Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Human Resource Training Programmes in Hotel Sector

Most hotels invest in implementing effective training programmes to maximize the inherent value of their existing human capital. However, it should be noted that the effectiveness of the programmes depends on whether trainees apply what they learned. This is a major concern among hotel operators. Th...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Almakhadmah, Issam Mohammad S
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2012
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/3437/1/ISSAM_MOHAMAMAD_ALMAKHADMAH.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3437/4/ISSAM_MOHAMAMAD_ALMAKHADMAH.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.3437
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Mohd Shariff, Nurhazani
topic HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
spellingShingle HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Almakhadmah, Issam Mohammad S
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Human Resource Training Programmes in Hotel Sector
description Most hotels invest in implementing effective training programmes to maximize the inherent value of their existing human capital. However, it should be noted that the effectiveness of the programmes depends on whether trainees apply what they learned. This is a major concern among hotel operators. The main objective of this study is to explore the relationships between three influential factors which are work environment, individuals, and training process and the effectiveness of training programmes using Kirkpatrick evaluation model (1977). It is a correlation research using a mixed design of quantitative and qualitative methods. In the former method, a survey instrument was distributed to 297 participants who had attended and completed training programmes in five and four star hotels in ASEZA. The findings reveal that factors such as work environment, social support, the opportunity to perform and reward system, with the exception of organizational culture, influence and contribute to training effectiveness. Furthermore, ability and motivation of individual influence and contribute to training effectiveness with the exclusion of attitude. In addition. statistical analysis indicates that needs and design influence training effectiveness. All the factors demonstrate a positive correlation with training effectiveness and show a positive and significant relationship between them and training effectiveness. The qualitative method is used in the study in the form of a one-to-one interview using nine open-ended questions with human resource managers and training coordinators in the hotels. The findings support the outputs of the quantitative survey and consistent with previous studies except the organizational culture and the attitude. This study has contributed in bridging the gap concerning the influence by environment. individual and training process factors on the effectiveness of human resource training programmes. It also extends the literature of using the Kirkpatrick evaluation model (1977) to evaluate the effectiveness of training programmes particularly in Jordan. Finally, the study provides researchers with guidelines on conducting effective training programmes in the service sector.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Almakhadmah, Issam Mohammad S
author_facet Almakhadmah, Issam Mohammad S
author_sort Almakhadmah, Issam Mohammad S
title Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Human Resource Training Programmes in Hotel Sector
title_short Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Human Resource Training Programmes in Hotel Sector
title_full Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Human Resource Training Programmes in Hotel Sector
title_fullStr Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Human Resource Training Programmes in Hotel Sector
title_full_unstemmed Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Human Resource Training Programmes in Hotel Sector
title_sort factors influencing the effectiveness of human resource training programmes in hotel sector
