The Moderating Effect of Competitive Advantage and Environment on the Relationship of Innovation Practices and Technology Adoption on SME Performance

The Moderating Effect of Competitive Advantage and Environment on the Relationship of Innovation Practices and Technology Adoption on SME Performance

SMEs are considered as engine for economic growth of most nations. They contribute in providing job opportunities, and act as specialist supplier of components, parts and sub-assemblies to large firms. However, due to global competition, technological advances and changing needs of customers, SMEs a...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Imhemad, Imhemad Abdusalam Almahdi
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2011
Subjects:
HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/3500/1/s91137.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.3500
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
advisor Mahmood, Rosli
topic HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
spellingShingle HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
Imhemad, Imhemad Abdusalam Almahdi
The Moderating Effect of Competitive Advantage and Environment on the Relationship of Innovation Practices and Technology Adoption on SME Performance
description SMEs are considered as engine for economic growth of most nations. They contribute in providing job opportunities, and act as specialist supplier of components, parts and sub-assemblies to large firms. However, due to global competition, technological advances and changing needs of customers, SMEs are on tremendous pressure to sustain their competitiveness in domestic as well as global markets. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine the influence of certain variables on SME performance in Libya. Specifically, the objectives of study were to (1) determine the relationship between innovation practices and IS capability to SME performance, (2) determine the moderating effect of competitive advantage on the relationship between innovation practice and SME performance, (3) determine the moderating effect of environment on the relationship between innovation practice and SME performance, (4) determine the moderating effect of competitive advantage on the relationship between IS capability and SME performance, and (5) determine the moderating effect of environment on the relationship between IS capability and SME performance. A survey method was employed and questionnaires were used to obtain information from the owner/managers of small and medium plastic firms in Libya. The questionnaire developed by Terziovski (2010) was used to measure innovation practices, while IS capability measurement was based on a previous study by Ravichandran and Lertwongsatien (2005). For competitive advantage, the measurement used a 12 items from Ramaswai, Bhargava and Srivastava (2004), the environment measurement from questions adopted from Thong and Yap (1995) and performance scale was taken from Zhang (2005). A total of 830 owner/managers from the sampling frame were sent with the questionnaires and 179 usable responses were returned giving a response rate of 21.56 percent, which is relatively good. Data were analysed using correlations and multiple regressions to test the relationships. Results revealed that all variables under study had shown significant and positive relationship with performance except a dimension of innovation practice (innovation culture) which did not show any significant relationship with SME performance. Similarly, the moderating effect of both environment and competitive advantage on the relationships between innovation practice and performance, and between IS capability and performance had been supported. The findings of this study suggested that innovation practices and IS capability are important factors for improving performance of SMEs in Libya and to make them more competitive. The study concluded with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications, the study limitations and suggestions for future research.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Imhemad, Imhemad Abdusalam Almahdi
author_facet Imhemad, Imhemad Abdusalam Almahdi
author_sort Imhemad, Imhemad Abdusalam Almahdi
title The Moderating Effect of Competitive Advantage and Environment on the Relationship of Innovation Practices and Technology Adoption on SME Performance
title_short The Moderating Effect of Competitive Advantage and Environment on the Relationship of Innovation Practices and Technology Adoption on SME Performance
title_full The Moderating Effect of Competitive Advantage and Environment on the Relationship of Innovation Practices and Technology Adoption on SME Performance
title_fullStr The Moderating Effect of Competitive Advantage and Environment on the Relationship of Innovation Practices and Technology Adoption on SME Performance
title_full_unstemmed The Moderating Effect of Competitive Advantage and Environment on the Relationship of Innovation Practices and Technology Adoption on SME Performance
title_sort moderating effect of competitive advantage and environment on the relationship of innovation practices and technology adoption on sme performance
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2011
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/3500/1/s91137.pdf
_version_ 1747827587356295168
spelling my-uum-etd.35002016-04-19T00:50:22Z The Moderating Effect of Competitive Advantage and Environment on the Relationship of Innovation Practices and Technology Adoption on SME Performance 2011 Imhemad, Imhemad Abdusalam Almahdi Mahmood, Rosli Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HB615-715 Entrepreneurship. Risk and uncertainty. Property SMEs are considered as engine for economic growth of most nations. They contribute in providing job opportunities, and act as specialist supplier of components, parts and sub-assemblies to large firms. However, due to global competition, technological advances and changing needs of customers, SMEs are on tremendous pressure to sustain their competitiveness in domestic as well as global markets. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine the influence of certain variables on SME performance in Libya. Specifically, the objectives of study were to (1) determine the relationship between innovation practices and IS capability to SME performance, (2) determine the moderating effect of competitive advantage on the relationship between innovation practice and SME performance, (3) determine the moderating effect of environment on the relationship between innovation practice and SME performance, (4) determine the moderating effect of competitive advantage on the relationship between IS capability and SME performance, and (5) determine the moderating effect of environment on the relationship between IS capability and SME performance. A survey method was employed and questionnaires were used to obtain information from the owner/managers of small and medium plastic firms in Libya. The questionnaire developed by Terziovski (2010) was used to measure innovation practices, while IS capability measurement was based on a previous study by Ravichandran and Lertwongsatien (2005). For competitive advantage, the measurement used a 12 items from Ramaswai, Bhargava and Srivastava (2004), the environment measurement