Cognitive Biases in Decision Making: Maximizing Utility or Minimizing the Effort?

This study examines cognitive biases in human decision-making. Three research objectives are investigated in the study: (i) identifying cognitive biases before the process of decision-making by individuals, (ii) identifying cognitive biases after the process of decision-making by individual and, (ii...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Teh, Wooi Teik
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2012
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/3147/1/TEH_WOOI_TEIK.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3147/4/TEH_WOOI_TEIK.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.3147
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Ismail, Russayani
topic BF Psychology
spellingShingle BF Psychology
Teh, Wooi Teik
Cognitive Biases in Decision Making: Maximizing Utility or Minimizing the Effort?
description This study examines cognitive biases in human decision-making. Three research objectives are investigated in the study: (i) identifying cognitive biases before the process of decision-making by individuals, (ii) identifying cognitive biases after the process of decision-making by individual and, (iii) suggest solution or de-biases method for an ideal condition in decision-making. The goal of this study is to understand various tendency biases in judgment and decision making and tries to suggest particular solution in order to achieve the ideal condition in decision making. Most of the findings in this study are developed from the theory of economic behavior and experimental-economics. The research highlighted the inadequacy of an economic theory which is, in reality people go for the minimization of effort rather than the standard assumption that every decision depends on the pursuit of “utility maximization”. In addition the study offers certain explanation concerning the boundaries assumption of rational-agent of economic theory and why it has been prevailed in the past decade.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Teh, Wooi Teik
author_facet Teh, Wooi Teik
author_sort Teh, Wooi Teik
title Cognitive Biases in Decision Making: Maximizing Utility or Minimizing the Effort?
title_short Cognitive Biases in Decision Making: Maximizing Utility or Minimizing the Effort?
title_full Cognitive Biases in Decision Making: Maximizing Utility or Minimizing the Effort?
title_fullStr Cognitive Biases in Decision Making: Maximizing Utility or Minimizing the Effort?
title_full_unstemmed Cognitive Biases in Decision Making: Maximizing Utility or Minimizing the Effort?
title_sort cognitive biases in decision making: maximizing utility or minimizing the effort?
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2012
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/3147/1/TEH_WOOI_TEIK.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3147/4/TEH_WOOI_TEIK.pdf
_version_ 1747827509045493760
spelling my-uum-etd.31472016-04-24T02:08:37Z Cognitive Biases in Decision Making: Maximizing Utility or Minimizing the Effort? 2012 Teh, Wooi Teik Ismail, Russayani Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business BF Psychology This study examines cognitive biases in human decision-making. Three research objectives are investigated in the study: (i) identifying cognitive biases before the process of decision-making by individuals, (ii) identifying cognitive biases after the process of decision-making by individual and, (iii) suggest solution or de-biases method for an ideal condition in decision-making. The goal of this study is to understand various tendency biases in judgment and decision making and tries to suggest particular solution in order to achieve the ideal condition in decision making. Most of the findings in this study are developed from the theory of economic behavior and experimental-economics. The research highlighted the inadequacy of an economic theory which is, in reality people go for the minimization of effort rather than the standard assumption that every decision depends on the pursuit of “utility maximization”. In addition the study offers certain explanation concerning the boundaries assumption of rational-agent of economic theory and why it has been prevailed in the past decade. 2012 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3147/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3147/1/TEH_WOOI_TEIK.pdf text eng validuser https://etd.uum.edu.my/3147/4/TEH_WOOI_TEIK.