The Roles and Importance of Promotion Tools and Destination Attributes of Mice Tourism on Jordan's Destination Image Formation

The image of the destination has a significant role on tourists’ travel decision and selection of the destination to visit. Various approaches and strategies have been utilised by most of the countries to develop their destination image. However, in the context of Jordan less emphasis was given to d...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Alananzeh, Omar Abedalla Ahmed
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2012
Subjects:	G Geography (General)
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/3403/2/OMAR_ABEDALLA_AHMED_ALANANZEH.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/3403/5/OMAR_ABEDALLA_AHMED_ALANANZEH.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.3403
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	Lim, Khong Chiu
topic	G Geography (General)
spellingShingle	G Geography (General) Alananzeh, Omar Abedalla Ahmed The Roles and Importance of Promotion Tools and Destination Attributes of Mice Tourism on Jordan's Destination Image Formation
description	The image of the destination has a significant role on tourists’ travel decision and selection of the destination to visit. Various approaches and strategies have been utilised by most of the countries to develop their destination image. However, in the context of Jordan less emphasis was given to develop a touristic image. Thus, strategies used in forming a destination image were vague and less effective. The objectives of this study are to investigate the roles of promotion tools and Meetings, Incentive travel, Conferences, and Exhibitions (MICE) destination attributes on touristic image formation and to identify the perceptions of MICE participants on the importance of promotion tools, MICE destination attributes, and destination image. A quantitative approach was employed in this study and several hypotheses were formulated based on the existing literature, push-pull theory, and models of destination image formation. A structured questionnaire was administered to 857 respondents who were selected through cluster random sampling technique. Data were collected from participants of MICE tourism in the cities of Amman and the Dead Sea. The findings of the study revealed that there were significant differences in respondents’ perceptions on the importance of MICE destination attributes, promotion tools, and destination image. Regression analyses indicated that MICE destination attributes and the roles of promotion tools positively influence destination image formation. Nevertheless, amenities showed the highest influence of MICE destination attributes on destination image formation, followed by ancillary services, accessibility, attractions, and activities. Meanwhile, affordability portrayed the lowest influence of MICE destination attributes on the overall touristic image formation of Jordan. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge with the proposed model that reveals the significant contribution of MICE destination attributes and the roles of promotion tools to the destination image formation of Jordan. Whereas, for the managerial implications, this study is able to provide guidelines and suggestions on marketing strategies to the public and the private sectors in order to enhance and develop MICE industry in Jordan as an international destination image.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Ph.D.
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Alananzeh, Omar Abedalla Ahmed
author_facet	Alananzeh, Omar Abedalla Ahmed
author_sort	Alananzeh, Omar Abedalla Ahmed
title	The Roles and Importance of Promotion Tools and Destination Attributes of Mice Tourism on Jordan's Destination Image Formation
title_short	The Roles and Importance of Promotion Tools and Destination Attributes of Mice Tourism on Jordan's Destination Image Formation
title_full	The Roles and Importance of Promotion Tools and Destination Attributes of Mice Tourism on Jordan's Destination Image Formation
title_fullStr	The Roles and Importance of Promotion Tools and Destination Attributes of Mice Tourism on Jordan's Destination Image Formation
title_full_unstemmed	The Roles and Importance of Promotion Tools and Destination Attributes of Mice Tourism on Jordan's Destination Image Formation
title_sort	roles and importance of promotion tools and destination attributes of mice tourism on jordan's destination image formation
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government
publishDate	2012
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/3403/2/OMAR_ABEDALLA_AHMED_ALANANZEH.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/3403/5/OMAR_ABEDALLA_AHMED_ALANANZEH.pdf
_version_	1747827565357170688
spelling	my-uum-etd.34032022-04-10T06:12:05Z The Roles and Importance of Promotion Tools and Destination Attributes of Mice Tourism on Jordan's Destination Image Formation 2012 Alananzeh, Omar Abedalla Ahmed Lim, Khong Chiu Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government G Geography (General) The image of the destination has a significant role on tourists’ travel decision and selection of the destination to visit. Various approaches and strategies have been utilised by most of the countries to develop their destination image. However, in the context of Jordan less emphasis was given to develop a touristic image. Thus, strategies used in forming a destination image were vague and less effective. The objectives of this study are to investigate the roles of promotion tools and Meetings, Incentive travel, Conferences, and Exhibitions (MICE) destination attributes on touristic image formation and to identify the perceptions of MICE participants on the importance of promotion tools, MICE destination attributes, and destination image. A quantitative approach was employed