The Legal, Economic, Social, Criminal and Political Challenges of Video Piracy: The Nigerian Experience

In the circumstance of existing pragmatic problem of an endangering high prevalence of video piracy and dearth of empirical enquiries, this study attempted to fill the knowledge gap in the global video piracy discourse from the legal, ethical, moral, economic, criminal and political perspectives in...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Abdur-Raheem, Adeyemi Ridwan
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2012
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/3350/1/Adeyemi_Ridwan_Abdur-Raheem.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3350/2/Adeyemi_Ridwan_Abdur-Raheem.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.3350
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor M Budiman, Adrian
Yusof, Norhafezah
topic T Technology (General)
spellingShingle T Technology (General)
Abdur-Raheem, Adeyemi Ridwan
The Legal, Economic, Social, Criminal and Political Challenges of Video Piracy: The Nigerian Experience
description In the circumstance of existing pragmatic problem of an endangering high prevalence of video piracy and dearth of empirical enquiries, this study attempted to fill the knowledge gap in the global video piracy discourse from the legal, ethical, moral, economic, criminal and political perspectives in Nigeria. The study investigated the challenges of video piracy in Nigeria from multiple perspectives. Adopting the qualitative design and the case study approach, a triangulation of the in-depth interview, focus group discussion and document analysis methods were used for data collection. While the judgment sampling method was adopted for information gathering from respondents, the interpretive and critical analytical methods were used for the data analysis. The study’s theoretical framework was the diffusion of innovation theory. A set of eight findings of this study which uniquely contribute to the body of knowledge on video piracy in Nigeria and globally include: the dangerous ethnic dimension of the video piracy trend in Lagos; the low level of awareness on video piracy amongst the Nigerian public; the poor level of monitoring of post production and reproduction processes by producers and right owners; the internal sabotage within production plants and among video marketers; poor financial and operational capacity of stakeholders, non usage of highly sophisticated technological devices to protect video works; the experience of devastating psychological trauma by video producers and marketers; unwilling resort of video producers to low quality production to reduce cost and risk; and finally, the four fundamental factors refuting the claim of video piracy’s contribution to the emergence and popularity of the Nigerian video industry. The significance of these findings includes: strategic insight and understanding of the video piracy dynamics capable of facilitating strategic planning; control; eradication of video piracy; strategic conflict prevention; knowledge update on video piracy and strategic economic and cultural development.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Abdur-Raheem, Adeyemi Ridwan
author_facet Abdur-Raheem, Adeyemi Ridwan
author_sort Abdur-Raheem, Adeyemi Ridwan
title The Legal, Economic, Social, Criminal and Political Challenges of Video Piracy: The Nigerian Experience
title_short The Legal, Economic, Social, Criminal and Political Challenges of Video Piracy: The Nigerian Experience
title_full The Legal, Economic, Social, Criminal and Political Challenges of Video Piracy: The Nigerian Experience
title_fullStr The Legal, Economic, Social, Criminal and Political Challenges of Video Piracy: The Nigerian Experience
title_full_unstemmed The Legal, Economic, Social, Criminal and Political Challenges of Video Piracy: The Nigerian Experience
title_sort legal, economic, social, criminal and political challenges of video piracy: the nigerian experience
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2012
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/3350/1/Adeyemi_Ridwan_Abdur-Raheem.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3350/2/Adeyemi_Ridwan_Abdur-Raheem.pdf
_version_ 1747827553554399232
