Jaya:Pearson Education. Pallant,J.(2011).SPSS survival manual:A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS (4th Ed.).Crows Nest,NSW: Allen & Unwin. Pflanz,S., & Sonnek,S.(2002).Work stress in the military: Prevalence,causes and relationship to emotional health. Military Medicine,167(1),877-882. Pflanz,S.E., & Ogle,A.D.(2006).Job stress,depression,work performance and perceptions of supervisors in military personnel.Military Medicine,171(9),861-865. Pusat Perubatan Universiti Malaya.(2009).Laporan Tahunan Pusat Perubatan Universiti Malaya 2008.Kuala Lumpur:Pusat Perubatan Universiti Malaya. Quick,J.C.(1999).Occupational helath psychology : The convergence of health and clinical psychology with public health preventive medicine in an organizational context. Professional Psychology : Research and Practice,30(2), 123-128. Ramadan,P.A., & Ferreira,M.J.(2006).Risk factors associated with the reporting of musculoskeletal symptoms in workers at a laboratory of clinical pathology.The Annals of Occupational Hygiene,50(3),297-303. Rao,G.G.,Crook,M., & Tillyer,M.L.(2003).Pathology tests: Is the time for demand management ripe at last? Journal of Clinical Pathology,56(4),243-248. Riley,G.J.(2004).Understanding the stresses and strains of being a doctor.The Medical Journal of Australia,181(7), 350-353. Rilley,S.,Grasha,A.F., & Schafer,J.(2002).Workload,error detection, and experienced stress in a simulated pharmacy verification task.Perceptual and Motor Skills,95(1),27-46. Robbins,S.P.(1998).Organizational behavior (8th Ed.).Upper Saddle River,N.J.: Prentice Hall. Robin, B. S. (1999). Stress, immune function and health: The connection. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Rogers,R.E.,Li,E.Y., & Shani,A.B.(1987).Perceptions of organizational stress among U.S. military officers in Germany: An exploratory study.Group Organization Management,12(2),189-207. Sarkozi,L.,Simson,E., & Ramanathan,L.(2003).The effects of total laboratory automation on the management of a clinical chemistry laboratory.Retrospective analysis of 36 years. Clinica Chimica Acta,329(1-2),89-94. Sauter,S.L., & Murphy,L.R.(1995).Organizational risk factors for job stress.Washington,DC:American Psychological Association. Schaufeli,W.B.,& Bakker,A.B(2004).Job demand,job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement:A multi-sample study.Journal of Organizational Behavior,25(3), 293-315. Schermerhorn,J.R.(1989).Management for Productivity (3rd Ed.).New York: John Willey and Sons. Schultz,D., & Schultz,S.E.(1998).Psychology & Work Today: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology (7th Ed.).New Jersey:Prentice Hall. Schultz,D.P(2005).Psychology and work today:An introduction to industrial and organizational psychology(9th Ed.).Upper Saddle River,NJ:Prentice Hall. Sekaran,U.(2003).Research methods for business A skill building approach(4th Ed.).Hoboken,NJ:John Wiley and Sons. Sekaran,U., & Bougie,R.(2010).Research methods for business A skill building approach (5th Ed.).West Sussex, United Kingdom:John Wiley and Sons. Selye,H.(1956).The stress of life.New York: McGraw-Hill. Sewell,D.L.(1995).Laboratory-associated infections and biosafety.Clinical Microbiology Reviews,8(3),389-405. Shaffril,H.A.M., & Uli,J.(2010).The influence of socio-demographic factors on work performance among employees of government agriculture agencies in Malaysia.The Journal of International Social Research,3(10),459- 469. Shamsudin,F.M.,Zin,M.L.M.,Hassan,Z.,Ibrahim,H.,Subramaniam, C.,Din,G.,Wasli,M.I., & Ismail,E.(2006).Pembangunan sumber manusia di Malaysia.Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill. Shanahan,M.J., & Mortimer,J.T.(1996).Understanding the positive consequences of psychological stress. In B. Markovsky,M.Lovaglia & R.Simon (Eds.),Advances in group processes,13,189-209.Greenwich,CT: JAI Press. Shapiro,S.L.,Shapiro,D.E., & Schwartz,G.E.R.(2000).Stress management in medical education: A review of the literature.Academic Medicine,75(7),748-759. Shaw,J.B., & Weekley,J.A.(1985).The effects of objective work-load variations of psychological starin and post -work-load performance.Journal of Management,11,87-98. Siu,O.L.(2003).Job stress and job performance among employees in Hong Kong:The role of Chinese work values and organizational commitment.International Journal of Psychology,38(6),337-347. Smith,A.