Indonesia's Engagement Strategy Towards Australia : The Strengthening of Interdependence, 1983-1996

Relations between Indonesia and Australia before 1983 were not very cordial due to a number of factors. Soeharto, who was the President of Indonesia at that time, however felt that for Indonesia’s own national interests and for regional considerations, a healthier climate of relations between the tw...

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Main Author:	Teuku Rezasyah,
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2011
Subjects:	JZ International relations
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/3401/1/TEUKU_REZASYAH.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/3401/2/1.TEUKU_REZASYAH.pdf
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id	my-uum-etd.3401
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	Darshan Singh, Ranjit Singh
topic	JZ International relations
spellingShingle	JZ International relations Teuku Rezasyah, , Indonesia's Engagement Strategy Towards Australia : The Strengthening of Interdependence, 1983-1996
description	Relations between Indonesia and Australia before 1983 were not very cordial due to a number of factors. Soeharto, who was the President of Indonesia at that time, however felt that for Indonesia’s own national interests and for regional considerations, a healthier climate of relations between the two neighbours was vital and should be developed. President Soeharto therefore initiated a policy of Engagement Strategy with Australia from 1983 to 1996 which eventually ushered in a period of highly strengthened relations between the two countries between 1992-1996. The problem statement of the thesis is what were the considerations that prompted President Soeharto to launch the policy of Engagement Strategy with Australia, what were its underlying elements and why was it highly successful. The main objective of this study therefore is to examine the key elements and the underlying dynamics of the Engagement Strategy initiated by Indonesia’s President Soeharto with the Australian government from 1983-1996 and its achievements which led to heightened cooperation between the two countries. This research employs the qualitative method using the historical approach relying strongly on documents issued by the governments of Indonesia and Australia, as well as supported by in-depth interviews with experts on the subject. Findings show that the Engagement Strategy was not so successful in the initial period from 1983 to 1987 but Soeharto persisted in his initiative and launched re-engagement in 1988. This new initiative was very productive and brought in its wake a period of greatly enhanced and strengthened relations between the two countries in the political, economic and military fields. Some of the high points of this increased cooperation were the Timor Gap Treaty of 1991, the APEC Summit of 1994, and the Agreement of Mutual Security of 1995. The period of 1992-1996 can therefore be described as an exceptionally high point in the history of Indonesia-Australia relations. The significance of the study is that it hopes to shed more light on Indonesia’s relations with Australia which were rather strained most of the time, but significantly improved during a short period, 1992-1996. It also hopes to reveal some of the Dynamics of Regional Cooperation.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Ph.D.
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Teuku Rezasyah, ,
author_facet	Teuku Rezasyah, ,
author_sort	Teuku Rezasyah, ,
title	Indonesia's Engagement Strategy Towards Australia : The Strengthening of Interdependence, 1983-1996
title_short	Indonesia's Engagement Strategy Towards Australia : The Strengthening of Interdependence, 1983-1996
title_full	Indonesia's Engagement Strategy Towards Australia : The Strengthening of Interdependence, 1983-1996
title_fullStr	Indonesia's Engagement Strategy Towards Australia : The Strengthening of Interdependence, 1983-1996
title_full_unstemmed	Indonesia's Engagement Strategy Towards Australia : The Strengthening of Interdependence, 1983-1996
title_sort	indonesia's engagement strategy towards australia : the strengthening of interdependence, 1983-1996
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government
publishDate	2011