spelling my-uum-etd.33502019-11-14T00:57:46Z The Legal, Economic, Social, Criminal and Political Challenges of Video Piracy: The Nigerian Experience 2012 Abdur-Raheem, Adeyemi Ridwan M Budiman, Adrian Yusof, Norhafezah Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences T Technology (General) In the circumstance of existing pragmatic problem of an endangering high prevalence of video piracy and dearth of empirical enquiries, this study attempted to fill the knowledge gap in the global video piracy discourse from the legal, ethical, moral, economic, criminal and political perspectives in Nigeria. The study investigated the challenges of video piracy in Nigeria from multiple perspectives. Adopting the qualitative design and the case study approach, a triangulation of the in-depth interview, focus group discussion and document analysis methods were used for data collection. While the judgment sampling method was adopted for information gathering from respondents, the interpretive and critical analytical methods were used for the data analysis. The study’s theoretical framework was the diffusion of innovation theory. A set of eight findings of this study which uniquely contribute to the body of knowledge on video piracy in Nigeria and globally include: the dangerous ethnic dimension of the video piracy trend in Lagos; the low level of awareness on video piracy amongst the Nigerian public; the poor level of monitoring of post production and reproduction processes by producers and right owners; the internal sabotage within production plants and among video marketers; poor financial and operational capacity of stakeholders, non usage of highly sophisticated technological devices to protect video works; the experience of devastating psychological trauma by video producers and marketers; unwilling resort of video producers to low quality production to reduce cost and risk; and finally, the four fundamental factors refuting the claim of video piracy’s contribution to the emergence and popularity of the Nigerian video industry. The significance of these findings includes: strategic insight and understanding of the video piracy dynamics capable of facilitating strategic planning; control; eradication of video piracy; strategic conflict prevention; knowledge update on video piracy and strategic economic and cultural development. 2012 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3350/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3350/1/Adeyemi_Ridwan_Abdur-Raheem.pdf application/pdf eng validuser https://etd.uum.edu.my/3350/2/Adeyemi_Ridwan_Abdur-Raheem.pdf application/pdf eng public http://sierra.uum.edu.my/record=b1239805~S1 Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Adejunmobi,M. (2000). Video film technology and serial narratives in West Africa. In O. Foluke (Ed.), Africa Video film today (pp. 51-68). Swaziland: Academic Publishers. Adelman,C., Jenkins,D., & Kemmis,S. (1976). Rethinking case study: notes from the second Cambridge conference. Cambridge Journal of Education, 6(3), 139-150. Adeyemi,R., Sofoluwe,A., & Kadiri,M. (2008). Mass media history of Nigeria. Lagos: Pioneer Publishers. Altheide,D.L. (2000). Tracking discourse and qualitative document analysis. Poetics, 27(4), 287-299. Alawode,S.O. (2010). Uses and influence of the Nigerian home video among selected audience in Oyo state. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria). Anyawu,C. (2000). Towards a new image of women in Nigerian video films. In O.Foluke (Ed.), Africa Video film today (pp.81-90). Swaziland: Academic Publishers. Azeez,L. (2008). Image of women in Nigeria video film-construction and reception. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds). Baroudi,J.J., & Orlikowski,W. (1989). The problem of statistical power in MIS research. MIS Quarterly, 13(1), 87-106. BBC. (2005, December 19). Why are Nigerian movies popular? Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4524458.stm Beale,B., Cole,R., Hillege,S., McMaster,R., & Nagy,S. (2004). Impact of in-depth interviews on the interviewer: Roller coaster ride. Nursing and Health Sciences, 6(2), 141-147. Bryman,A., & Burgess,R.G. (1994).Reflections on qualitative data analysis. In A.Bryman & R.G.Burgess (Eds.), Analyzing Qualitative Data (pp. 216-226). NY: Routledge. Cheney,G. (2000). Interpreting interpretive research: Towards perspectivism w without relativism. In S.R.Corman & M.S.Poole (Eds.), Perspectives in organizational communication: Finding common ground (pp.17-45). NY: The Guilford Press. Cheng,J. (2008, August 07). Piracy could put film industry out of business, warns group. Retrieved from http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2008/08/ piracy-could-put-film-industry-out-of-business- warns-group/ Chowdhury,M., Landesz,T., Santini,M., Tejada,L., & Visconti, G. (2008).Nollywood: The Nigerian film industry. Harvard Kennedy School, Retrieved from http://www.isc.hbs.edu/pdf/Student_ Projects/Nigeria_Film_2008.pdf CIA World Factbook. (2012, June 20).Nigeria world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/geos/ni.html CNN. (2006, December 23). Exhibition shows off the art of Nollywood. Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/20120-12-23/world/ nollywood,exhibition_1_nollwood-film-industry-exhibition?_s=PM:WORLD CNN. (2009a, April 18).Four found guilty in landmark pirate bay case. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/04/17/sweden. piracy.jail/ CNN. (2009b, June 24). Nollywood lose half of film profits to piracy, say producers.Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/ Movies/06/24/NollyWood.piracy/ Dalcher,D. (2004). Stories and histories: Theme study research (and beyond) on information systems failures. In M.E.Whitman (Ed.), The handbook of information systems research (pp. 305-322). Hershey PA: Idea Group Publishing. Dean,K. (2003, December 22). Film piracy still steals the show. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/ 2003/12/61673 Deetz,S. (2001). Conceptual foundations. In M.J.Fredrick (Ed.), The New Book of organizational communication: Advances in Theory, research, and methods (pp.3-46). Oaks: Sage Publications. Denzin,N.K., & Lincoln,Y.S. (2005). The sage handbook of qualitative research. (3 ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Denzin,N.K., & Lincoln,Y.S. (2008). Strategies of qualitative inquiry. (3 ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Diwan,P. (1999). Marketing management. Malaysia: Golden Books Centre Sdn.Bhd. Doolin,B., & McLeod,L. (2005). Towards critical interpretivism in IS research. In D.Howcroft & M.E.Trauth (Eds.), Handbook of critical information systems research: theory and application (pp.244-271). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Drakard,M. (2006, December 18). Africa's challenge to Hollywood dominance. Retrieved from http://www.nigeriafilms.com/content.asp?content id=990&Co ntent TypeID=2 East,G. (2007, September 18). Nigerian film DVDs fly off the shelves in south Florida. Retrieved from http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=7217 Ellis,M. (2004). Nigerian anti-piracy investigation, leads to Hong Kong arrests and seizures. Retrieved from http://mpa-i.org/ Elwood,S.A., & Martin,D.G. (2000). "Placing" interviews: Location and scales of power in qualitative research. The Professional Geographer, 52(4), 649-657. Fashola,M.A. (2005). Agricultural development in nigeria. In O.Fakiyesi & O.Akano (Eds.), Issues in money, finance and economic development: essays in honour of Professor Obasanmi Olakanpo (pp.35-98). Lagos: University of Lagos Press. Ficci Frames. (2008, March 25). Film piracy issues taken up on day one of ficci-frames. Retrieved from http://www.livemint.com/2008/03/ 25151130/Film-piracy-issues-taken-up-on.html Film piracy push. (2004, June 16).Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/16/ 1087244953775.html?from=storyrhs Geist,M. (2007, January 05). Movie piracy claims more fiction than fact. Retrieved from http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/1657/ 135/ Glesne,C. (1999).Becoming qualitative researchers. (2 ed.). New York, NY: Longman. Glickman,D. (2004, November 03). New steps in the fight against piracy. Retrieved from http://www.globalization101.org/new-steps-in- the-fight-against-piracy-2/ Graham,R. (2005, May 31). A straight-to-DVD solution for piracy. Retrieved from http://msl1.mit.edu/furdlog/docs/b_globe/2005- 05-31_bglobe_straight _2dvd.pdf Guardian. (2009, August 12). From ancient Greece to Hollywood: a brief history of piracy. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2009/aug/12/ piracy-history-arctic-sea Haynes J. (Ed.) (2000). Nigeria Video Films. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies. Haynes,J. (2007).Video boom Nigeria and Ghana. Postcolonial Text, 3(2), Retrieved from www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/ download/522/422 Heimlich,R. (2006, November 01). How the MPAA identifies where pirated movies come from. Retrieved from http://www.dvguru.com/2006/11/01/how-the-mpaa- identifies-where-pirated-movies-come-from/ Hess,D.R. (2004). How to write an effective discussion. Respiratory Care, 49(10), 1238-1241. Hiller,H.H., & Diluzio,L. (2009). The interviewee and the research interview: analyzing a neglected dimension in research. Canadian Review of Sociology, 41(1), 1-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-618X.2004.tb02167.x Hitchcock,G., & Hughes,D. (1995).Research and the teacher: A qualitative introduction to school-based research. (2 ed.). New Fetter Lane: Routledge Publishers. Holson,L.M. (2003, September 25). Studios moving to block piracy of films online.Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/25/business/ studios-moving-to-block-piracy-of-films- online.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm Hunter,M.G. (2004). Research in information systems: An exploration of methods. In E.M.Whiteman (Ed.), The Handbook of Information Systems Research (pp. 291-304). Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing. International Intellectual Property (IIPA). (2006). IIPA’s 2006 special 301 report. Retrieved from http://www.iipa.com/countryreports.html International Intellectual Property (IIPA). (2008). IIPA’s 2008 special 301 report. Retrieved from www.ustr.gov/...301...2008/ asset_upload_file141_14486.pdf International Intellectual Property (IIPA). (2009). Special report on copyright protection and enforcement. Retrieved from https:docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8 JqnGm9vVO4J: www.iipa.com/rbc/2009/2009SPEC301NIGE RIA.pdf International Intellectual Property (IIPA). (2006). IIPA’s 2006 special 301 report. Retrieved from http://www.iipa.com/country reports.html Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA). (2001). Piracy. Retrieved from http://www.irma.ie/piracy.htm James,A. (2007a). The making of Nigeria’s film and video revolution. Lagos: Publicomm Associates Ltd. James,A. (2007b). A blueprint for the development of Nigeria’s film and video industry. Lagos: Publicomm Associates Ltd. James,A. (2007c). Film and the Nigerian society: Agenda for collecting society. Lagos: Publicomm Associates Ltd. Kapborg,I., & Bertero,C. (2002). Using an interpreter in qualitative interviews: Does it threaten validity? Nursing Inquiry, 9(1), 52-56. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1800.2002.00127.x Kaplan,B., & Maxwell,J.A. (1994). Qualitative research methods for evaluating computer information systems. In J.G. Anderson (Ed.), Evaluating health care information systems: Methods and applications (pp.45-68). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications. Khalfan,A. (2003). A theme analysis of business process outscoring project failure profile and implementation problems in a large organization of a developing nation. Business Process Management Journal, 9(6), 745-759. Kennedy,P. (2009, August 20). How to combine multiple research methods: Practical triangulation. Retrieved from http://johnnyholand.org/2009/08/practical-triangulation/ Kila,A.A. (2011, September 15). This state is shaky. Retrieved from http://saharareporters.com/article/state-shaky- anthony-kila Knafl,K.A., & Webster,D.C. (1998). Managing and analyzing qualitative data: A description of tasks, techniques, and materials. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 10(2), 195-218. doi: 10.1177/019394598801000207 Kunzler,D. (2007).The Nigerian video industry as an example of import substitution. Retrieved from http://www.suz.uzh.ch/kuenzler.html Lamido,S.L. (2010). Keynote remarks. In Corruption and Governance Challenges in Nigeria (pp.8-12). Retrieved from http://www.cleen.org/monographs.html Larkin,B. (2004). Degraded images, distorted sounds: Nigeria video and the infrastructure of piracy. Public Culture, 16(2), 289-314. doi: 10.1215 /08992363-16-2-289 Larkin,B. (2005, June 19). Report on Nollywood rising conference. Retrieved from http://mail.sarai.net/pipermail/reader-list/ 2005-June/005825.html LEK Study Report. (2004).The cost of movie piracy. Retrieved from austg.com/include/downloads/PirateProfile.pdf Lessig,L. (2005). Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity. New York, NY: Penguin Books. Lobato,R. (2007). Subcinema: Theorizing marginal film distribution. Limina: A Journal of Historical and Cultural Studies, 13,113-120. Retrieved from University of Melbourne Library Digital Repository Lofland,J., & Lofland,L.H. (1995).Analyzing social settings. a guide to qualitative observation and analysis. Belmont: Wadsworth. Mahmood,A.K. (2005). Animated software agents support in e-learning environments: An exploratory interpretive theme study. Informatics Research Institute, Retrieved from Informatics Research Institute database. Manson,K. (2009, March 04). Piracy drives film makers out of African markets. Retrieved from http://in.reuters.com/article/2009/03/04/ idINIndia-38339920090304 Marshall,M.N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice, 13(6), 522-525. Mason,M. (2009, April 02). Film piracy: good or bad? Retrieved from http://www.iabuk.net/news/film-piracy-good-or -bad Miles,M., & Huberman,A.M. (1994).Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. USA: Sage Publications. MPAA. (2004a). The cost of movie piracy. Retrieved from http://www.archive.org/stream/MpaaPiracyReort/ LeksummarympaRevised MPAA. (2004b, July 09). Movie Piracy is the new plague. Retrieved from http://www.pcworld.com/article/116842/mpaa_ movie_piracy_is_the_new_plague.html MPAA. (2005). Piracy and the law. Retrieved from http://www.mpaa.org/contentprotection/types-of-content-theft MPAA. (2006). New MPAA study: Piracy hurts janitors. Retrieved from http://forum.dvdtalk.com/movie-talk/479491-new- mpaa-study-piracy-hurts-janitors.html MPAA. (2006). Anti-piracy efforts: Legal actions (press release). Retrieved from http://www.mpaa.org/news/pr MPAA. (2007). Allegations of copyright infringement. Retrieved from http://www.mpaa .org/news/mpaa-in-the-news MPAA. (2009, June 02). Paddy sniffs out shipment of pirated movie DVDs headed for Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.mfact,org/Press_Room/press_releases/ 2009/Malaysia_PaddyRaidShipment_May09.pdf Munoz,L., & Healey,J. (2003, December 04). Pirated movies flourished despite security measures. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2003/dec/04/ entertainment/et-piracy4 Murray,L.B. (2003). Qualitative research interviews: therapeutic benefits for the participants. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10(2), 233-236. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2850.2003.00553.x Mustapha,D. (2008). Foreign aid and economic growth in Muslim countries: The role of I.D.B. (Unpublished seminar paper, University Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah). Myers,D.M. (1997). Qualitative research in information systems. Journal MIS Quarterly, 21(2), 241-242. Retrieved from Association for Information Systems Website NCC. (2008).Survey of copyright piracy in Nigeria (abridged version). Nigeria: Management Review Limited. NCC. (2008). Copyright exploitation: A discussion of the film, TV and new media market for Nigerian products both inside and outside Nigeria. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache: 88B5PhJdgWYJ: www.cfcnigeria.org/downloads/ fodfia2008/Oct%2014%20- Norman,K.D., & Yvonna,S.L. (2005). The sage handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Ogunbameru,O.A. (2004).Research methods in social sciences. (2 ed.). Norway: D-Net Communication E-Book Press. Ogundaisi,Y. (2007, October 01). A look at the future of Nollywood. Retrieved from http://www.nollywood.net/forum/threads/a-look- at-the-future-of-nollywood.1020/ Ogunleye F. (2003). (Ed.),Africa Video film today. Swaziland: Academic Publishers. Onyerionwu,E. (2007, October 22). It is difficult to ignore Nollywood. Retrieved from http://www.nollywood.net/forum/threads/it-is- difficult-to-ignore-nollywood-onookome-okome. 1027/ Olatunbosun,B. (1999). History of West Africa (1950-2000 A.D). Lagos: Landmark Publishers. Online Webster Dictionary. (2011). Definition of video piracy. Retrieved from http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/ piracy Orlikowsi,W.J., & Baroudi,J.J. (1991). Studying information technology in organizations: Research approaches and assumptions. Information Systems Research, 2(1), 1-28. Owens-Ibie,N. (1999). How video films developed in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://waccglobal.org/en/19981-communication- issues-in-the-caribbean/902-how-video-films-developed-in-Nigeria--.html Padgett,D.K. (2004). The qualitative research experience. Canada: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center. Paine,A. (2009, April 24). Billboard Q&A: Lawyers analyze pirate bay case. Retrieved from http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/ industry/new s/e3i55fbb4c9063b301d1651610b4d1bb 390 Patrick,S. (2008, May 07). Malaysia still on piracy watch list. Retrieved from http://digital.asiaone.com/Digital/News/Story/ A1Story20080507-63807.html Patton,M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. (3 ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers. Paul,R. (2007, December 04). MPAA?s university toolkit hit with DMCA takedown notice after GPL violation. Retrieved from http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/ 2007/12/mpaas-university-toolkit-hit-with-dmca- takedown-notice-after-gpl-violation/ Popoola,I.S. (2000). Nigeria and the challenges of violent film. In O.Foluke (Ed.), Africa Video film today (pp. 51-68). Swaziland: Academic Publishers. Post,G.D. (2004).Lawrence Lessig leads the charge to retake the public domain.Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache: QPMU5cbtJ-YJ:www.temple.edu/lawschool/dpost/ lessigreview. Rogers,E.M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations. (4 ed.). New York, NY: Free Press. Rogers,E.M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. (5 ed.). New York, NY: Free Press. Rogers,E.M. (2004). Diffusion of innovations. New York, NY: Free Press. Saunders,M., Lewis,P., & Thornhill,A. (2003). Research methods for business students. (3 ed.). Upper Sadle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Publishers. Schamberger,M.M. (1997). Elements of quality in a qualitative research interview. S.A Archives Journal, 39, 25. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Sensarkar,N. (2007). The potential impact of digital rights management on the Indian entertainment industry. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, 6(1), 45-55. doi: 10.1108/14770020780000549 Shittu,A.J. (2009). Challenges of information technology outscoring in developing countries: An exploratory interpretive case study of Malaysia ITO supplier’s perspective. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universiti Technologi Petronas). Silverman,D. (2010). Doing qualitative research. London: Sage Publications. Siwek,S.E. (2005). The true cost of motion picture piracy to the US economy. Retrieved from http://ipi.org/IPI\IPIPublications.nsf/ PublicationLookupFullText/E274F77ADF58BD088 62571F8001BA6BF Stahl,B.C. (2005). A critical view of the ethical nature of interpretive research. doi: 10.1.1.108.1596 Strauss,A., & Corbin,J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. USA: Sage Publications. Sukandar,R. (2007).Negotiating post conflict communication: A case of ethnic conflict in Indonesia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio University). Ogbechie,S.O. (2009, June 25). CNN story on Nollywood: Problems of accreditation. Retrieved from nhttp://aachronym.blogspot.com/2009/06/cnn- story-on-nollywood-problems-of.html Tavakkol,S. (2008). Going up the stairs. Retrieved from isuu.com/idfa/docs/catalogue_ idfa2011 Technology Report. (2004). New steps in the fight against piracy. Retrieved from http://techreport.com/ Tetrault,G. (2002, November 4). Internet “piracy” of films and broadcasts:Is it a problem or an excuse for restricting copyrights? Retrieved from http://atpm. com/8.11/digital-rights.shtml Tetrault,M. (2009, October 23). CRTC shapes Canadian "net neutrality" rules. Retrieved from http://www.mccarthy.ca/article_detail.aspx? id=4720 The Free Dictionary. (2011, August 2011). Definition of video piracy.Retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/UK Thomas,B. (2007, February 19).MPAA violates software license. Retrieved from http://www.bit-tech.net/news/bits/2007/02/ 19/MPAA_violates_software_license/1 Thomas,R.M. (2003). Blending qualitative & quantitative research methods in theses and dissertations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Tilma,B. (2005). The culture of piracy in the Philippines in Pilipinas. A Journal of Philippine Studies, 45, 29-43. Trauth,E.M. (2001). Qualitative research in is: Issues and trends. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing. Travers,M. (2001). Qualitative research through case studies. London: Sage Publications. Treverton,G.F., Matthies,C., Cunningham,K.J., Goulka,J., Ridgeway,G., & Wong,A. (2009).Film piracy, organized crime, and terrorism. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Uzelac,A. (2008).How to understand digital culture: Digital culture–a resource for a knowledge society? In A.Uzelac (Ed.), Digital Culture (pp.7-21). Zagreb: Institute of International Relations. Whitman,M.E., & Wyszcynski,A.B. (2004). The handbook of information systems research . USA: Idea Group Publishing. Wildermuth,B.M. (2003). Why conduct user studies? The role of empirical evidence in improving the practice of librarianship. CiteSeer, doi: 10.1.1.197.7266 Winegarner,B. (2005, February 11). Malaysia, china among worst piracy offenders. Retrieved from http://asia.gamespot.com/news/malaysia- china-among-worst-piracy-offenders-6118497 Yin,R. (1994). Theme study research: Design and methods. (2 ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Yin,R. (2002). Theme study research, design and methods. (3 ed.). Newbury Park: Sage Publications. Zeidler,S. (2000, August 03). Film piracy rampant on internet experts say. Retrieved from http://www.linuxtoday.com/security/2000080300 904OS