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government
publishDate 2012
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/3437/1/ISSAM_MOHAMAMAD_ALMAKHADMAH.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3437/4/ISSAM_MOHAMAMAD_ALMAKHADMAH.pdf
_version_ 1747827572883849216
spelling my-uum-etd.34372022-04-10T06:18:16Z Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Human Resource Training Programmes in Hotel Sector 2012 Almakhadmah, Issam Mohammad S Mohd Shariff, Nurhazani Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment Most hotels invest in implementing effective training programmes to maximize the inherent value of their existing human capital. However, it should be noted that the effectiveness of the programmes depends on whether trainees apply what they learned. This is a major concern among hotel operators. The main objective of this study is to explore the relationships between three influential factors which are work environment, individuals, and training process and the effectiveness of training programmes using Kirkpatrick evaluation model (1977). It is a correlation research using a mixed design of quantitative and qualitative methods. In the former method, a survey instrument was distributed to 297 participants who had attended and completed training programmes in five and four star hotels in ASEZA. The findings reveal that factors such as work environment, social support, the opportunity to perform and reward system, with the exception of organizational culture, influence and contribute to training effectiveness. Furthermore, ability and motivation of individual influence and contribute to training effectiveness with the exclusion of attitude. In addition. statistical analysis indicates that needs and design influence training effectiveness. All the factors demonstrate a positive correlation with training effectiveness and show a positive and significant relationship between them and training effectiveness. The qualitative method is used in the study in the form of a one-to-one interview using nine open-ended questions with human resource managers and training coordinators in the hotels. The findings support the outputs of the quantitative survey and consistent with previous studies except the organizational culture and the attitude. This study has contributed in bridging the gap concerning the influence by environment. individual and training process factors on the effectiveness of human resource training programmes. It also extends the literature of using the Kirkpatrick evaluation model (1977) to evaluate the effectiveness of training programmes particularly in Jordan. Finally, the study provides researchers with guidelines on conducting effective training programmes in the service sector. 2012 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3437/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3437/1/ISSAM_MOHAMAMAD_ALMAKHADMAH.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/3437/4/ISSAM_MOHAMAMAD_ALMAKHADMAH.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Acton, T., & Golden, W. (2001).Training: The Way to Retain Valuable IT Employees. A1-Sabbgh, S. (2008). Performance Appraisal and Training Needs in Jordanian and Forign Banking Sector In Jordan. Yarmouk University, Irbed Alleyne, P.A., Greenidge, D., Corbin, A., Alleyne, P.G., & Devonish, D. (2008). The Practice of HRM and SHRM in the Barbados Hotel Sector. Journal Of Human Resources In Hospitality & Tourism, 7(2), 219-240. Altarawneh, I. (2009). Training and Development Evaluation in Jordanian Banking Organisations. Research & Practice In Human Resources Management, 17(1), 44-63. Alter, S. (2008). Service System Fundamentals: Work System, Value Chain, and Life Cycle. IBM systems Journal, 47(1), 71-85. Baldwin, T.T. & Ford, J.K. (1988). Transfer of Training: A Review and Directions for Future Research. Personnel Psychology, 41(1), 63-105. Baldwin, T.T., Wagner, R., & Chasteen, C. (1989). A Real Commitment to Training. Training & Development, 43, 60-64. Bardi, J.A. (20 10). Hotel Front Office Management: Wiley. Baum, T. (2007). Human Resources In Tourism: Still Waiting For Change. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1383-1399. Bernardin, H.J. (2003). Human Resource Management: An Experiential Approach (Third Ed.). New York: Mcgraw-Hill New York. Bhati, D. (2007). Factors that Influence Transfer of Hazardous Material Training: The Perception of Selected Fire-Fighter Trainees and Supervisors. University Of Central Florida Orlando, Florida. Blanchard, P.N., & Thacker, J.W. (2004).Effective Training: Pearson Prentice Hall. Bucalo, J. (1984).An Operational Approach to Training Needs Analysis. Training And Development Journal, 38(12), 80-84. Buick, I., & Muthu, G. (1997). An Investigation of The Current Practices of In-House Employee Training and Development Within Hotels in Scotland. The Service Industries. Journal, 17(4), 652-668. Burke, L.A., & Baldwin, T.T. (1999). Workforce Training Transfer: A Study of The Effect of Relapse Prevention Training and Transfer Climate. Human Resource Management, 38(3), 227-241. Carnarius, S. (1981). A New Approach to Designing Training Programs. Training And Development Journal, 35(2), 40-44. Casado, M.A. (2011).Hosuekeeping Management. Newyourk: Wiley Casper, B. (2005).The Positive Transfer of Learned Skills From Training to Changed Behaviors at the Job. Unpublished 3184345, Pepperdine University. United States -- California. Cavana, K., Delahaye, B., & Sekeran, U. (2001). Applied Business Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. Chen, C., Sok, P., & Sok, K. (2007). Exploring Potential Factors Leading to Effective Training.Journal Of Management Development, 26(9), 843-856. Cheng, W.L., & Ho, C.K. (1998). The Effects of Some Attitudinal and Organizational Factors on Transfer Outcome. Journal Of Managerial Psychology, 13(5/6), 309-317. Cheng, W.L., & Ho, C.K. (2001). A Review of Transfer of Training Studies in the Past Decade. Personnel Review, 30(1), 102-118. Chiang, C., Back, K., & Canter, D. (2005). The Impact of Employee Training on Job Satisfaction and Intention to Stay in The Hotel Industry. Journal of Human Resources In Hospitality & Tourism, 4(2), 99-118. Cho, S., Woods, K.H., Jang, S.C.. & Erdem, M. (2006). Measuring the Impact of Human Resource Management Practices On Hospitality Firms' Performances. International Journal Of Hospitality Management, 25(2), 262-277. Chuang, A., Liao, W., & Tai, W. (2005). An Investigation of Individual and Contextual Factors Influencing Training Variables. Social Behavior And Personality: An International Journal, 33(2), 159-174. Clark, C., Dobbins, G., & Ladd, R. (1993). Exploratory Field Study of Training Motivation: Infiluence of Involvement, Credibility, and Transfer Climate. Group & Organization Management, 18(3), 292. Clarke, N. (2002). Job/Work Environment Factors Influencing Training Transfer Within A Human Service Agency: Some Indicative Support for Baldwin and Ford's Transfer Climate Construct. International Journal of Training And Development , 6(3), 146-162. Clemenz, C.E. (2001). Measuring Perceived Quality of Training in the Hospitalitv lndustry. Unpublished 3123749, Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University. United States--Virginia. Clemenz,C.E., & Weaver,P.A. (2003). Dimensions of Perceived Training Quality. Journal Of Quality Assurance In Hospitality & Tourism, 4(1-2), 47-70. Creswell, J. (2008).Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson prentice hall. Culbertson, K., & Tliompson, M. (1980). An Analysis of Supervisory Training Needs.Training And Development Journal. Darby, J. (2006). Evaluating Training Courses: An Exercise in Social Desirability? Journal Of European Industrial Training, 30(2-3), 227-239. Dawe, S. (2002). Evaluating Training and Learning Practices in Large Australian Firms. Paper Presented At The Australasian Evaluation Society International Conference. Delaney, J.T., & Huselid, M.A. (1996). The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Perceptions of Organizational Performance. Academy Of Management Journal, 949-969. Denscombe, M. (2007). The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects: Open University Press. Dittmer, P.R., & Griffin, G.G. (1997). Dimensions of The Hospitality Industry: An Introduction: Van Nostrand Reinhold New York, US. Echtner, C. (1995).Entrepreneurial Training in Developing Countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 119-134. Elangovan,A., & Karakonwsky,L. (1999). The Role of Trainee and Environmental Factors in Transfer of Training: An Exploratory Framework. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 20(5), 268-276. Elliott, M., Dawson, R., & Edwards, J. (2009). Providing Demonstrable return-On-Investment for Organisational Learning and Training. Journal Of European Industrial Training, 33(7), 657-670. Facteau,J., Dobbins,G., Russell,J., Ladd,R., & Kudisch,J. (1995).The Influence of General Perceptions of the Training Environment on Pretraining Motivation and Perceived Training Transfer. Journal Of Management, 21(1), 1. Ferris, G., Perrewé, P., Ranft, A., Zinko, R., Stoner, J., Brouer, R., Et Al. (2007). Human Resources Reputation and Effectiveness. Human Resource Management Review, 17(2), 117- 130. Fisher, C., Dowling, P.J., & Garnham, J. (1999).The Impact of Changes to the Human Resources Function in Australia. International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 10(3), 501-514. Foote, D., & Robinson, I. (1999). The Role of the Human Resources Manager: Strategist or Conscience of the Organisation? Business Ethics: A European Review, 8(2),88-98 Ford, J.K., Quiñones, M.A,, Sego, D.J., & Sorra, J.S. (1992) . Factors Affecting the Opportunity to Perform Trained Tasks on the Job. Personnel Psychology, 45(3), 511-527. Gill, C. (2009). Union Impact on the Effective Adoption of High Performance Work Practices. Human Resource Management Review, 19(1), 39-50. Goldsmith,A., Nickson,D., Wood,R., & Sloan,D. (1988). Human Resource Management For Hospitality Services. London: International Thomson Business Press. Goldstein, I. (1980).Training in Work Organizations. Annual Review Of Psychology, 31(1), 229-272. Gonzalez, S.M. (2004).Improving Human Resources Management: Some Practical Questions and Answers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(1), 59-64. Govindarajulu, N., & Daily, B. (2004). Motivating Employees for Environmental Improvement. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 104(4), 364-372. Green, E.C. (2002). The Influence of lndividual and Work Environment Characteristics on Trainee Motivationan and Training Effectiveness Measures. Unpublished 3036790, North Carolina State University, United States -- North Carolina. Hayes, D.K., & Ninemeier, J.D. (2009). Human Resources Management in the Hospitality Industry. New Jersey: Wiley. FIaynes, P., & Fryer, G. (2000). Human Resources, Service Quality and Performance: A Case Study. International Journal Of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(4), 240- 248. Hicks, W., & Klimoski, R. (1987). Entry Into Training Programs and its Effects on Training Outcomes: A Field Experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 30(3), 542-552. Holjevac, I.A. (2003). A Vision of Tourism and the Hotel Industry in the 21st Century. International. Journal Of Hospitality Management. 22(2), 129-134. Holladay, C.L., & Quiñones, M.A. (2008). The Influence tf Training Focus and Trainer Characteristics on Diversity Training Effectiveness. The Academy Of Management Learning And Education (AMLE), 7(3), 343-354. Holton, E.F., Bates, R.A., & Naquin, S.S. (2000). Large- Scale Performance Driven Training Needs Assessment A Case Study. Public Personul Management, 29(2), 249-267. Hope, C.A. (2004). The Impact of National Culture on the Transfer of. Tourism Management, 25(1), 45-59. Hoque,K. (1999a).Human Resource Management and Performance in the UK Hotel Industry. British Journal Of Industrial Relations, 37(3), 419-443. Hoque, K. (1999b). New Approaches to HRM in the UK Hotel Industry. Human Resource Management Journal, 9(2), 64-76. Hubbard, A.S. (2009).Hallmarks of Excellent Training. Mortgage Banking, 69(10), 82-82. Jackson, Y., & Bushe, G.R. (2007). Leadership Development Training Transfer: A Case Study of Post-Training Dtermination. Journal Of Management Development. Jago, L., & Deery, M. (2002). The Role of Human Resource Practices in Achieving Quality Enhancement and Cost Reduction: An Investigation of Volunteer Use in Tourism Organisations. International Journal Of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 14(5), 229-236. Janes, P.L. (2005). The Challenges of Providing Training in Small Sized Lodging Properties. Journal Of Human Resources In Hospitality & Tourism, 3(2), 125-150. Kay, C., & Moncarz, E. (2004).Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities for Lodging Management. Cornell Hotel And Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 45(3), 285. Kazlauskaite,R., & Buciuniene,I. (2008). The Role of Human Resources and Their Management in the Establishment of Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering economic, 5(60), 78-84. Kilic, H., & Okumus, F. (2005). Factors Influencing Productivity in Small Island Hotels: Evidence from Northern Cyprus. International Journal Of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(4), 315-331. Kirkpatrick, D. (1977). Evaluating Training Programs: Evidence Vs. Proof. Training And Development Journal, 31(11) , 9-12. Kirkpatrick, D. (1978).Evaluating In-House Training Programs . Training And Development Journal, 32(9), 6-9. Kirkpatrick, D. (1979).Techniques for Evaluating Training Programs. Training & Development Journal, 33(6), 78. Kirkpatrick, D., & Kirkpatrick, W. (2007).Implementing the four Levels: A Practical Guide for Effective Evaluation of Training Programs: Berrett-Koehler. Kirkpatrick, D., & Kirkpatrick, W. (2009). The Kirkpatrick Model: Past, Present and Future. Chief Learning Officer, 8(11), 20-55. Klink,M., & Streumer,J. (2002).Effectiveness of On-The-Job Training. Journal Of European Industrial Training, 26(2), 196-199. Knowles, T. (1998).Hospitality Management: An Introduction: Longman. Kontoghiorghes, C. (2001). Factors Affecting Training Effectiveness in the Context of the Introduction of New Technology-A US Case Study. International Journal Of Training And Development, 5(4), 248-260. Kramer, A. (2006). Why Management Training is Important. Lodging Hospitality, Krejcie, K.V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational And Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607. Kumpikait, V. (2007). Human Resource Training Evaluation. Engineering Economics, 5(55), 29. Kuzu, A. (2007). Needs of School Technology Advisor of Primary and Secoundary Schools in Turkey. Paper Presented At The International Educational Technology (IECT). Lashley, C. (1998). Matching The Management Of Human Resources To Service Operations. International Journal Of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 10(1), 24-33. Lashley, C., & Taylor, S. (1998). Hospitality Retail Operations Types and Styles in the Management or Human Resources. Journal Of Retaillng And Constumer Services, 5(3), 153-165. Lau, C.M., & Ngo, H.Y. (2004).The HR System, Organizational Culture, and Product Innovation. International Business Review, 13(6), 685-703. Leiser, R. (2002). In-Depth Inspector Training Helps Brands Assure Quality. [Article]. Hotel & Motel Management, 217(14) , 128. Lim, H., Lee, S., & Nam, K. (2007).Validating E-Learning Factors Affecting Training Effectiveness. lnternational Journal Of lnformation Management, 27(1), 22-35. Maroudas, L., Kyriakidou, O., & Vacharis, A. (2008). Employees' Motivation in the Luxury Hotel Industry: The Perceived Effectiveness of Human-Resource Practices. Managing Leisure, 13, 3(4), 258-271. Martin, H., & Hrivnak, M. (2009). Creating Disciples: The Transformation of Employees into Trainers. Business Horizons, 52(6), 605-6 16. Mathieu, J., Tannenbaum, S., & Salas, E. (1992). Influences of Individual and Situational Characteristics on Measures of Training Effectiveness. Academy Qf Management, Journal, 35(4), 828-847. Mcbain, R. (2004).Training Effectiveness and Evaluation. Henley Manager Update, 15(3), 23-34. Mccarthy, T. (2006). Replace Hit-Or-Miss Training. Lodging Hospitalily, Pp. 30-30. Retrieved From Http://Eserv.Uum.Edu. My/Login?Url=Http://Search.Ebscohost.Com/Login.Aspx?Direct= True&Db=Bth&AN=21955747&Site=Ehost-Live&Scope=Site Mclean, M. (2006).Evaluating the Importance and Performance of the Human Resources Function: An Examination of a Medium Sized Scottish Retailer. Journul Of Retailing And Consumer Services, 13(2), 143-156. Mindrum. C. (2008). Agility Training for the Learning Organization. Chief Learning Officer, 7(12), 36-87. Mitchell, W. (1984). Wanted: Professional Management Training Needs Analysis. Training And Development Journal. 