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/3401/1/TEUKU_REZASYAH.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/3401/2/1.TEUKU_REZASYAH.pdf
_version_	1747827564822396928
spelling	my-uum-etd.34012016-04-26T02:52:46Z Indonesia's Engagement Strategy Towards Australia : The Strengthening of Interdependence, 1983-1996 2011 Teuku Rezasyah, , Darshan Singh, Ranjit Singh Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Goverment JZ International relations Relations between Indonesia and Australia before 1983 were not very cordial due to a number of factors. Soeharto, who was the President of Indonesia at that time, however felt that for Indonesia’s own national interests and for regional considerations, a healthier climate of relations between the two neighbours was vital and should be developed. President Soeharto therefore initiated a policy of Engagement Strategy with Australia from 1983 to 1996 which eventually ushered in a period of highly strengthened relations between the two countries between 1992-1996. The problem statement of the thesis is what were the considerations that prompted President Soeharto to launch the policy of Engagement Strategy with Australia, what were its underlying elements and why was it highly successful. The main objective of this study therefore is to examine the key elements and the underlying dynamics of the Engagement Strategy initiated by Indonesia’s President Soeharto with the Australian government from 1983-1996 and its achievements which led to heightened cooperation between the two countries. This research employs the qualitative method using the historical approach relying strongly on documents issued by the governments of Indonesia and Australia, as well as supported by in-depth interviews with experts on the subject. Findings show that the Engagement Strategy was not so successful in the initial period from 1983 to 1987 but Soeharto persisted in his initiative and launched re-engagement in 1988. This new initiative was very productive and brought in its wake a period of greatly enhanced and strengthened relations between the two countries in the political, economic and military fields. Some of the high points of this increased cooperation were the Timor Gap Treaty of 1991, the APEC Summit of 1994, and the Agreement of Mutual Security of 1995. The period of 1992-1996 can therefore be described as an exceptionally high point in the history of Indonesia-Australia relations. The significance of the study is that it hopes to shed more light on Indonesia’s relations with Australia which were rather strained most of the time, but significantly improved during a short period, 1992-1996. It also hopes to reveal some of the Dynamics of Regional Cooperation. 2011 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3401/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3401/1/TEUKU_REZASYAH.pdf application/pdf eng validuser https://etd.uum.edu.my/3401/2/1.TEUKU_REZASYAH.pdf application/pdf eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Ambassador Ahlan Bahari Razif (Formerly the Indonesian Ambassador to Laos), Jakarta, 18 May 2010. Ambassador Alphonse F. La Porta (Formerly the US Ambassador to Republic Indonesia), Jakarta, 23 June 2010. Ambassador Ashok Kumar Mirpuri (Currently Singaporean Ambassador to Republic Indonesia), Jakarta, 29 June 2010. Ambassador Hasyim Djalal (Formerly the Indonesian Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany, the Foreign Policy Advisor to President Suharto), Jakarta, 16 February 2009. Ambassador Makmur Widodo (Formerly the Director General for Politics of the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Jababeka, 29 April 2010. 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CHAPTERS IN BOOKS Alan Beaumont, 'Australia-Indonesia Defence Cooperation: An Australian Perspective', in Brown, Colin (ed), Indonesia: Dealing With a Neighbour, 1996, St. Leonard-NSW: Allen & Unwin. Alan Smart, 'The Timor Gap Zone of Co-operation Treaty', in David Anderson (ed), Australia and Indonesia: A Partnership in the Making, Canberra: Pacific Security Research Institute, 1991. Alejandro Melchor, Jr, 'Assessing ASEAN's Viability in a Changing World'. In Vasey, Lloyd. R (ed), Pacific Asia and U.S. Policies: A Political-Economic-Strategic Assessment, 1978, Hawaii: Pacific Forum. Ali Wardhana, ‘The Pacific Rim Challenge’, in Hadi Soesastro (ed). Indonesian Perspectives on APEC and Regional Cooperation in Asia Pacific. 