in this study and several hypotheses were formulated based on the existing literature, push-pull theory, and models of destination image formation. A structured questionnaire was administered to 857 respondents who were selected through cluster random sampling technique. Data were collected from participants of MICE tourism in the cities of Amman and the Dead Sea. The findings of the study revealed that there were significant differences in respondents’ perceptions on the importance of MICE destination attributes, promotion tools, and destination image. Regression analyses indicated that MICE destination attributes and the roles of promotion tools positively influence destination image formation. Nevertheless, amenities showed the highest influence of MICE destination attributes on destination image formation, followed by ancillary services, accessibility, attractions, and activities. Meanwhile, affordability portrayed the lowest influence of MICE destination attributes on the overall touristic image formation of Jordan. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge with the proposed model that reveals the significant contribution of MICE destination attributes and the roles of promotion tools to the destination image formation of Jordan. Whereas, for the managerial implications, this study is able to provide guidelines and suggestions on marketing strategies to the public and the private sectors in order to enhance and develop MICE industry in Jordan as an international destination image. 2012 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3403/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3403/2/OMAR_ABEDALLA_AHMED_ALANANZEH.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/3403/5/OMAR_ABEDALLA_AHMED_ALANANZEH.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdul Rashid, R., & Ismail, H. N. (2008). Critical Analysis on Destination image literature: Roles and Purposes. Paper presented at 2nd In international Conference on Built Environment in Developing Countries (ICBEDC). Abedal-Hafez, A., Husien, M., & Kasawneh, A. (2010). The Role of National Sport Teams in Promoting Jordan's Touristic Product. An-Najah University Journal for Research-Humanities, 24(2), 463-491. Ahmed, Z. U. (1991). The influence of the components of a state's tourist image on product positioning strategy. Tourism Management, 12(4), 331-340. Alcaniz, B. E., Garcia, I. S., & Blas, S. S. (2009). The functional-psychological continuum in the cognitive image of a destination: A confirmatory analysis. Tourism Management, 30(5), 715-723. Alhemoud, A., & Armstrong, E. D. (1996). Image of tourism attractions in Kuwait. Journal of Travel Research, 34(4), 76-80. Al-Homoud, M., Al-Onn, S., Smadi, A., & Al-Hindawi, A. M. (2009). Exploring sales advertising in the house market in Jordan. International Journal of Housing Markets, 2(1),39-56 Alhroot, A. H. H. (2007). Marketing of a destination: Jordan as a case study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Huddersfield, UK. Alhroot, A. H. H., & Al-Alak, A.M. (2009). Tourism Roots and Destination Marketing Bridging Civilizations, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Theories. Asian Journal of Marketing, 3(4), 108-116. Alhroot, A. H. H., & Al-Alak, A.M. (2010). An Evaluation of the Main Critical Success Factors of Tourist Destination Marketing. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research Business, 1(12), 315-330. Allen, J., O’Toole, W., Harris, R., & McDonnell, I. (2005). Festival and special event management. Brisbane: John Wiley & Sons Australia. Alrawadieh, Z. (2009).The Jordanian National Tourism System . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Naples University of Federico II, Italy. Awamleh, N. A.H.K. (2002). Public officials' attitudes towards privatization in Jordan. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15(3), 237-256. Badhadho, I. (2006). Planning and marketing tourism locations in Jordan for geographical information systems. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Jordan, Amman. Badhadho, I. (2007). Conference tourism in Jordan. Itijahat Business Magazine.6 Bakir, A., & Alfawwaz, T. (2009). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Jordan. International Management Review, 5(2), 65-73. Baloglu, S. (1996). An empirical investigation of determinants of tourist destination image. Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, U.S.A. Baloglu, S. (1997). The relationship between destination images and sociodemographic and trip characteristics of international travellers. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 3(3), 221-233. Baloglu, S., & Brinberg, D. (1997). Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 35(4),11. Baloglu,S., & Love,C. (2003).Association Meeting Planners' Perceived Performance of Las Vegas. Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management, 5(1), 13-27. Baloglu,S., & Love,C. (2005).Association meeting planners' perceptions and intentions for five major US convention cities: the structured and unstructured images. Tourism Management, 26(5), 743-752. Baloglu,S., & McCleary,K.W. (1999a).A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868-897. Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999b). US international pleasure travellers’ images of four Mediterranean destinations: A comparison of visitors and nonvisitors. Journal of Travel Research, 38(2), 144-152. Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004a). Factors influencing destination image.Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3),657-681 Beerli,A., & Martin,J.D. (2004b).Tourists' characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations: a quantitative analysis--a case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25(5), 623-636. Bell, C. (2008). 100% PURE New Zealand: Branding for back-packers. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(4), 345-355 Benckendorff, P., & Moscardo, G. (2007). Linking Travel Motivation, Tourist Self-Image and Destination Brand Personality. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 22(2), 45-59. Bernini,C. (2009). Convention industry and destination clusters: Evidence from Italy. Tourism Management, 30(6), 878-889. Bhatt, H., & Badan. B.S. (2005). Encyclopaedia of Tourism in the New Millennium. Tourism: Marketing and Operations. (Vol.3). Crescent Publishing Corporation. Blumberg, K. (2005). Tourism destination marketing–A tool for destination management? A case study from Nelson/Tasman Region, New Zealand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10(1), 45-57. Bojanic, D. (1991). The use of advertising in managing destination image. Tourism Management, 12(4), 352-355. Boo, S., Koh, Y., & Jones, D. (2008). An exploration of attractiveness of convention cities based on visit behavior. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 9(4), 239- 257. Bradley, A., Hall, T. & Harrison, M. (2002).Selling Cities: Promoting New Images for Meetings Tourism. Cities, 19(1), 61-70. Breiter, D., & Milman, A. (2006). Attendees' needs and service priorities in a large convention center: application of the importance-performance theory. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1364-1370. Buhalis,D. (1998).Strategic use of information technologies in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 19(5), 409-421 Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, 21(1), 97-116. Cai,L.A. (2002).Cooperative branding for rural destinations . Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 720-742. Campiranon, K., & Arcodia, C. (2008). Market Segmentation in Time of Crisis. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 23(2-4), 151-161 Castelltort, M., & Mader, G. (2010). Press media coverage effects on destinations–A Monetary Public Value (MPV) analysis. Tourism Management, 31(6): 724-738. Cecilia, S. (2008). City Image–As Tourism Destination. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 4(1), 1218-1222. Chacko, H. E., & Fenich, G. G. (2000). Determining the importance of US convention destination attributes. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 6(3), 211-220. Chen, J. S., & Hsu, C.H. (2000). Measurement of Korean tourists' perceived images of overseas destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 411-416. Chen, P. J., & Kerstetter, D. L. (1999). International students’ image of rural Pennsylvania as a travel destination. Journal of Travel Research, 37(3), 256-266 Cheung, C., & R. Law (2002). Virtual MICE promotion: A comparison of the official web sites in Hong Kong and Singapore. Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management, 4(2), 37-51. Chon,K. (1991). Tourism destination image modification process: Marketing implications. Tourism Management, 12(1), 68-72. Clancy, M. J. (1999). Tourism and Development Evidence from Mexico. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(1), 1-20. Comrey, A. L. & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Convention Industry Council (2011). Retrieved from http://www.conventionindustry.org/StandardsPractices/APEX/ glossary.aspx Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D. & Wanhill, S. (2008). Tourism Principles and Practice. (4th ed). Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Cracolici, M. F., & Nijkamp, P. (2008). The attractiveness and competitiveness of tourist destinations: A study of Southern Italian regions. Tourism Management, 30(3), 336-344 Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Sage Publications: Thousand Oak, CA.47-61. Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. NJ: Upper Saddle River. Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18-23. Crouch, G. I. (2000). An analysis of Hong Kong tourism promotion. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 5(2), 70-75. Crouch, G. & Ritchie, J. (1998). Convention Site Selection Research: A Review, Conceptual Model, and Propositional Framework. Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management, 1(1),49-69. Dann, G. M. S. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4), 184-194. Davidson, R., & Rogers, T. (2006). Marketing destinations and venues for conferences, conventions and business events. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Davos puts Jordan on the map of MICE tourism. (2009, May 10) . Alghad, p. A1. Del Chiappa, G. (2008). The brand building process of a convention destination. In U. Collesei, J. C. Andreani (Ed.), proceedings of VII International Conference “Marketing Trends”. Venice: University of Cà Foscari. de Lara, R. A.A, & Har, C. O.S. (2008). Reassessing the Need for the Development of Regional Standards for the MICE Sector for the ASEAN and Asia Pacific Region. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 9 (3), 161-181. Dew, P., Wallace, J., Shoult, A., & King Abdullah 11. (2004). Doing business with Jordan. GMB Publishing. DiPietro, R. B., Breiter, D., Rompf, P., & Godlewska, M. (2008). An exploratory study of differences among meeting and exhibition planners in their destination selection criteria. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 9(4), 258- 276. Dominique, S., & Lopesi, F. (2011). Destination image: Origins, Developments and Implications. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 9(2), 305-315. Doolin, B., Burgess, L., & Cooper, J. (2002). Evaluating the use of the Web for tourism marketing: a case study from New Zealand. Tourism Management, 23(5), 557-561. Dwyer, L., Mistilis, N., & Rao, P. (2001). International price competitiveness of Australia's MICE industry. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(2), 123-139. Echtner C.M., & Ritchie, J.R.B. (1991). The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image. Journal of tourism studies, 2(2), 2-12. Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3-13. Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2003). The meaning and measurement of destination image. Journal of tourism studies, 14(1), 37-48. Esper, F. S., & Rateike, J. Á. (2010). Tourism destination image and motivations: The Spanish perspective of Mexico. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(4): 349-360. Fakeye, P., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). Image differences between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10-16. Fall, L. T. (2004). The increasing role of public relations as a crisis management function: An empirical examination of communication restrategising efforts among destination organisation managers in the wake of 11th September, 2001. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(3), 238-252. Fawzy, A. (2009). The Service Recovery Process in the Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions Industry: A Conceptual Model. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 10(4), 231-242. Fenich, G. G. (1992). Convention center development: pros, cons and unanswered questions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 11(3), 183-196. Fischer, J., Khan, I, Khemani, T., Mak. D., & Najmi, R. (2009). Jordan Tourism Cluster, Microeconomics of Competitiveness. Institute of Strategy and Competitiveness: Harvard University. Gartner, W. (1993). Image formation process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(3), 191-216. Gay, L.R. (1996). Educational research-competencies for analysis and application (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc. Gertner, D., & Kotler, P. (2004). How can a place correct a negative image? Place branding, 1(1), 50-57. Getz, D. (1991). Festivals, special events and tourism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Getz, D. (1997).Event management & event tourism. Cognizant Communication Corp. Getz, D. (2000). Developing a research agenda for the event management field. In J. Allen et al. (Eds.), Events beyond 2000: Setting the agenda, proceedings of conference on event evaluation, research and education (pp.10–21). Sydney: Australian Centre for Event Management, University of Technology Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403-428. Getz, D., Anderson, D., & Sheehan, L. (1998). Roles, issues, and strategies for convention and visitors' bureaux in destination planning and product development: a survey of Canadian bureaux. Tourism Management, 19(4), 331-340. Gil, S. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2009). Understanding the museum image formation process: A comparison of residents and tourists. Journal of Travel Research, (47)4, 480-493. Go, F., & Govers, R. (1999). The Asian perspective: Which international conference destinations in Asia are the most competitive? Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management, 1(4), 37-50. Goldblatt, J. (2002). Special events: twenty-first century global event management. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Govers, R., Go, F. M., & Kumar, K. (2007). Promoting tourism destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 15-23. Grado, S. C., Strauss, C.H., & Lord, B.E. (1998). Economic impacts of conferences and conventions, Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management, 1(1), 19-33. Grant, Y., & Weaver, P. (1996). The meeting selection process: a demographic profile of attendees clustered by criteria utilised in selecting meetings. Journal of hospitality & tourism research, 20(1), 57-71. Greater Amman Municipality (GAM). (2010). Retrieved from http://www.ammancity.gov.jo/en/services/presscenter.asp Gretzel, U., Yuan, Y. L., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2000). Preparing for the new economy: Advertising strategies and change in destination marketing organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 39(2), 146-156. Grimm, K. E., & Needham, M. D. (2012).Moving Beyond the “I” in Motivation: Attributes and Perceptions of Conservation Volunteer Tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 51(4), 488- 501 Gunn, C. A. (1972).Vacationscape-Designing Tourist Regions. Taylor & Francis. Gunn, C. A. (1988).Vacationscape: Designing Tourist Regions (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrdam Rheinhold. Gursoy, D., Kim, K., & Uysal, M. (2004). Perceived impacts of festivals and special events by organizers: an extension and validation. Tourism Management, 25(2), 171-181. Hair, J.F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hanna, J., & Millar, R. (1997). Promoting tourism on the Internet. Tourism Management, 18(7), 469-470. Harahsheh, S. (2009). An Evaluation of the image of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in the British and Swedish markets and the implications for marketing the country as a tourism destination. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom. Harahsheh, S.S., Morgan, M.E., & Edwards, J.R. (2010). The influence of religious belief on destination image: The case of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. International Journal of Management Cases, 9 (3/4), 63-73. Hiller, H.H. (1995). Conventions as mega-events: A new model for convention-host city relationships. Tourism Management, 16(5), 375-379. Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G., & Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic word of mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumer to articulate themselves on the Internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 38-52. Ho, J. Y. C., & Dempsey, M. (2010). Viral marketing: Motivations to forward online content. Journal of Business Research, 63(9-10), 1000-1006. Hodur, N.M., & Leistritz, F.L. (2006). Estimating the Economic Impact of Event Tourism: A Review of Issues and Methods. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 8(4), 63-79 Hu, C., & Hiemstra, S. J. (1996). Hybrid conjoint analysis as a research technique to measure meeting planners' preferences in hotel selection. Journal of Travel Research, 35(2), 62. Hu, Y., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). Measuring destination attractiveness: A contextual approach. Journal of Travel Research, 32(2), 25-34. Hunt, J. (1975). Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 13(3), 1-7. Jayswal, M. (2008). Events Tourism: Potential to build a brand destination. Paper presented at Conference on Tourism in India-Challenges Ahead. Jonsson, C., & Devonish, D. (2008).Does nationality, gender , and age affect travel motivation? A case of visitors to the Caribbean island of Barbados. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 25(3-4), 398-408. Jordan Enterprise Development Corporation (JEDCO), (2011). Retrieved from http://www.jedco.gov.jo/joomla/index.php? option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=253&lang=en Jordan Tourism Board (JTB), (2010). Retrieved from http://www.visitjordan.com/Default.aspx?tabid=300 Kelly, I., & Nankervis, A. (2001). Visitor destinations: an international perspective. John Willey & Sons Australia, Ltd Kerlinger, F.N. (1973). Foundation of behavioural research, (2 ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Khammash, T., & Alkhas, Z. (2009). Tourism sector report. ABC Investments. Retrieved from http://www.abci.com.jo/cms_files/Tourism_Sector_Report_-_January_2009.pdf Kim, D., & Perdue, R. R. (2011). The Influence of Image on Destination Attractiveness. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 28(3), 225-239. Kim, D., Hwang, Y., & Fesenmaier, D.R. (2005). Modeling tourism advertising effectiveness. Journal of Travel Research, 44(1), 42. Kim, D. Y., Lehto X. Y., & Morrison, A.M. (2007). Gender differences in online travel information search: Implications for marketing communications on the Internet. Tourism Management 28(2): 423-433. Kim,S., Chon,K., & Chung,K.Y. (2003). Convention industry in South Korea: an economic impact analysis. Tourism Management, 24(5), 533-541. Kim, S., & Lee, C. (2002). Push and pull relationships. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 257-260. Kim, S., Lee, C., & Klenosky, D. B. (2003). The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks. Tourism Management, 24(2), 169-180. Kim, S., & Yoon, Y. (2003). The Hierarchical Effects of Affective and Cognitive Components on Tourism Destination Image. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 14(2), 1-22. Kim, S. S., Guo, Y., & Agrusa, J. (2005). Preference and positioning analyses of overseas destinations by mainland Chinese outbound pleasure tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2),212-220. Klenosky, D. B. (2002). The" pull" of tourism destinations: A means-end investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4) , 385-395. Konecnik, M., & Gartner, W.C. (2007). Customer-based brand equity for a destination. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2) , 400-421. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610 Kuhn, R. G., & Jackson, E.L. (1989). Stability of factor structure in the measurement of public environmental attitude. Journal of Environmental Education, 10, 27-32. Lau, C. K., Milne, S., & Johnston, C.S. (2005). MICE, ICT and local economic development: The case of Te Kahurangi, New Zealand. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 7(1), 61-75. Law, R., & Wong, J. (2003). Successful factors for a travel web site: perceptions of on-line purchasers in Hong Kong. Journal of hospitality & tourism research, 27(1), 118-124. Lawrence, M., & McCabe, V. (2001). Managing conferences in regional areas: a practical evaluation in conference management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(4), 204-207. Lawton, G. R., & Page, S.J. (1997).Analysing the promotion, product and visitor expectations of urban tourism: Auckland , New Zealand as a case study. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 6(3), 123-142. Lee, E. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57. Lee-Kelley, L., Gilbert, D., & Al-Shehabi, N. F. (2004). Virtual exhibitions: an exploratory study of Middle East exhibitors' dispositions. International Marketing Review, 21(6): 634-644. Lee, M. J. (2006). Analytical reflections on the economic impact assessment of conventions and special events. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 8(3), 71-85. Lee, M. J., & Back, K. (2007). Effects of destination image on meeting participation intentions: Empirical findings from a professional association and its annual convention. The Service Industries Journal, 27(1), 59-73. Lee, S., Close, A. G., & Love. (2010). How Information Quality and Market Turbulence Impact Convention and Visitors Bureaus’ Use of Marketing Information: Insights for Destination and Event Marketing. Taylor & Francis. Leong, A. M. W. (2007). Macau MICE tourism with a closer review of the Las Vegas and Atlantic City experiences. Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology, 1(2) , 55-70. Li, X., Pan, B., Smith, W.W., & Zhang, L. (2008). Baseline and Enhanced Image: The Effect of Online Information Search. Paper presented at travel and tourism research association conference, 1-6. Li, X., & Vogelsong, H. (2003). A model of destination image promotion with a case study of Nanjing, P,R China. Paper presented at Northeastern recreation research symposium. Lin, C.H., Morais, B.D., Kerstetter, D.L., & Hou, J.S. (2007). Examining the Role of Cognitive and Affective Image in Predicting Choice Across Natural, Developed, and Theme-Park Destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 183-194. Litvin, S. W., & Ling, S. N.S. (2001). The destination attribute management model: an empirical application to Bintan, Indonesia. Tourism Management, 22(5), 481-492. Litvin,S.W., Blose,J.E., & Laired,S.T. (2005). Tourists’ use of restaurant webpages: Is the Internet a critical marketing tool? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(2),155-161 Litvin, S. W., & Mouri, N. (2009). A comparative study of the use of “iconic” versus “generic” advertising images for destination marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 48(2), 152-161. Locke, M. (2010). A Framework for Conducting a Situational Analysis of the Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions Sector. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 11(3), 209-233. Loureiro, S.M.C., & Gonzalez, F.G.M. (2008). The Importance of Quality, Satisfaction, Trust, and Image in Relation Rural Tourist Loyalty. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 25(2), 117-136. Louvieris, P., & Oppewal, H. (2004). Channel benefits portfolio management in the eBusiness era. Qualitative Market Research, 7(4), 257-264. Ma’, A. S. (2000). Rethinking Migration Decision Making in Contemporary Migration Theories. 30, 145-184. Mackay, K. J., & Fesenmaier, D.R. (1997). Pictorial element of destination in image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 537-565. MacKay,K.J., & Smith,M.C. (2006).Destination advertising: Age and format effects on memory. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 7-24. MacLaurin,D.J., & Leong,K. (2000).Strategies for success: How Singapore attracts and retains the convention and trade show industry. Event management, 6(2), 93-103. Malaysia Convention and Exhibition Bureau. (2010). MYCEB annual performance report 2010. Retrieved from http://www.myceb.com.my/pdf/MyCEB-Performance-Report-2010. pdf McCabe,V., & Weeks,P. (1999).Convention services management in Sydney four to five star hotels. Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management, 1(4), 67-84. McCartney,G., Butler,R., & Bennett,M. (2008). A strategic use of the communication mix in the destination image-formation process. Journal of Travel Research 47(2): 183-196 McCartney, G., Butler, R., & Bennett, M. (2009). Positive tourism image perceptions attract travellers--fact or fiction? The case of Beijing visitors to Macao. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15 (2), 179-193. McLemore, C., & Mitchell, N. (2001). An Internet conversion study of www.arkansas. com-A state tourism website. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(3), 268-274. Meehan,E.R. (2008).Tourism, Development, and Media. Society , 45(4), 338-341. Meidan, A. (1984). The marketing of tourism. The Service Industries Journal, 4(3), 166-186. Metaxas, T. (2009). Place marketing, strategic planning and competitiveness: The case of Malta. European Planning Studies, 17(9), 1357-1378. Miller, J. (1993). Marketing communications. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 34(5), 48-53 Milman, A., & Pizam, A. (1995). The role of awareness and familiarity with a destination: The central Florida case. Journal of Travel Research, 33(3), 21-27. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (2009) . Department of Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.mohe. gov.jo/Statistics/tabid/69/language/en-US/Default.aspx. Ministry of Industry and Trade. (2oo5, 2010). Retrieved from http://www.mit.gov.jo/portals/0/tabid/258/.aspx Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. (2009). Tourism Statistics 2009-Third Quarter. Retrieved from http://www.tourism.jo/GuestBook/Statistics.asp Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. (2010). Jordan Tourism Strategy 2004-2010. Retrieved from http://www.tourism.jo/ inside/Strategy.asp Mistilis, N., & Dwyer, L. (1999a). Information technology and service standards in MICE tourism. Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management, 2(1), 55-65. Mistilis, N., & Dwyer, L. (1999b). Tourism gateways and regional economies: the distributional impacts of MICE. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1(6), 441-457. Molina, A., & Esteban, A. (2006). Tourism brochures: Usefulness and image. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 1036-1056. Molina,A., Gomez,M., & Martin-Consuegra,D. (2010). Tourism marketing information and destination image management. African Journal of Business Management, 4(5), 722-728. Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (1999). Tourism promotion and power: Creating images, creating identities. J. Wiley. Morris, M.H., & Fuller, D.A. (1989). Pricing an industrial service. Industrial Marketing Management, 18(2), 139-146. Morrison,A.M., Hsieh,S., & O’Leary,J.T. (1995). Segmenting the visiting friends and relatives market by holiday activity participation. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 6(1), 48-63. Murphy,L., Mascardo,G., & Benckendorff,P. (2007). Exploring word-of-mouth influences on travel decisions: friends and relatives vs. other travellers. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(5), 517-527. Murphy, P. E., & Pritchard, M. (1997). Destination price- value perceptions: an examination of origin and seasonal influences. Journal of Travel Research, 35(3), 16-22. Murphy, P., Pritchard, M.P., & Smith, B. (2000). The destination product and its impact on traveller perceptions . Tourism Management, 21(1), 43-52. Nadeau, J., Heslop, L., O’Reilly, N., & Luk, P. (2008). Destination in a country image context. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 84-106. Nicolau,J.L., & Mas,F.J. (2006).The influence of distance and prices on the choice of tourist destinations: The moderating role of motivations. Tourism Management, 27(5), 982-996. Norman, S., & Pettersen, M. (2008). Reaching the Japanese Tourist-A qualitative study investigating Australian Tourism Companies’ promotional efforts on the Japanese market. Unpublished master thesis, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Olimpia, B. (2008). Variables of the image of tourist destination. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 2(1), 554-559. Oppermann, M. (1996a).Convention cities-Images and changing fortunes. Journal of tourism studies, 7(1), 10-19. Oppermann, M. (1996b). Convention destination images: analysis of association meeting planners' perceptions. Tourism Management, 17(3), 175-182. Page,S.J. & Connell,J. (2006). Tourism: A Modern Synthesis. 2nd ed. London: Thomson Learning. Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows Version 15. (3th ed.). England: Open University Press. Pan, S. (2011).The Role of TV Commercial Visuals in Forming Memorable and Impressive Destination Images. Journal of Travel Research, 50(2), 171-185. Pavlovic , D. K., & Belullo, A. (2007). Internet-an agent of tourism destination image formation: Content and correspondence analysis of Istria travel related websites. Paper presented at the 4th international conference. Global Changes for Competitiveness: Business and Government perspective, Pula, Croatia. Pearce, P. L. (2005). Tourist behaviour: Themes and conceptual schemes. Channel View Publications: Ontario, Canada. Pearlman, D. M., & Mollere, L. (2009). Meetings, incentive, convention, and exhibition evaluation practices: an exploratory study among destination marketing organizations. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 10, 147-165. Peattie, K., & Peattie, S. (1996).Promotional competitions: a winning tool for tourism marketing." Tourism Management, 17(6), 433-442. Petersen, D. C. (2004).The city as a destination: measuring its attractiveness. Journal of Convention & Event Management , 6(1/2), 145-157. Pike, S. (2002). Destination image analysis--a review of 142 papers from 1973 to 2000. Tourism Management, 23(5), 541-549. Pike, S. (2004). Destination Marketing Organisations. Oxford: Elsevier Pike,S., & Ryan,C. (2004).Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective, and conative perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 333-342. Pizam, A. (1990). Evaluating the effectiveness of travel trade shows and other tourism sales-promotion techniques. Journal of Travel Research, 29(1), 3-8. Prayag,G. (2009).Tourists’ Evaluation of Destination Image, Satisfaction, and Future Behavioural Intention—THE CASE OF MAURITIUS. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26,836–853 Prebensen, N. K. (2007). Exploring tourists' images of a distant destination. Tourism Management, 28(3), 747-756. Prentice, R., & Andersen, V. (2003). Festival as creative destination. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 7-30. Raj,R., Walters,P., & Rashid,T. (2008).Events management: an integrated and practical approach. Sage Publications Ltd. Rajamohan, S. (2006). Destination image and willingness to visit India: A study of Bay Area travelers. Unpublished master thesis, San Jose State University. Reid, M., & Schwab, W. (2006). Barriers to sustainable development: Jordan's sustainable tourism strategy. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 41(5-6), 439-457. Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, Cultural Capital of Europe 2001. Urban Studies, 41(10), 1931-1951. Rittichainuwat,B.N., Qu,H., & Brown,T.J. (2001). Thailand's international travel image: mostly favourable. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(2), 82-95. Robinson, L., & Callan, R. (2005). UK conference delegates' cognizance of the importance of venue selection attributes. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 7(1), 77-95. Rogers,T. (1998).Conferences-A twenty-first Century Industry . Harlow: Longman. Rogerson, C. (2005). Conference and exhibition tourism in the developing world: The South African experience. Urban Forum, 16(2/3), 176-196. Rosenberg, P., & Choufany, H. (2009).Jordan A Vital Tourism Sector. HVS Global Hospitality Services-Dubai. Retrieved from http://www.siyaha.org/v2/documents/365. Rosentraub, M.S., & Joo, M. (2009). Tourism and economic development: Which investments produce gains for regions? Tourism Management, 30(5), 759-770. Royo-Vela,M. (2009). Rural-cultural excursion conceptualization: A local tourism marketing management model based on tourist destination image measurement. Tourism Management, 30, 419–428. Ruzic, Turkalj,D., Z., & Racic,N. (2003).Marketing Aspects of the Development of Congress and Incentives Activities in Croatia. Paper presented at the fifth international conference on "Enterprise in transition", 1605-1617. San Martin, H., & Rodriguez del Bosque, A. I. (2008). Exploring the cognitive-affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation . Tourism Management, 29(2), 263-277. Sangpikul, A., & KIM, S. (2009). An Overview and Identification of Barriers Affecting the Meeting and Convention Industry in Thailand. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 10, 158-210 Santos, J. (1998). The role of tour operators' promotional material in the formation of destination image and consumer expectations: The case of the People's Republic of China. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 4(3), 282. Schneider, I., & Sonmez, S. (1999). Exploring the touristic image of Jordan. Tourism Management, 20, 539-542. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach.(4th ed.).New York: John Wiley& Sons Inc. Severt,D., Wang,Y., Chen,P., & Breiter,D. (2007). Examining the motivation, perceived performance, and behavioural intentions of convention attendees: Evidence from a regional conference. Tourism Management, 28(2), 399-408. Sharaiha, Y.M., & Collins, P.Q. (1992). Marketing Jordan as a tourist destination: Potential and complexity. Tourism Management, 13 (1), 64-70 Sharpley, R. (2002). The challenges of economic diversification through tourism: the case of Abu Dhabi. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(3), 221-235. Shone, A., & Parry, P. (2004). Successful event management: A practical handbook. Second edition. Thomson Learning . Simpson, P. M., & Siguaw, J. A. (2008). Destination Word of Mouth: The role of traveler type, residents, and identity salience. Journal of Travel Research, 47(2), 167-182. Sinha,S. (2002).International tourism in developing nations : an empirical study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas. Sirichote, O. (2012). Destination Image of Thailand Southern Tourism Area. International Journal Of Business Research, 12(2),165-174. Smith, M. F. (2005). Spotlight events, media relations, and place promotion: A case study. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 12(1), 115-134. Sonmez, S., & Sirakaya, E. (2002). A distorted destination image? The case of Turkey. Journal of Travel Research, 41(2), 185-196. Stepchenkova,S. (2009).A proposal for a Dynamic Destination Image Index: Concept, construction, and validation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University. Stepchenkova,S., & Morrison,V. (2008).Russia's destination image among American pleasure travelers : Revisiting Echtner and Ritchie. Tourism Management, 29(3), 548-560. Stern, E. & Krakover, S. (1993). The formation of a composite urban image. Geographical Analysis, 25(2), 130-146. Swarbrooke, J. and Horner, S., 2001. Business Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Suh, Y. K., & Gartner, W. C. (2004). Perceptions in international urban tourism: An analysis of travelers to Seoul, Korea. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 39-45. Taji,E.T. (2005).Marketing Strategies for Tourism Recovery in Jordan. Emphasis on Niche Market. Retrieved from http://web2.msm.nl/news/articles/050707papers/0220_Taji.PDF Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. (5th ed.) Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Tan, C. S. R. (2007). A Comparative analysis of mice destinations between Macau and Singapore. Unpublished master thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Tapachai, N., & Waryszak, R. (2000). An examination of the role of beneficial image in tourist destination selection. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 37-44. Tasci, A. D. A., & Gartner, W. C. (2007). Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of Travel Research , 45(4), 413-425. Tasci, A. D. A., Gartner, W. C. & Cavusgil, S.T. (2007). Conceptualization and operationalization of destination image. Journal of hospitality & tourism research, 31(2), 194-223. United Nation World Tourism Organisation. (2009). Tourism Highlights. Retrieved from http://www.mbatourism.gr/UNWTO_ Highlights09_en_LR.pdf. United Nation World Tourism Organisation. (2011). international-tourism-maintains-momentum-despite-challenges . Retrieved from http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release. United States Agency for International Development. (2010). USAID and Sustainable Tourism: Meeting Development Objectives. Retrieved from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/ PNADE710.pdf Uysal, M., & Jurowski, C. (1994). Testing the push and pull factors. Annals of Tourism Research, 21, 844-846. Walker, J., & Firestone, M. D. (2009). Lonely Planet Jordan (7th ed.). Lonely Planet. Wang, Z., & Wang, E. (2008). Tourism to the Tourism Destinations Social Influence Research Summary. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on wireless communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. Warnaby, G. (2009). Towards a service-dominant place marketing logic. Marketing Theory, 9(4), 403-423. Washington State legislature. (2010). Retrieved from http://apps.leg.wa.gov/ RCW/ default. aspx?cite=67.28.080 Weber, K. (2001). Meeting planners' use and evaluation of convention and visitor bureaus. Tourism Management, 22 (6), 599-606. Weber, K., & Chon, K. (2002). Convention tourism: international research and industry perspectives. The Haworth Hospitality Press. Weber, K., & Ladkin, A. (2003). The convention industry in Australia and the United Kingdom: key issues and competitive forces. Journal of Travel Research, 42(2), 125- 132. Wei, S., Ruys, H. R., van Hoof, H. B., & Combrink, T. E. (2001). Uses of the Internet in the global hotel industry. Journal of Business Research, 54(3), 235-241. Werthner, H., & Ricci, F. (2004). E-commerce and tourism. Communications of the ACM, 47(12), 101-105. Wicks, B., & Schuett, M. (1991). Examining the role of tourism promotion through the use of brochures. Tourism Management, 12(4), 301-312. Williams, A. P., & Palmer, V.J. (1999). Tourism destination brands and electronic commerce: Towards synergy? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5(3), 263-275. Wootton, G., & Stevens, T. (1995). Business tourism: a study of the market for hotel-based meetings and its contribution to Wales's tourism. Tourism Management, 16(4), 305-313. Xie, X., & Lu, Q. (2006). The Economic and Social Effects Analysis of MICE Tourism. A Study of Critical Experiences within Small Business Development. International Journal of Business and Management, 1(2),78-83. Yoon, Y., Gursoy, D., & Chen, J. S. (2001). Validating a tourism development theory with structural equation modeling. Tourism Management, 22(4), 363-372. Yuan, L., & Chong, C. (2007). The effects of festivals and special events on city image design. Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China, 1(2), 255-259. Zhao, M., Hoeffler, S., & ZauberMan, G. (2011). Mental Simulation and Product evaluation: the affective and Cognitive Dimensions of Process versus outcome Simulation. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. XLVIII, 827–839 Zou, P. (2007).Image versus position: Canada as a potential destination for mainland Chinese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo, Canada.

The Roles and Importance of Promotion Tools and Destination Attributes of Mice Tourism on Jordan's Destination Image Formation

Similar Items