38, 68-70. MOTA. (2009). Tourism Statistics 2OO9-Third Quarter. Retrieved From www.Mota.Gov.Jo. Naama,A., Haven-Tang,C., & Jones,E. (2008).Human Resource Development Issues for the Hotel Sector in Libya: A Government Perspective. International Journal Of Tourism Research, 10(5), 481-492. Ninemeier,J.D., & Perdue,J. (2008). Discovering Hospitality and Tourism: The World's Greatest Industry: Pearson Prentice Hall. Noe,R. (1986).Trainees' Attributes and Attitudes: Neglected Influences on Training Effectiveness. Academy Of Management Review, 736-749. Noe, R. (2010).Employee Training and Develpoment (Fifth Ed.) . Singapore: Mcgrow-Hill. Noe. (2011). Outlines & Highlights for Employee Training and Development By: Cram101. Noe, R., & Schmitt, N. (1986). The Influence Of Trainee Attitudes On Training Effectiveness: Test Of A Model. Personnel Psychology, 39(3), 497-523. Noe, R., & Wilk, S. (1993). Investigation of The Factors that Influence Employees' Participation in Development Activities. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 291-291. 0 Driscoll, J., & Taylor, P. (1992). Congruence Between Theory and Practice in Management Training Needs Analysis. The International Journal Qf Human Resource Management, 3(3) , 593-603. Offstein, E.H., Gnyawali, D.R., & Cobb, A.T. (2005). A Strategic Human Resource Perspective of Firm Competitive Behavior. Human Resources Management Review, 15(4), 305-318. Pallant, J. (2007).SPSS Survival Manual: Mcgraw-Hill. Park, J.. & Wentling, T. (2007). Factors Associated with Transfer of Training in Workplace E-Learning. Journal Of Workplace Learning, 19(5), 311-329. Phillips, J. ( 1997).Handbook of Training Evaluation (Third Edition Ed.). Houston: Gulf Publishing Company. Pierce,H., & Mauser,T. (2009). Linking Employee Development Activity, Social Exchange and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. International Journal Of Training And Development . 13(3), 139-147. Quiñones, M.A. (1997). Contextual Influences on Training Effectiveness. In M.A. Quiñones & A. Ehrenstein (Eds.), Training For A Rapidly Changing Workplace: Applications Of Psychological Research. (Pp. 177-199). Washington, DC US: American Psychological Association. Raghubalan, G., & Raghubalan, S. (2007).Hotel Housekeeping: Operations And Management: Oxford University Press. Raub, S., Alvarez, I,., & Khanna, R. (2006). The Different Roles of Corporate and Unit Level Human Resources Managers in the Hospitality Industry. International Journal Of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(2), 135- 144. Rechnitz, D. (2002). Designing a Successful Training Program . American Drycleaner. 69(7), 26. Rocha, G. (1995). Cross-Training Key to Hotels of the Future. Hotels, 29(3), 56. Rouiller, J., & Goldstein, I. (1993). The Relationship Between Organizational Transfer Climate and Positive Transfer of Training. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 4(4), 377-390. Rowold, J. (2007). Individual Influences on Knowledge Acquisition in a Call Center Training Context In Germany. International Journal Of Training And Development. 11(1), 21-34. Saibang, P., & Schwindt, R. (1998). The Need for Employee Training in Hotels in Thailand. International Journal Of Training And Development. 2(3), 205-214. Sommerville, K. (2007).Hospitality Employee Management and Supervision: Concepts and Practical Applications: John Wiley & Sons. Stein, D. (1981). Designing Performance-Oriented Training Programs. Training And Development Journal, 35(1), 12-16. Strickland, S.S. (2009). Positive Bottom Line Effects of Training, Development and Engagement. Enterprise/Salt Lake City, 39(9), 7. Tai, W.T. (2006). Effects of Training Framing, General Self-Efficacy and Training Motivation on Trainees' Training Effectiveness. Personnel Review, 35(1), 51-65. Tanke, M. L. (2000). Human Resources Management for the Hospitality Industry: Cengage Learning. Tannenbaum,S.I., & Yukl,G. (1992). Training and Development