1995, Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies. Andrew Elek, 'Asia Pacific Economic Co-Operation (APEC)', in Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Affairs 1991, 1991, Singapore: ISEAS. Anthony Leysens and Lisa Thompson, ‘The Evolution of the Global Political Economy’, in Philip Nel and Patrick J. McGowan, Patrick J. (ed, Power, Wealth and Global Order: An International Relations Textbook for Africa, 1999, Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press. David Anderson, 'Introduction', in David Anderson (ed) Australia and Indonesia: A Partnership in the Making, Canberra: Pacific Security Research Institute, 1991. David Horner, ‘Security Objectives’, in FA Mediansky (ed), Australian Foreign Policy: The New Millennium, South Melbourne: McMillan, 1997. Dewi Fortuna Anwar, 'Indonesia's Foreign and Defence Policies', in Colin Brown (ed), Indonesia: Dealing With a Neighbour, St. Leonard-NSW: Allen&Unwin, 1996. Dick K. Nanto, ‘US Trade and Market Access problems with Asia: An Overview’, in A.M. Babkina, Trade in the Asia Pacific Region, 1996, New York: Nova Science Publishers. Gareth Evans, 'Australia and Indonesia', in David Anderson (ed), Australia and Indonesia: A Partnership in the Making, 1991, Canberra: Pacific Security Research Institute. Gareth Evans, 'Neighbours for Half a Century', in Colin Brown (ed), Indonesia: Dealing With a Neighbour, 1996, St. Leonard-NSW: Allen&Unwin. Hadi Soesastro, ‘Pacific Economic Cooperation: A Historical Exploration’, in Hadi Soesastro (ed), Indonesian Perspectives on APEC and Regional Cooperation in Asia Pacific, Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1995. Hasnan Habib, 'Regional Security: Trends and Prospects', in Jusuf Wanandi (ed), Regional Security Arrangements: Indonesian and Canadian Views. 1996, Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies. Hasnan Habib, 'Australia-Indonesia Relations: The Politico-Defence Dimension', in Ball, Desmond and Wilson, Helen (eds) , Strange Neighbours: The Australia-Indonesia Relationship, 1991, North Sydney: Allen&Unwin Pty Ltd. H.D. Anderson, 'Australia-Indonesia Relations', in CSIS (ed) , Regional Dimensions of Indonesia-Australia Relations, Jakarta: CSIS. 1982. Heinz Arndt and Thee Kian Wie, 'Great Differences, Surprising Similarities: Australia, Indonesia and their Economic Relationship', in Expanding Horizons: Australia and Indonesia into the 21st Century, Canberra: East Asia Analitical Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 1994. Hugh Smith, 'Internal Politics and Foreign Policy', in F.A. Mediansky (ed). Australia in a Changing World: New Foreign Policy Directions, 1992, Botany, NSW: Maxwell Macmillan Publishing Australia. John Ravenhill, 'Business and Politics', in Rodney Smith and Lex Watson, Politics in Australia, 1989, Sydney: Allen& Unwin. Jusuf Wanandi,'Australia-Indonesia Relations in the Context of Developments in Asia-Pacific', in CSIS, Regional Dimensions of Indonesia-Australia Relations, 1984, Jakarta: Yayasan Proklamasi, CSIS. Michael J. Vatikiotis, ‘A Giant Treads Carefully: Indonesia’s Foreign Policy in the 1990s’, in Robert S. Ross (ed), East Asia in Transition: Toward a New Regional Order, Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1995, p. 216-233. Martin Tsamenyi and Sam Bateman, 'Good Neighbours at Sea?', in Colin Brown, (ed), Indonesia: Dealing With a Neighbour, 1996, St. Leonard-NSW: Allen&Unwin. Michael Byrnes, ‘Indonesia and the Australian Press’, in Michael Byrnes, Australia and the Asia Game, 1994, St. Leonards: Allen& Unwin. Mohammad Sadli, 'Regionalism in Asia', in Soesastro, Hadi (ed), Indonesian Perspectives on APEC and Regional Cooperation in Asia Pacific, 1995, Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies. Nancy Viviani, 'The Official Formulation of Foreign Policy or a Student's Guide to the Bureaucratic Galaxy', in F.A Mediansky and A.C. Palfreeman, in Pursuit of National Interests: Australian Foreign Policy in the 1990s, 1988, Sydney: Pergamon. Partha Gangopadhyay, ‘Patterns of Trade, Investment and Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region’, in Grahame Thompson (Ed), Economic Dynamism in the Asia-Pacific: The Growth of Integration and Competitiveness, 1988, London: Routledge. Peter King, 'Foreign Policy: A Paranoid Posture?', in Henry Mayer (ed), Australian Politics: a Second Reader, 1971, Melbourne: Cheshire. Peter Reith, 'Indonesia's Foreign and Defence Policies: A Coalition Perspective', in Colin Brown (ed), Indonesia: Dealing With a Neighbour, St. Leonard-NSW: Allen&Unwin. Richard N. Haas and Meghan L. O’Sullivan, ‘Terms of Engagement Alternatives to Punitive Policies’, in Survival, Vol. 42, No. 2, Summer 2000, p. 2. Richard Higgott, ‘Australia and the Pacific Region: The Political Economy of Relocation’, in Stubbs, R and Underhill, G (eds), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, 1994, London: Macmillan, 1994. Richard Higgott, 'Australia in a changing World', in Medianski, FA. (ed). Australia in a Changing World, Botany: Maxwell Macmillan, 1992. R.M. Sunardi, RM. 1996. 'Australia-Indonesia Defence Cooperation: An Indonesian Perspective', In Brown, Colin (ed), 1996, Indonesia: Dealing With a Neighbour, St. Leonard-NSW: Allen&Unwin. Robert Ray, 'The Australia-Indonesia Defence Relationship', in David Anderson (ed), Australia and Indonesia: A Partnership in the Making, 1991, Canberra: Pacific Security Research Institute. Stephen Bell and John Wanna, 'Power, Interaction and Restructuring: Concluding Comments', in Stephen Bell and John Wanna (eds), Business-Governments Relations in Australia, 1992, Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1992. Stephen Henningham, 'Australia and the South Pacific', in Mediansky, FA (ed), Australia in a Changing World, 1992, Botany, NSW: Maxwell Macmillan. Suhadi Mangkusuwondo, Djisman Simandjuntak, and Sumarno Surono, ‘Trade Policy Options for Indonesia’, in Mohamad Ariff and Tan Loong-Hoe, The Uruguay Round: Asean Trade Policy Options, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1988. MAGAZINES PUBLISHED IN AUSTRALIA James Balowski, 'Treaty Formalises Backing for Jakarta Generals', Green Left Weekly, 22 January 1996. Lincoln Wright, 'The Role of APEC', Arena, (April-May) 1995. Maggie Macrae, 'Indonesian rendezvous for APEC leaders', Asia Business Review, November 1994. Nick Fredman, 'Behind Australia's Push into Asia and the Pacific', Green Left Review, Vol. 166, November. Reihana Mohideen and Sonny Malencio, 'Why APEC Should be Opposed', Green Left, 1 September 1996. PRINTED AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA PUBLISHED OUTSIDE INDONESIA AND AUSTRALIA ‘Jakarta Bars Times Reporter from Reagan’s Visit to Bali’, The New York Times, 24 April 1986. ‘Quick Keating Cave-in’, Reuter, 9 January 1992. ‘World Leaders Praise Stability Suharto Gave to Indonesia’, Reuters, 27 January 2008. LECTURE SERIES B. Effendi, 'Indonesia-Australia Economic Relations', in H. Da Costa, Australian Aid To Indonesia, Annual Indonesian Lectures Series Nr. 16, 1991, Monash University. Carlyle Thayer, ‘Introduction: The Tyranny of Geography’. A Lecture to the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs, The University of Dunedin, Otago, 12 May 1988. WORKING PAPERS Andrew Tan, ‘Force Modernisation Trends in Southeast Asia’, Working Paper No. 59, Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, January 2004. James L. Richardson, The Foreign Policy of the Hawke-Keating Governments: An Interim Review, Working Paper No. 1997/4, 1997, Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. Michael Leifer, The ASEAN Regional Forum: Extending ASEAN’s Model of Regional Security, Adelphi Paper No. 302, 1997, New York: Oxford University Press. Terence Lee Chek Liang, Explaining Indonesia’s Relations with Singapore During the New Order Period: The Case of Regime Maintenance and Foreign Policy, Working Paper No. 10, Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, 2010, p. 1-30. Viberto Selochan, ‘New Directions and New Thinking in Australia-Southeast Asia Relations’, Australia-Asia Papers No. 62, Nathan: Centre for the Study of Australia-Asia Relations, 1992, p. 11. PH.D THESIS Ben Perkasa Drajat, The Role of Indonesian President Suharto in APEC (1994): An International Political Economy Analysis, 2000, Hiroshima: Hiroshima University, p. 44. MAPS Maritime Zones Produced by AUSLIG (Australian Surveying and Land Information Group), http://www.auslig.gov.au/marbound/ ambisbig.htm

Indonesia's Engagement Strategy Towards Australia : The Strengthening of Interdependence, 1983-1996

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