(2001).Perception of stress at work.Human Resource Management Journal,11(4),74-86. Šolc,M.,& Sűtőová,A(2009).Effect of stress and psychological overload at work on performance of employees.Quality Innovation Prosperity,13(2),68-76. Suliman,A.M.T.(2001).Work performance: is it one thing or many thing? The multidimensionality of performance in a Middle Eastern context.International Journal of human Resource Management,12(2),1046-1061. Tolman,E.C.(1938).The determiners of behavior at a choice point.Psychological Review,45,1-41. Torchia,M.G.(1994).Report of survey: Pregnancy outcomes in medical laboratory technologists.Canadian Journal of Medical Technology,56,20-29. Townley,G.(2000).Long hours culture causing economy to suffer.Management Accounting,78(6),3-5. Tsai,M.C.,Cheng,C.C., & Chang,Y.Y.(2010).Drivers of hospitally industry employees' job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance.African Journal of Business Management,4(18),4118-4134. Usubütün,A.,Üner,S.,Harorlu,F.,Özer,E.,Tuzlali,S.,Ruacan, A.,KoÇ,O., & Yörükoğlu,K.(2011).Pathology laboratories staff workload evaluation in Turkey: A survey study. Turkish Journal of Pathology,27(2),98-105. Uwe,E.A.(1999).Gender orientationand occupational competence of workers.Paper presented at 23rd Annual Conference of the Counselling Association of Nigeria,23-30 August,University of Lagos. Valenstein,P.N.,Souers,R., & Wilkinson,D.S.(2005).Staffing benchmarks for clinical laboratories: A CAP Q-probes study of staffing at 151 institutions.Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine,129(4),467-.473. Varca,P.E.(1999).Work stress and customer service delivery. The Journal of Services Marketing,13(3),229-241. Verstraete,A.,Boeckel,E.V.,Thys,M., & Engelen,F.(1998). Attitude of laboratory personnel towards accreditation. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 11(1),27-30. Vesley,D., & Hartmann,H.M.(1988).Laboratory-acquired infections and injuries in clinical laboratories: A 1986 survey.American Journal of Public Health,78(9),1213-1215. Wetzel,C.M.,Kneebone,R.L.,Woloshynowych,M.,Nestel,D., Moorthy,K.,Kidd,J., & Darzi,A.(2006).The effects of stress on surgical performance.The American Journal of Surgery, 191,5-10. Whitlow,K.J., & Campbell,D.J.(1983).Assessment of technologist workload as a factor in quality of laboratory performance.American Journal of Clinical Pathology,79(5), 609-610. Williams,S., & Cooper,L.(2002).Managing workplace stress: A best practice blueprint.Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Wiwanitkit,V.(2000).Estimation of Clinical Chemistry laboratory workloads and laboratory workplace survey. Chulalongkorn Medical Journal,4,515-523. Wiwanitkit,V.(2007).Psychological stress of the laboratory workers in the venepuncture clinic,a problem of laboratory personnel.Singapore Medical Journal,22(3),275-277. Yahaya,L.A.(1999).Gender differences, behaviour patterns and job performance of federal civil servants in Nigeria. Ilorin Journal of Education,16,120-128. Yassi,A., & Miller,B.(1990).Technological change and the medical technologist: A stress survey of four biomedical laboratories in a large tertiary care hospital.The Canadian Journal Medical Technology,529(4),228-242. Yerkes,R.M., & Dodson,J.D.(1908).The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation.Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology,18,459-482. Yorifuji,S.,Iwatani,Y.,Kawano,S.,Inagaki,S.,Sugiyama,H., Matsuura,N.,Yamanura,T.,Yamamoto,Y.,Higashi,T.,Horio,M., Oji,Y.,Yamaguchi,H.,Watanabe,M.,Kawaguchi,N.,Ohoka,Y., Hirata,M.,Ishigami,M.,Eguchi,H., & Hamada,Y.(2006). Extensive educational program for high performance medical technologists.The Japanese Journal of Clinical Pathology (Rinsho Byori),54(3),295-298. Yusof,A.A.(2007).Keinsanan dalam pengurusan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors. Zafir,M.M., & Fazilah,M.H.(2006).Stres di tempat kerja dan kesannya terhadap keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan. Malaysian Journal of Community Health,12(1),37-45. Zhu,J.L.,Knudsen,L.E.,Andersen,A.M.N.,Hjollund,N.H.,& Olsen, J.(2006).Laboartory work and pregnancy outcomes: A study within the National Birth Cohort in Denmark.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,63,53-58.