in Work Organizations. Annual Review Of Psychology, 43(1), 399-441. Tharenou, P. (1989, 1989/08//). Management Training Needs Analysis By Self-Report Questionnaire: Managers' Identified Needs And Preferred Training Strategies. Toh,S.L., Haji Ahmad,R., & Bujang,S. (2008). Relationship Between Selected Factors on Barriers of Transfer of Training Towards the Effectiveness of the Training Program. Paper Presented At The 4th National Human Resource Management Conference 2008. Tracey,J., Hinkin,T., Tannenbaum,S., & Mathieu,J. (2001). The Influence or Individual Characteristics and the Work Environment on Varying Levels of Training Outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(1), 5. Tracey, J., Tannenbaum, S., & Kavanagh, M. (1995). Applying Trained Skills on the Job: The Importance of the Work Environment. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 80(2), 230-251. Tracey, J., & Tews, M. (1995). Training Effectiveness: Accounling for Individual Characteristics and the Work Environment. Cornell Hotel And Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 36(6), 36. Tracey, J.B., & Nathan, A.E. (2002). The Strategic and Operational Roles of Human Resources an Emerging Model. The Cornell Hotel And Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(4) , 17-26. Tsai, W., & Tai, W. (2003). Perceived Importance as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Training Assignment and Training Motivation. Personnel Review, 32(2), 151-163. Tsaur, S.H., & Lin, Y.C. (2004). Promoting Service Quality in Tourist Hotels: The Role of HRM Practices and Service Behavior. Tourism Management, 25(4), 471-481. Tuzun, L. (2005).General Overview of Training Effectiveness and Measurement Models. Gazi Ticaret Turizm Eğitim Dergisi (1). Ulrich, D. (1998). Delivering Resu1ts: A New Mandate for Human Resource Professionals: Harvard Business Press. UNWTO. (2008). World Tourism Barometer Available From Www.Unwto.Org USAID. (2006). Manpower and Training Needs Analysis of Jordan Tourism Industry. USAID. (2009). Skills Gab and Training Needs Analysis for Tourism and Supporting Services. Valachis, I. (2009). Developing Human Resources' skills and Knowledge in Tourism and Hospitality Industry Through the Determination of Quality of Training Programs. Tourism And Hospitality Management, 15(1), 61-72. Vargo,S.L., & Lusch,R.F. (2004). The Four Service Marketing Myths. Journal Of Service Research, 6(4), 324-335. Wchrmeycr, W., & Chenoweth, J. (2006). The Role and Effectiveness of Continuing Education Training Courses Offered by Higher Education Institutions in Furthering the Inplementation of Sustainable Development. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 7(2),129-141 Werner, J.M., & Desimone, R.L. (2008). Human Resource Development: South-Western Pub. Whitla. P., Walters, P., & Davies, H. (2006). The Use of Global Strategies by British Construction Firms. Construction Management And Economics, 24(9), 945-954. Wilborn, L., & Weaver, P. (2002). Diversity Management Training Initiatives: A Profile of Current Practices Within the Lodging Industry. Journal of Human Resources In Hospitality & Tourism, 1(4), 79-96. Woods, R.H. (1999). Predicting Is Difficult, Especially About the Future: Human Resources in the New Millennium. International Journal Of Hospitality Management, 18(4), 443- 456. Xiao, J. (1996). The Relationship Between Organizational Factors and The Transfer of Training in the Electronics Industry in Shenzhen, China. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 7(1), 55-74. Young, D. (2004). Human Resources Have a Vital Role to Play Within Employee Identity and Access Management. Network Security, 2004(11) , 5-7. Yu, M.M., & Lee, B.C.Y. (2009).Efficiency and Effectiveness of Service Business: Evidence From International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan. Tourism Management, 30(4), 571-580. Zeithaml, V., Parasuraman, A., & Berry, L. (1985). Problems and Strategies in Services Marketing. The Journal Of Marketing, 49(2), 33-46. Zhao, X., Junchuan, Z., & Narnasivayam, K. (2004). Factors Affecting Training Success in China. Journal Qf Human Resources In Hospitality & Tourism, 3(1), 89-105.