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Agor,W.H. (1986).“The logic of intuitive decision making”: A research based approach for top management. Westport: Quorum Books. Ariely,D. (2001).“Seeing sets:Representation by statistical properties.” Psychological Science, pp.157–62. Ariely,Dan and Loewenstein,George. (2000).“When does duration matter in judgment and decision making?” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129(4),pp.508–23. Baron J. & Hershey J.C. (1988).“Outcome bias in decision evaluation”.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 54(4) Apr,569-579. Barberis,Nicholas,Huang,Ming, and Thaler,Richard H. (2003). “Individual preferences,monetary gambles and the equity premium.” National Bureau of Economic Research (Cambridge, MA) Working Paper No. W9997. Bechara,Antoine,Hanna Damasio,Daniel Tranel, and Antonio R. Damasio. (2005).“The Iowa gambling task and the Somatic Marker Hypothesis”.Trends in Cognitive Science 9:159-62. Becker,Gary S. (1962)."Irrational behavior and economic theory," Journal of Political Economy, 70,1-13. Becker,Gary S. (1968)."Crime and punishment: An economic approach," Journal of Political Economy, 86,169-217. Benartzi,Shlomo, and Thaler,Richard H. (1995).“Myopic loss aversion and the equity premium puzzle.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(1),pp.73–92. Camerer,C., Loewenstein,G., & Weber,M. (1989).The curse of knowledge in economic settings: An experimental analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, 97(5),1232-1254. Damasio,Antonio,et al. (2000).“Sub-cortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotion”. Nature Neuroscience 3:1049-56. Dijiksterhuis,Ap, and Loran Nordgen, (2006).“A theory of unconscious thought”.Working paper. Edwards W. (1954).“Behavioral decision theory”, Annual Review of Psychology 12,473-98. Edwards,W, (1954).“The theory of decision making”. Psychological Bulletin 51,380–417. Fischhoff,B. (1975).“Hindsight ≠ foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty”.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance, 288-299. Fischoff,B., and Beyth,R. (1975).“I knew it would happen, Remembered probabilities of once-future things”. Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance. 13,1-16. Hershey,J., & Baron,J. (1992).Judgment by outcome: When is it justified? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 53,89-93. Kahneman,Daniel. (2003).“A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality.”American Psychologist, 56(9),pp.697–720. Kahneman,Daniel. (2003).“A psychological perspective on economics.” American Economic Review, 93(2),pp.162–68. Kahneman,Daniel. (2000).“Evaluation by moments: Past and future,”in Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.(Eds.),Choices, values, and frames. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp.693–708. Kahneman,Daniel. (1994).“New challenges to the rationality assumption.”Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 150(1),pp.18–36. Kahneman D. (1992).“Reference points, norms, and mixed feelings”. Org. Behav. Hum. Decis.Process. 51,296–312. Kahneman, Daniel and Frederick, Shane. (2002). “Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment,” in Thomas Gilovich, Dale Grif.n, and Daniel Kahneman (Eds.),Heuristics and biases:The psychology of intuitive thought. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp.49–81. Kahneman,D., and Snell,J. (1992).“Predicting a changing taste: Do people know what they will like?” J.Behav. Decision Making 5,187–200. Kahneman D, Knetsch JL, Thaler RH. (1986).“Fairness and the assumptions of economics”.Journal of Business 59:285-299 Kahneman,Daniel,Knetsch,Jack and Thaler,Richard. (1991). “The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias: Anomalies.”Journal of Economic Perspectives,5(1),pp.193–206. Kahneman,D., & Tversky,A. (1979).“Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk”.Econometrica, 47,263-291. Kahneman,D., & Tversky,A. (1982).The simulation heuristic. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp.201-208).New York:Cambridge University Press. Levitt,Steven D., and John A. List. (2007).“What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world?” J.Econ. Perspectives,forthcoming. List,John A. (2002).“Preference reversals of a different kind: The ‘More Is Less’ phenomenon.” American Economic Review, 92(5),pp.1636–43. Loewenstein,George. (1996).“Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65(3),pp.272–292. Loewenstein,G., & Adler,D. (1995).“A bias in the prediction of tastes.” The Economic Journal, 105(431),929–937. Loewenstein,G., & Lerner,J. (2003).The role of affect in decision making.In R.J.Dawson,K.R. Scherer,& H.H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective science (pp.619–642).Oxford: Oxford University Press. MaCurdy, Thomas, and John Shoven. (1992).“Accumulating pension wealth with stocks and bonds.” Working paper, Stanford University. Miller,George. (1956).“The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information”.Psychological Review 63:81-97 Rabin,M. (1998).“Psychology and economics," Journal of Economic Literature 35,11-46. Sadler-Smith,E., & Shefy,E. (2004).“The intuitive executive: Understanding and applying ‘gut feel’ in decision-making”.Academy of Management Executive, 18(4), 76–91. Schelling,Thomas C. (1984).Choice and consequence: Perspectives of an errant economist.Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press. Sen,A.K., (1977).“Rational fools: A critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory”.Philosophy and Public Affairs 6,317–344. Simon,Herbert A. (1955).“A behavioral model of rational choice.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1),pp.99–118. Simon,Herbert A. (1979).“Information processing models of cognition.”Annual Review of Psychology, 30,pp.363–96. Smith V.L. (1973).“Notes on some literature in experimental economics”,Social Sciences working paper No. 21,California Institute of Technology. Slovic,Paul,Finucane,Melissa,Peters,Ellen, and MacGregor, Donald G. (2002).“The affect heuristic,”in Thomas Gilovich, Dale Grif. n, and Daniel Kahneman, (Eds.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive thought.New York: Cambridge University Press, pp.397–420. Thaler, Richard, and Cass Sunstein. (2008).Nudge:Improving decisions and health, wealth and happiness. New Haven: Yale University Press. Thaler, Richard H. (1980).“Toward a positive theory of consumer choice.”Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, pp.36–90. Thaler,Richard H. (1992).The winner’s curse: Paradoxes and anomalies of economic life.New York:Free Press. Tversky,A. (1972).“Elimination by aspects: A theory of choice.” Psychological Review 79, 281–299. TverskyA. (1977).“Features of similarity,” Psychological Review, Vol.84. Tversky A., and D. Kahneman. (1973).“Availability: A heursistic for judging frequency and probability”. Cognitive Psychology 5,207-232. Tversky A., and D.Kahneman (1971).“Belief in the law of small numbers”, Psychological Bulletin 76,105-110. Tversky,A., & Kahneman,D. (1983).“Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment.” Psychological Review, 90,293–315. Tversky,Amos, and Kahneman,Daniel. (1981).“The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.” Science, 211(4481),pp.453–58. Tversky,Amos and Kahneman,Daniel. (1986).“Rational choice and the framing of decisions.” Journal of Business, 59(4), pp. S251–78. Tversky,Amos and Kahneman,Daniel. (1991).“Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model.”Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4),pp. 1039– 61. Tversky,A.,and Wakker,P. (1995).“Risk attitudes and decision weights”, Econometrica, 63:1255-1280. Von Neumann J., and O.Morgenstern. (1944).Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (3rd ed.).Princeton University Press, Princeton. Wason,P.C.,Shapiro,Diana. (1971)."Natural and contrived experience in a reasoning problem".Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 23:63–71. Wilson,Timothy D.(2002).“Strangers to ourselves:Discovering the adaptive unconscious”. Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press. Wilson,Timothy D. and Schooler,Jonathan W. (1991).“Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2),pp.181–92. Wilson,T.D.,Lisle,D.J.,Schooler,J.W.,Hodges,S.D.,Klaaren, K.J.,LaFleur,S.J. (1993).“Introspecting about reasons can reduce post-choice satisfaction”.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19(3),331–339. WWW user servey.(n.d.).Retrieved January 1,2011,from www. wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark attack. WWW user servey.(n.d.).Retrieved January 1,2011,from www. wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear attack. Zajonc,Robert B. (1998).“Emotions,” in Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey (Eds.),Handbook of social psychology,4th (ed.). Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press,pp.591–632.