from questions adopted from Thong and Yap (1995) and performance scale was taken from Zhang (2005). A total of 830 owner/managers from the sampling frame were sent with the questionnaires and 179 usable responses were returned giving a response rate of 21.56 percent, which is relatively good. Data were analysed using correlations and multiple regressions to test the relationships. Results revealed that all variables under study had shown significant and positive relationship with performance except a dimension of innovation practice (innovation culture) which did not show any significant relationship with SME performance. Similarly, the moderating effect of both environment and competitive advantage on the relationships between innovation practice and performance, and between IS capability and performance had been supported. The findings of this study suggested that innovation practices and IS capability are important factors for improving performance of SMEs in Libya and to make them more competitive. The study concluded with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications, the study limitations and suggestions for future research. 2011 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3500/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3500/1/s91137.pdf text eng validuser Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdulai, A., Monnin, P., & Gerber, J. (2008). Joint estimation of information acquisition and adoption of new technologies under uncertainty. Journal of International Development, 20(4), 437-451. Abor, J., & Quartey, P. (2010). Issues in SME development in Ghana and South Africa. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 39, 218-28. Abernathy, W. J., & Clark, K.B. (1985). Innovation: mapping the winds of creative destruction. Research Policy, 14(1), 3-22. Acha,V. (2000). The role of technological capabilities in determining performance: the case of the upstream petroleum industry. Paper presented at the DRUID conference of industrial dynamics, Hillerфd, Denmark. Acs, Z., & Audretsch, D. (1988). Innovation in large and small firms an empirical analysis. The American Economic Review, 78(4), 678-690. Acs, Z., J, Morck, R., Shaver, J.M., & Yeung, B. (1997).The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises: a policy perspective. Small Business Economics, 9(1), 7-20. Acs, Z. J., & Yeung, B. (1999). Conclusion. In J Acs, & B Yeung (Ed.), Small and medium sized enterprises in the global economy (pp. 164-174). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Adams, A. (1982). Barriers to product innovation in small firms, policy implications. European Small Business Journal, 1(1), 67-86. Afuah, A. (2002). Mapping technological capabilities into product markets and competitive advantage: the case of cholesterol drugs. Strategic Management Journal, 23(2), 171– 179. Aghion, P., Carlin, W., & Schaffer, M. (2002). Competition, innovation and growth in transition: exploring the interactions between policies. William Davidson Working Paper, No. 151. Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. (2005).Competition and innovation: an inverted U relationship. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(2),701–728 Akkeren, J. K., & Cavaye, A.L.M. (1999). Factors Affecting Entry-Level Internet Technology Adoption by Small Business in Australia: An Empirical Study. Proceedings of the tenth Australasian Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1716- 1728) Wellington, New Zealand. Alasrag, H. (2006). Enhancing competitiveness for SMEs in the Arab Counties. MPRA Paper No. 4110. Available: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4110/. AL-Aswad, M., Annakou, O., Kocker, G., & Seiff, F. (2006). Establishment of Libyan Incubator for Technology and Innovation Interim. Report. 2006 Al-Faleh, M. (1987). Culture influences on Arab management development: a case study of Jordan. Journal of Management Development, 6(3), 19-33. Al-Qirim, N. (2004). Electronic Commerce in Small to Medium Sized Enterprises. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing. Ambastha, A., & Momaya, K. (2004).Competitiveness of firms: review of theory, frameworks and models. Singapore Management Review, 26(1), 45-61. Amit, R., & Schoemaker, P. (1993). Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14(1), 33-46. Analoui, F., & Karmi. A. (2002). How chief executives' perception of the environment impacts on company performance . Journal of Management Development, 21(4), 290-305. Andersen, B., Browne, J., Devlin, J., & Rolstadas, A. (1997) . Performance measurement: the ENAPS approach. The International Journal of Business Transformation, 1(2), 73- 84. Anderson, E., W., Fornell, C., & Rust, R, T. (1997). Customer satisfaction, productivity and profitability: differences between goods and services. Marketing Science, 16(2), 129-145. Andrade, S. (2003). Using customer relationship management strategies. Applied Clinical Trials, 12(4), 37-41. Andreas R., Johan W., Lumpkin, G., & Michael, F. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: an assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship. Andreu, R., & Ciborra, C. (1996). Organizational learning and core capabilities development: the role of IT. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 5(2), 111-127. Anigan, G. (1999). Views on electronic commerce International Trade Forum, (2), 23-27. Anokhin, S. S., & Schulze, W.S. (2009). Entrepreneurship, innovation, and corruption. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 465-476. Appiah- Adu, K., & Singh, S. (1988). Customer orientation and performance: a study of SME’s. Management Decision, 36(6), 385-394. Aragon-Corre, J., & Sharma, S. (2003). A contingent Resource- Based View of proactive corporate environmental strategy. The Academy of Management Review, 28(1), 71-88. Atiyyah, H. S. (1993). Management development in Arab countries the challenges of the 1990s. Journal of Management Development, 12(1), 3-12. Atkins, M. H., & Lowe, J. F. (1997). Sizing up the small firm: UK and Australian experience. International Small Business Journal, 15(3), 42-50. Atuahene-Gima, K. (1996). Market orientation and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 35(2), 93-103. Avlonitis, G. J., Kouremenos, A., & Tzokas, N. (1994). Assessing the innovativeness of organizations and its antecedents: Project Innovstrat. European Journal of Marketing, 28(11), 5-28. Aw, B.Y., & Batra, G. (1998). Technological capabilities and firm efficiency in Taiwan. World Bank Economic Review, 12, 59–79. Babbie, E., R. (1990). Survey research method. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Baker, W.E., & Sinkula, J.M. (2005). Market orientation and the new product paradox. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22(6), 483–502. Baldwin, J. G., & Gellatly, G. (2003). Innovation strategies and performance in small firms. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Baldwin, J. R., & Johnson, J. (1996). Business strategies in more-and less-innovative firms in Canada. Research Policy, 25(5), 785-804. Barney, J. B. (1986). Organizational culture: can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 656-665. Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resource and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Barney, J. B. (1997). Gaining and sustaining competitive advantages. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Baron, R., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173- 1182. Barry, H., & Milner, B. (2002). SME's and electronic commerce: a departure from the traditional prioritization of training. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26(7) , 316-326. Barua, A., Kriebel, C. H., & Mukhopadhyay, T. (1991). An economic analysis of strategic information technology investments. Management Information Systems Research Center, University of Minnesota, 15(3), 313-331. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute BEL. (2004). Taking stock and charting a path for SME’s in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Bangladesh Enterprise Institute. Barua, A., Kriebel, C., & Mukhopadhyay, T. (1995). Information technologies and business value: an analytic and empirical investigation. Information Systems Research, 6(1), 3-23. Baumeister, H. (2002). Customer relationship management for SME’s. Institut fur Informatik, LMU, Oettingenstr. Munchen, Germany. Beaumont, N.B., & Schroder, R.M. (1997). Technology, manufacturing performance and business performance amongst Australian manufacturers. Technovation, 17(6), 297-307. Bechhofer, F., & Paterson, L. (2000). Principles of Research Design in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge. Berthon, P., Hulbert, J., & Pitt, L. (2004). Innovation or customer orientation, an empirical investigation. European Journal of Marketing, 38(9/10), 1065-1090. Bharadwaj, A.S. (2000). A Resource-Based Perspective on information technology capability and firm performance: an Empirical investigation. MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 169-196. Bhimani, A. (1994). Monitoring performance measures in UK manufacturing companies. Management Accounting, 72(1), 34-6. Bhimani, A. (1993). Performance measurers in UK manufacturing companies: the state of play. Management Accounting, 71(11), 20.2. Bingi, P., M., & Khamalah, J. (2001). The challenges facing global E-Commerce: a multidimensional perspective. Information Systems Management, 17(4), 26-34. Birley, S., & Westhead, P. (1990). Growth and performance contrasts between types of small firms. Strategic Management Journal, 11(7), 535-557. Blackler, F., & Brown, C. (1985). Evaluation and the impact of information technologies on people in organizations. Human Relations, 38(3), 213-231. Bloom, N., & Reenen, J. (2007). Measuring and explaining management practices across firms and countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(4), 1351-1408. Blundell, R., Rachel, G., & John, V. (1999). Market share, market value and innovation in a panel of British manufacturing firms. The Review of Economic Studies, 66(3), 529-554. Bolton, J. E. (1971). Small firms: report of the committee of inquiry on small firms. London: HMSO. Booz, Allen., & Hamilton . (1982). New Product management for the 1980s. Journal of Services Marketing, 3(2), 25-34. Bosworth, D., & Jacobs, C. (1989). Management attitudes, behavior, and abilities as barriers to growth. Barriers to growth in small firms, 20-38. Bourgouin, F. (2002).Information communication technologies and the potential for rural tourism SMME development: the case of the wild coast. Development Southern Africa, 19(1), 191-212. Bowen, H. K., Clark, K.B., Holloway, C.A., & Wheelwright, S.C. (1984). Organization strategy and structural differences for radical versus incremental innovation. Management Science, 682-695. Boxwell, L. (2000). Customer relationship management, unpublished manuscript. Branzei, O., & Vertinsky, I. (2006). Strategic pathways to product innovation capabilities in SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(1), 75–105. Bresnahan, T. F. (1986). Measuring the spillovers from technical advance: mainframe computers in financial services. American economic review, 76(4), 742-755. Brignall, S. (1992). Performance measurement system as change agents: a case for further research. Work Business School, Coventry. Brouwer, E., & Kleinknecht, A. (1996). Firm size, small business presence and sales of innovative products a micro econometric analysis. Small Business Economics, 8(3), 189- 201. Bryman, A. B., & Bell, E. (2003). Business Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bryman, A. & Bell, E. (2007). Business Research Methods. New York: Oxford University Press. Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. (1993). Is Information Systems Spending Productive? New Evidence and New Results. in Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Information Systems. (PP 47-64) Orlando, FL, USA. Brynjolfsson, E., & Hill, L. (1994). The three faces of IT value. Theory and evidence. proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Information Systems. Vanconver, B.C. Brynjolfsson, E. H., & Hitt, L. (1996). Paradox Lost firm level evidence on the returns to information systems spending. Management Science, 42(4), 541-558. Calantone, R. J., Vickery, S.K., & Droge, C. (1995). Business performance and strategic new product development activities: an empirical investigation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 12(3), 214-223. Caldeira, M., & Ward, J. (2003). Understanding the successful adoption and use of IS/IT in SMEs: an explanation from Portuguese manufacturing industries. Information Systems Journal, 12(2), 121-152. Carlsson, B. (1996). Innovation and Success in Sweden. New York: Pinter. Carmeli, A. (2005). The relationship between organizational culture and withdrawal intentions and behavior. International Journal of Manpower, 26(2), 177-95. Canina, L., Enz. C., & Harrison, J. (2005). Agglomeration effects and strategic orientations: evidence from the U.S. lodging industry. Academic Management Journal, 48(4), 565- 581. Center for Research Sabha. (2008). No. 165. Index 4210. Center for Research Sabha. (2007). Annual report. No 31. Index 66. P. 4-86. Chamberlain, E. H. (1933). The theory of monopolistic competition..Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Chang, S.C., & Lee, M.S. (2007). The effects of organizational culture and knowledge management mechanisms on organizational innovation: an empirical study in Taiwan. The Business Review, 7(1), 295-301. Chandler, A. (1962). Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Chaston, I., & Mangles, T. (1991). Business networks: assisting knowledge management and competence acquisition within UK manufacturing. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 7(2), 160-170. Chau, S. B., & Turner, P. (2001). A Four Phase Model of EC Business Transformation Amongst Small to Medium Sized Enterprises. Proceedings of the 12 Australasian Conference on Information Systems. Coffs Harbour, Australia. Chen, C.C. (2000). Linking technology strategy with human resource management for small firms. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 3185-3198. Christensen, C. (1997).The innovator's dilemma Massachusetts . London: Harvard Business School Press. Churchill, G.A (1999). Marketing Research Methodological Foundations. Fort Worth: TX; The Dryden Press. Clemons, E., & Row, M. (1991). Sustaining IT advantage: the role of structural differences. MIS Quarterly, 15(3), 274- 292. Clifton,N., Keast, R., Pickernell., & Senior, M. (2010). Network structure, knowledge governance, and firm performance: evidence from innovation networks and SMEs in the UK. Growth and Change, 41(3), 337-373. Coff, R. W. (1999).When competitive advantage doesn’t lead to performance: the resource-based view and stakeholder bargaining power. Organization Science, 10(2), 119-133. Cohn, T., & Lindberh, R. (1972). How Management is Different in Small Companies. New York: American Management Association. Cohen, W. M. (1995). Empirical Studies of Innovative Activity. In Stoneman, P. (Ed.), Handbook of the economics of innovation and technological change (Ch.10). London: Basil Blackwell. Cohn, S., F., & Turyn, R. M. (1984). Organizational structure, decision-making procedures, and the adoption of innovations. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 31(4), 154-161. Collis, D. J. (1994). Research note: how valuable are organizational capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 15(8), 143-152. Committee of Industries Sabha.(2006). Review of plastic firms and productivity. N0 213. Index 240. P 15-62. Committee of Industries Sabha. (2006). Performance evaluation No 243. Index. 281. P 43-76. Committee of industries Sabha. (2009). Annual report. No.15. Index. 37. P.65. Committee of industries Sabha. (2009). Review of Plastic firms and productivity. No 213. Index. 240. P 15-62. Committee of Industries Ubari. (2007). Review on plastic firms. No 71. Index. 1026, P 6-55. Committee for Manpower Ubari. (2008). No.12 Index 1250. Committee of Industries Ubari. (2008). Annual report No 20. Index. 14, P 21. Confederation of British Industry (CBI). (2003). Informality works: a new approach to training for SMEs, CBI, London. Cooper, R., & Kleinschmidt E. (1987). Success factors in product innovation. Industrial Marketing Management, 16(3), 215-23. Cooper, R. (1999). From experience: the invisible success factors in product innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 16(2), 115-133. Cooper, D., & Schindler, P. (2006). Marketing Research. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Corman, J., Lussier, R., & Nolan, K. (1996). Factors that encourage entrepreneurial start-ups and existing firm expansion: a longitudinal study comparing recession and expansion periods. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(2) , 43-55. Corso, M., Martini,A., Pellegrini, L., & Paolucci, E. (2003) . Technological and organizational tools for knowledge management: in search of configurations. Small Business Economics, 21(4), 397-408. Covin, J., & Slevin, D. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10. 75-87. Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research design, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. Cron, W. L., & Sobol, M.G. (1983). The relationship between computerization and performance: a strategy for maximizing the economic benefits of computerization. Information and Management, 6(3), 171-181. Curkovic S, Vickery S., & Droge C. (2000). An empirical analysis of the competitive dimensions of quality performance in the automotive supply industry. International Journal of Operations and Productions Management, 20(3), 386–403. Czarnitzki, D., & Kraft, K. (2004). Innovation indicators and corporate credit ratings: evidence from German firms. Economics Letters, 82(3), 377-384. Daft, L.R. (1983). Organizational Theory and Designs. West Pub. Co., St. Paul. Damanpour, F., Szabat, K.A., & Ean, W.M. (1989). The relationship between types of innovation and organizational performance. Journal of Management Studies, 26(6), 587-602. Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation: a meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 555-590. Damanpour, F. (1992). Organizational size and innovation. Organization Studies, 13(3), 375-402. Danneels, E., & Kleinschmidt, E. (2001). Product innovativeness from the firm's perspective: its dimensions and their relation with project selection and performance Journal of Product Innovation Management, 18(6), 357-373. Dasgupta, S., Sarkis,J., & Talluri, S. (1999). Influence of information technology investment on firm productivity: a cross-sectional study. Logistics Information Management, 12 (1/2), 120-129. Davenport, T. H. (1993). Process Innovation- Reengineering Work through Information Technology. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Business School Press. Davis, F. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 310-334. Day, G. (1994). The capabilities of market-driven organizations. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 37-61. Day, G., & Wensley, R. (1988). Assessing advantage: a framework for diagnosing competitive superiority. Journal of Marketing, 52(2), 1-20. Day, G., & Nedungadi, P. (1994). Managerial representations of competitive advantage. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 31- 44. DeCarolis, D. M., & Deeds, D.L. (1999). The impact of stocks and flows of organizational knowledge on firm performance: an empirical investigation of the biotechnology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 20(10) , 953-968. DeGroff, A., Schooley, M., Chapel, T., & Poister, T. (2010). Challenges and strategies in applying performance measurement to federal public health programs. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33(4), 365-372. Denison, D., Lief, C., & Ward, J. (2004). Culture in family-owned enterprises: recognizing and leveraging unique strengths. Family Business Review, 17(1), 61-71. Deshpandé, R., Farley, J.U., & Webster, J. (1993). Corporate culture, customer orientation, and innovativeness in Japanese firms: a quadrate analysis. The Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 23-37. De Varnde, V., De Jong,J., Vanhaverbeke, W., & Rochemont, M. (2008). Open innovation in SMEs: trends, motives and management challenges. SCALES Scientific Analysis of Entrepreneurship and SMEs. DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: theory and Applications. Newbury Park, Sage Publications. Dewett, T. (2001). The role of information technology in the organization: a review model and assessment. Journal of Management Development, 27(3), 313-346. Dewar, R., & Dutton, J. (1986). The adoption of radical and incremental innovation: an empirical study. Management Science, 32(1), 313-327. Dollinger, M., J. (1984). Environmental boundary spanning and information processing effects on organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27(2), 351-368. Dollinger, M., J. (1985). Environmental contacts and financial performance of the small firm. Journal of Small Business Management, 23(1), 24-30. Dougherty, D. (1992). A practice-centered model of organizational renewal through product innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 13(1), 77-92. Drucker, P.F. (1954). The Practice of Management. New York: Harper and Brother. Drucker, P.F. (1985). The discipline of innovation. Harvard Business Review. 67-72. Duchesneau, D., & Gartner, W. G. (1990). A profile of new venture success and failure in an emerging industry. Journal of Business Venturing , 5(5), 297-312. Dulipovici, A. (2002). The impact of Internet use on small and medium-sized Canadian businesses during a recession. The 6th International Francophone Congress on SME-HEC, Montreal, PQ. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://www.cfib.ca/research/reports/pdf/cifpme_e.pdf. Durand, D. E., & Shea, D. (1974). Entrepreneurial activity as a function of achievement motivation and reinforcement control. Journal of Psychology, 88, 57-63. Duréndez. A., & Garcia, D. (2010). Innovation culture, management control systems and performance in young SME’s. In J. Bonnet., Domingo García Pérez de Lema, Howard E. (Ed.),The entrepreneurial society, how to fill the gap between knowledge and innovation (pp. 165- 184). Massachusetts: Edward Elgar. Dwyer, L., & Mellor, R. (1993). Product innovation strategies and performance of Australian firms. Australian Journal of Management, 18(2), 159-180. Dyson, K. (1990). Small and Medium Enterprises. London: Routledge. Ebben, J., & Johnson, A. (2005). Efficiency, flexibility, or both, evidence linking strategy to performance in small firms. Strategic Management Journal, 26(13), 1249-1259. EIRMA. (2003). Innovation through Spinning In and Out. Working Group Report WG60, Eirma: Paris. Eisenhardt, K.M., & Martin, J.A (2000).Dynamic capabilities : what are they. Strategic Management Journal, 21(10/11), 1105-1121. Ettlie, J., Bridges, W., & O’Keefe, R. (1984). Organization strategy and structural differences for radical versus incremental innovation. Management Science, 30, 682-695. Ettlie, J., &. Rubenstein, A. (1987). Firm size and product innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 4(2), 89-108. Ettlie, J. E., & Reza, E. M. (1992). Organizational integration and process innovation. Academy of Management Journal, 35(4), 795-827. Evans, J. R. L., & Lindsay, W.M. (1996). The Management and Control of Quality. Minnesota: West Publishing. Fagerberg, J. (2005). Innovation: a guide to the literature. The Oxford Handbook of Innovation. Oxford University Press, New York. Falk, M. (2004). ICT-Linked firm reorganisation and productivity gains. Osterreıchısches Instıtut Fu¨r Wırtschaftsforschung, WIFO Working Papers, No. 216, 1-44. Fan, Q. (2002). Importance of SMEs and the role of public support in promoting SME development. World Bank Institute. Available http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/ 49256/fan.pdf Feeny, D. F., & Willcocks, L.P. (1998).Core IS capabilities for exploiting information technology. Sloan Management Review, 39(3), 9. Fiengenbaum , A., & Karnani A. (1991). Output flexibility: a competitive advantage for small firms. Strategic Management Journal, 12(2), 101-114. Field, A.P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: and sex drugs rock. London: Sage Publications. Fiorito, S.S., & LaForge, R.W. (1986) 'A marketing strategy analysis of small retailers'. American Journal of Small Business, 10(4), 7-17. Fitzgerald, L., Jonston, R., Brignall, T., & Voss, C. (1991) . Performance measurement in service business. London: CIMA. Fontana. R., Geuna, A., & Matt, M. (2006).Factors affecting university–industry R&D projects: the importance of searching, screening and signaling. Research Policy, 35, 309–323. Foss, N. J. (1997). Firms and strategies: a reader in the Resource-Based Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. Fowler, F. (1988). Survey research methods. California: Sage Publications, Inc. Fred, L.C., & Commandeur, H.R. (1998). The influence of marketing on positional advantage and performance of industrial business. AMA Conference Proceedings, 9, 61-62. Freel, M. (2000). Barriers to product innovation in small manufacturing firms. International Small Business Journal, 18(2), 60-80. Freel, M. (2003). Sectoral patterns of small firm innovation, networking and proximity. Research Policy 32, 751–770. Freeman, C. (1982). Innovation and long cycles of economic development. Paper presented at the international seminar on innovation and development at the industrial sector. University of Campinas, Campinas, UK. Freeman, C., & Perez, C. (1988). Structural crises of adjustment: business cycles and investment behaviour. New York: Columbia University Press. Friedman, M. (1953). The methodology of positive economics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Frost, P., & Egri, C. (1991). The political process of innovation. Organizational Behavior, 13, 229-295. Gable, G. G. (1996). A multidimensional model of client success when engaging external consultants. Management Science, 42(8), 1175-1198. Galbraith, J. (1973). Designing Complex Organizations. Boston: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co. Galia, F., & Legros, D. (2004). Complementarities between obstacles to innovation: Evidence from France. Research Policy, 33(8), 1185-1199. Gary, A., & Pilip, K. (1999). Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Gassmann, O., & Keupp, M. (2007). The competitive advantage of early and rapidly internationalizing SMEs in the biotechnology industry: a knowledge- based view. Journal of World Business, 42(3), 350-366. Gebert, H., Geib, M., Kolbe, L., & Riempp, G. (2002). Towards customer knowledge management: Integrating customer relationship management and knowledge management concepts. The second International Conference on Electronic Business, Taipei, Taiwan, 10-13 December, pp. 262-272. General Information Authority. (2007). Industrial Survey Results. General People’s Committee. General People's Committee. (2007). No. 1369. Index. 2087. General Committee of Industries. (2006). No. 88. Index. 761 General Information Authority. (2006).No 1233. Index. 114. General Committee of Industries. (2006). No 84. Index. 21. General Committee of Industries, 2007). No 5201. Index. 386. General Committee of Industries (2008).N0 9147. Index 1292. General Committee of Industries. (2010). Report. No 90 Index 113. General People's Committee. (2005) No. 7831 Index 3412. General People’s Committee. (2008). Report. No 20 Index 31. General People's Committee. (2007). Annual minutes. No11. Index 204. General People's Committee. (2008). No 417. Index 1429. Geroski, P. (1990).Innovation, technological opportunities, and market structures. Oxford Economic Papers, 43(3), 586- 602. Geroski, P., Machin, S., & Van Reenen, J. (1993). The profitability of innovating firms. Journal of Economics, 24 (2), 198-211. Ghalayini, A.M., & Noble, J.S. (1996). The changing basis of performance measurement. International Journal of Operation and Production Management, 48(3), 207-226. Gibcus, P., & Kemp, R. (2003). Strategy and small firm performance, scientific analysis of entrepreneurship and SMEs. Available: http://www.ondernemerschap.nl/pdf-ez/ H200208.pdf Gilbert, C. (2005). Unbundling the structure of inertia: resource versus routine rigidity. Academic Management Journal, 48(5), 741–63. Ginsberg, A., & Venkatraman, N. (1985). Contingency perspectives of organizational strategy: a critical review of the empirical research. Academy of Management Review, 10, 421-43. Gold, A.H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A.H. (2001). Knowledge management: an organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185-214. Goll, I., & Rasheed, A. A. (1997). The moderating effect of environmental munificence and dynamism on the relationship between discretionary social responsibility and firm performance. Journal of Business Ethics. 49. 41-54. Gordon, G. G., & Di Tomaso, N. (1992). Predicting corporate performance from organizational culture. Journal of Management Studies. 29. 783-799. Grant, R. (1998). Contemporary strategy analysis. Oxford, UK: Blackwells. Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. The American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510. Grant, R. M (1991).The Resource-Based Theory of competitive advantage: implication for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114-135. Green, S.B., & Salkind, N.J. (2005).Using SPSS for windows and macintosh: Analyzing and Understanding Data. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Griliches, Z., & Lichtenberg, F. (1984). Interindustry technology flows and productivity growth: A reexamination. Review of Economics and Statistics, 66(2), 324-329. Grover, V. (1993). An empirically derived model for the adoption of customer- based interorganizational systems. Decision Sciences, 24(3), 603-640. Guo, R., Baruch, L., & Zhou, N. (2005). The valuation of biotech IPOs. Journal of Accounting Auditing & Finance, 20 (4), 423-459. Gutek, B., Bikson, T., & Mankin, D. (1984). Individual and organizational consequences of computer-based office information technology. Applied Social Psychology Annual, 5 , 231-254. Gwynne, H. (1999). Innovation in small and medium sized businesses. Paper presented at the Industrial. Innovation Working Group Innovation Summit, Melbourne, Australia. Hall, A., Melin, L., & Norqvist, M. (2001). Entrepreneurship as radical change in the family business: exploring the role of cultural patterns. Family Business Review, 14(3), 193-208. Hansen, G. S., & Wernerfelt, B. (1989). Determinants of firm performance: the relative importance of economic and organizational factors. Strategic Management Journal, 10(5) , 399-411. Hansen, O. E., Sønderga, B., & Meredith, S. (1982). Environment innovation in small and medium sized enterprises. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 14(1), 37-56. Hartmann, A. (2006). The role of organizational culture in motivating innovative behaviour in construction firms. Construction Innovation, 6(3), 159-72. Hashim, M. K. (2007). Small and Medium- Sized Enterprises Development in Malaysia: Programs and Evaluation an Overview. Universiti Utara Malaysia. Sintok, Malaysia. Hashim, M.K., & Wafa, S.F. (2002). Small and medium sized enterprises in Malaysia:development issues. Kuala Lumpur: Prentice Hall. Henderson, J., & Venkatraman, N. (1993).Strategic alignment : leveraging information technology for transforming organizations. IBM Systems Journal, 33, 4-16. Henderson, R.M., & Mitchell, W. (1997). The interactions of organizational and competitive influences on strategy and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 5-14. Heunks, F.J. (1998). Innovation, creativity and success. Small Business Economics, 10(3), 263-272. Hickson, D., Pugh, D, S., & Pheysey, D. (1969). Operations technology and organization structure: an empirical reappraisal. Administrative Science Quarterly, 3, 378-397. Hill, C.W., & Jones, G.R. (2007). Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. London: South Western Educational Publishing. Hirschheim, R. (1986). The effect of a priori views on the social implications of computing: the case of office automation. ACM Computing Surveys, 18(12), 165-195. Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R.E., & Kim, H. (1997). International diversification effects on innovation and firm performance in product diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 767-798. Hofer, C., & Schendel. D. (1978). Strategy formulation: analytical concepts. West, St. Paul. Hoffman, N. (2000). An examination of the sustainable competitive advantage concept: past, present, and future. Academy of Marketing Science. Available: http://www. vancouver.wsu.edu/amsrev/theory/hoffman04-00html. Hogarth-Scott, S., Watson, K. & Wilson, N. (1996). Do small businesses have to practice marketing to survive and grow?. Marketing Planning and Intelligence, 14(1), 6-18. Hollander, A. S., Cherrington, J. O., & Denna, E. L. (2000). Accounting, Information Technology, and Business Solutions. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Hollenstein, H. (1996). A composite indicator of a firm’s innovativeness-An empirical analysis based on survey data for Swiss manufacturing. Research Policy, 25(4), 633-645. Hollenstein, H. (2003). Innovation modes in the Swiss service sector: a cluster analysis based on firm-level data. Research Policy, 32(5), 845-863. Hoopes, D.G., Madsen, T.L., & Walker, G. (2003). Guest editors’ introduction to the special issue: why is there a resource-based view toward a theory of competitive heterogeneity. Strategic Management Journal, 24, 889-902. Horibe, F. (2001). Creating the innovation culture. New York: Wiley. Hudson, M. A., Smart, A., & Bourne, M. (2001). Theory and practice in SME performance measurement systems. International Journal of Operations & Production Management , 21(8), 1096-1115. Huff, S. L., & Munro, M.C. (1985). Information technology assessment and adoption: a field study. MIS Quarterly, 9(4) , 327-340. Hultink, E. J., & Atuahene-Gima, K. (2000). The effect of sales force adoption on new product selling performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 17(6), 435-450. Hunt, S.D., & Morgan, R. (1996).The resource-advantage theory of competition: dynamic, path dependencies and evolutionary dimensions. Journal of Marketing, 60, 107-114. Igbaria, M., Zinatelli, N., Cragg, P., & Cavaye, A. (1997). Personal computing acceptance factors in small firms: a structural equation model. MIS Quarterly, 21(3), 279-305. International Center for Standards Benghazi. (2007). Available at http://www.startimes.com/f.aspx?t=10510005 Jamrog, J., Vickers, M. & Bear, D. (2006). Building and sustaining a culture that supports innovation. Human Resource Planning, 29(3), 9-19. Janiunaite, B., & Petraite, M. (2010). The relationship between organizational innovative culture and knowledge sharing in organization: the case of technological innovation implementation in a telecommunication organization. Socialiniai Mokslai, 3(69), 14-23. Jarvenpaa, S.L., & Leidner, D.E. (1998). An information company in Mexico: extending the resource-based view of the firm to a developing country context. Information Systems Research, 9(4), 41-58. Johnston, K., & Loader, K. (2003). Encouraging SME participation in training identifying practical approached. Journal of European Industrial Training, 27(6), 273-280. Junkunc, M (2007). Managing radical innovation: the importance of specialized knowledge in the biotech revolution. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(3), 388–411. Kagan, A., Lau, K., & Nusgart, K. R. (1990). Information system usage within small business firms. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 14(3), 25-37. Kaplan, R.S., & Norton, D.P. (1992). The balance scorecard: measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, 719. Keh, H., Nguyen, T., & Ng, H. (2007). The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and marketing information on the performance of SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing, 22 (4), 592-611. Keegn, D.P, Eiler, R.G., & Jones, C.R. (1989). Are your performance measure obsolete. Management Accounting, 70(12) , 45-50. Kennedy, J., & Hyland, P. (2003). A comparison of manufacturing technology adoption in SMEs and large companies. A paper for the Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand. 16th Annual Conference. Ballarat, Australia. kerlinger, F.N.L., & Lee, H.B. (2000). Foundations of Behavioral Research. New York: Thomoson Learning. Kettinger, W., J., Grover, V., & Segars, A. (1994). Do strategic systems really pay off: an analysis of classic strategic IT cases. MIS Quarterly, 31- 55. Kharuddin, S., Ashhari, Z., & Nassir, A. (2010).Information system and firms’ performance: the case of Malaysian small and medium enterprises. International Business Research, 3 (4), Khushman, S., Todman, A., & Amin, S. (2009). The relationship between culture and E- business acceptance in Arab countries. In second International Conference on Development in E Systems Engineering. (pp. 454-459). Kinsella, R. P., W. Clarke, D. Mulyenna., & D. Coyne (1994) . Fast growth firms (FGFs) and marketing capability. Irish Marketing Review, 7, 119-127. Kleinschmidt, E. J., & Cooper, R.G. (1991). The impact of product innovativeness on performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 8(4), 240-251. Kohli, A.J., & B.J. Jaworski (1990). Market orientation: the construct, research propositions and management implications. Journal of Marketing, 54(2), 1-18. Koskinen, K., U., &, Vanharanta, H. (2002). The role of tacit knowledge in innovation processes of small technology companies. Journal of Production Economics, 80, 57-64. Kotelnikov, V. (2007). Small and medium enterprises and ICT. United Nations development programme- Asia-Pacific development information programme (UNDP- APDIP). And Asia and Pacific training center for information and communication technology for development(APCICT)[Available: http://www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-sme. pdf Kotler, P. (1988). Marketing management: analysis, planning, implementation and control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Kotler, P., & Keller, K.L. (2006). Marketing Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, Prentice Hall. Kotter, J.R., & Heskett, J. (1992). Corporate culture and performance. New York: Free Press. Kraus , S., Reiche, B.S., & Reschke, C.H. (2009). Implications of strategic planning in SMEs for internal entrepreneurship research and practice. In Energizing Management through Innovation and Entrepreneurship: European Research and Practice (Routledge Studies in Innovation, Organization and Technology), Terziovski, M (ed). Routledge: Abingdon, UK; 110-127. Krishnan, V., & Bhattacharya, S. (2002). Technology selection and commitment in new product development: the role of uncertainty and design flexibility. Management Science, 48(3), 313-327. Kurnia, S., Alzougool, B. Ali, M., & Alhashmi, S. (2009). Adoption of Electronic Commerce Technology by SMEs in Malaysia. Proceeding of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Waikoloa, Big Island, Hawaii. Laforet, S. (2007). Effects of size, market and strategic orientation in non- high- tech manufacturing SMEs. European Journal of Marketing, 43(1/2), 188-212. Larson, D, Doolen,T., & Hacker, M. (2009). Development of a manufacturing flexibility hierarchy through factor and cluster analysis. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 20(4), 417-441. Laudon, K.C., & Laudon, J.P. (2000).Management information systems : organization and technology in the networked enterprise. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall. Lee, J., & Miller, D. (1996). Strategy, environment and performance in two technological contexts: contingency theory in Korea. Organization Studies, 17, 729-750. Lee, C., Lee, K., & Pennings, J. (2001). Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: a study on technology- based ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 615-640. Lee, S., Park, G., Yoon, B., & Park, J. (2010). Open innovation in SMEs-an intermediated network model. Research Policy, 39, 290-300. Leech, N., Barrett, K., & Morgan, G. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: use and interpretation. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lengnick-Hall, C. A. (1992). Innovation and competitive advantage: what we know and what we need to learn. Journal of Management, 18, 399-429. Leonora, C., Hamilton., & Asundi, R. (2008). Technology usage and innovation. Management Research News, 31(11), 830-845. Lertwongsatien, C., & Wongpinunwatana, N. (2003). E- Commerce adoption in Thailand: an empirical study of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 6(3), 67-83. Levy, M., Powell, P., & Yetton, P. (2001). SMEs: aligning IS and the strategic context. Journal of Information Technology, 16(3), 133-144. Lewis, W., Agarwal, R., & Sambamurthy, V. (2002). Spheres of Influence and Cognitive Interpretations of Information Technology: An Empirical Study of Knowledge Workers. Work Paper. University of Maryland. Igbaria, M., & Livari, J. (1995).The effects of self- efficacy on computer usage. Omega, 23(6), 587-605. Li, H., & Atuahene-Gima, K. (2001). Product innovation strategy and the performance of new technology ventures in China. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1123-1134. Liao, J., Welsch, H., & Stoica, M. (2003). Organizational absorptive capacity and responsiveness: an empirical investigation of growth- oriented SMEs entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. 28(1), 63-85. Liang, T., You, J., & Liu, C. (2010). A resource-based perspective on information technology and firm performance: a meta analysis. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 110(8), 1138-58. Licht, G., & Moch, D. (1999). Innovation and information technology in services. Canadian Journal of Economics, 32(2) , 363-383. Lichtenberg, F.R. (1995). The output contributions of computer equipment and personnel: a firm-level analysis. Economics of Information and New Technology, 50(3), 201-217. Lieberman, M., & Montgomery, D. (1988). First-mover advantages. Strategic Management Journal 9, 41–58. Lin, c. (2006). Organizational, technological, and environmental determinants of electronic commerce adoption in small and medium enterprises in Taiwan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Lynn University, USA. Li, J., Zhou, K., & Shao, A.(2009). Competitive strategy, managerial ties, and profitability of foreign firms in China: an interactive perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(2), 339–52. Loveman, G.W. (1994). Assessing the Productivity Impact of Technologies. In T.J. Allen and M.Scott-Morton, Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s, University of Oxford, UK. Lu, J.W., & Beamish, P.W. (2001). The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 565-586. Lucas, H. C. (1975). Performance and the use of an information system. Management Science, 21(8), 908-919. Lukas, B., & Ferrell, O. (2000). The effect of market orientation on product innovation. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 28(2), 329. MacDoughall, S. L., & Pike, R. H. (2003). Consider your options: changes to strategic value during implementation of advanced manufacturing technology. Omega (UK), 31(1). Madrid-Guijarro, A., Garcia, D., & Van Auken, H. (2009). Barriers to innovation among Spanish manufacturing SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management <http://www.allbusiness.com/journal-small-business-management/41368-1.html>, 47(4), 465-488. Mahmoud, M.A. (2011). Market orientation and business performance among SMEs in Ghana.International Business Research, 4(1), 241-251. Makadok, R. (2001).Toward a synthesis of the Resource-Based View and dynamic-capability views of rent creation. Strategic Management Journal, 22(5), 387-401. Malhotra, Y. (2005). Integrating knowledge management technologies in organizational business processes: getting real time enterprises to deliver real business performance. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(1), 7-28. Marasini, R., Ions, K., & Ahmad, M. (2008). Assessment of e-business adoption in SMEs–a study of manufacturing industry in the UK north east region. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 19(5), 627-44. Marshall, P., Sor, R., & McKay, J. (2000). An industry case study of the impacts of electronic commerce on car dealerships in Western Australia. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 1(1), 1-16. Martins, E., & Terblanche, F. (2003). Building organizational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1) , 64-74. Mata, F.J., Fuerst, W.L., & Barney, J. (1995). Information technology and sustained competitive advantage: a Resource-Based Analysis MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 487-505. Maylor, H. (1997). Concurrent new product development: an empirical assessment. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 17(2), 1196-1214. McAdam, R., & Armstrong, G. (2001). A symbiosis of quality and innovation in SMEs: a multiple case study analysis. Management Auditing Journal, 16(7), 394-399. McCole, P., & Ramsey, E. (2005). Internet-enabled technology in knowledge intensive business services: a Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland and New Zealand comparison. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 22(7), 767-779. McGee, J. E., Dowling, M. J., & Megginson, W. L. (1995). Cooperative strategy and new venture performance: the role of business strategy and management experience. Strategic Management Journal, 16(7), 565-558. McLean, L. (2005). Organizational culture’s influence on creativity and innovation: a review of the literature and implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(2), 226-46. Miller, D.T., & Toulouse, J. (1986). Chief Executive Personality and corporate strategy and structure in small firms. Management Science, 32(11), 1389-1409. Minguzzi, A., & Passaro, R. (2001). The network of relationships between the economic environment and the entrepreneurial culture in small firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(2), 181-207. Mitussis, D. (2010). SME innovation in Zhehiang, China, potential constraints to development of widespread innovation. Journal of Knowledge- based Innovation in China, 2(1), 89-105. Mohnen, P., & Roller, L. (2005). Complementarities in innovation policy. European Economic Review, 49(6), 1431- 1450. Mohrman, S., A., Finegold, D., & Mohrman, J. R. (2003). An empirical model of the organization knowledge system in new product development firms. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 20, 7-38. Mole, K., Ghobadian, A., O’Regan., & Liu, J. (2004). The use and deployment of soft process technologies within UK manufacturing SMEs: an empirical assessment using logit models. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(3), 303- 324. Mombourquette, P. (2008). A study of the nature and extent of Atlantic Canadian small and medium business E-Commerce usage leading to the development and testing of a model to explain future adoption intentions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of South Queensland, Australia. Mooney, J. (1994). Assessing the Relationship between Information Systems Spending and Firm Performance: A Synthesis and Extension of Prior Research. Business Research Programme Working Paper, Smurfit Graduate School of Business, University College Dublin, Ireland. Moore, B. (1995). What differentiates innovative small firms. Innovation initiative. No. 4, ESRC Center for Business Research, University of Cambridge, UK. Morgan, G. (1997). Images of Organization. London: Sage Publications Morel, b., & Ramanujam, R. (1999). Through the looking glass of complexity: the dynamics of organizations as adaptive and evolving systems. Organization Science, 10(3) , 278-293. Moreno, A.M., & Casillas, J.C. (2008). Entrepreneurial orientation and growth of SMEs: a causal model. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(3), 507-528. Morrison, C.J., & Brendt, E.R. (1990). Assessing the productivity of information technology equipment in the US manufacturing industries. National Bureau of Economic Research Working. USA. Myers, S., & Marquis, D.G. (1969). Successful Industrial Innovations. A Study of Factors Underlying Innovation in Selected Firms. National Science Foundation. Washington, DC, USA. Naranjo-Valencia, J., Jime´nez-Jime´nez, D., & Sanz-Valle, R. (2011). Innovation or imitation? The role of organizational culture. Management Decision, 49(1), 55-72. Narver, J.C., Slater, S.F., & MacLachlan, D.L. (2004). Responsive and proactive market orientation and new-product success. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21(5), 334-347. National Council for Economic Development. (2008). Index 3081 No. 30116. Development and the development of small and medium projects in Libya National Center for Research Sabha. (2007). Plastic industry review. P 11-62. National Planning Council. (2008). National strategy for the development of small and medium enterprises and action plan 2008-2018. Availble: <http://www.nama.ly/nama/modules. php?name=Mygroups&file=articles&topicid=4&gid=21>. Neely, A., Richards, H., Mills, J., Platts, K., & Bourne, M. (1997). Designing performance measures: a structured approach. International Journal of Operations & Productions Management, 17(11), 1131-52. Neely, A., Filippin, R., Forza, C., & Vinelli, A. (2001). Framework for analysing business performance, firm innovation and related contextual factors: perceptions of managers and policy makers in two European regions. Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 12(2), 114-124. Nemeth, C.J. (1997). Managing innovation: when less is more. California Management Review. 40(1), 59-74. Newbert, S.L. (2007). Empirical research on the resource-based view of the firm: an assessment and suggestions for future research. Strategic Management Journal, 28(1), 121–46. Nguyen, T., Sherif, J., & Newby, M. (2007). Strategies for successful CRM implementation. Information Management & Computer Security, 15(2), 102-115. Nguyen, T. (2009). Information technology adoption in SMEs: an integrated framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 15(2), 162-186. Nickell, S. (1996). Competition and corporate performance. Journal of Political Economy, 104(4), 724-746. Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies foster creativity and innovation for competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, New York. Nooteboom, B. (1994). Innovation and diffusion in small firms: theory and evidence. Small Business Economics, 6(5), 327-347. Obenchain, A., & Johnson, W. (2004) Product and process innovation in service organizations: the influence of org. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 91-113. O’Regan N, Ghobadian, A., & Gallear G. (2005). In search of the drivers of high growth in manufacturing SMEs. Technovation, 26(1), 30-41. O’Regan, N., Ghobadian, A., & Sims, M. (2006). Fast tracking innovation in manufacturing SMEs. Technovation, 26, 251-61. Olavarrieta, S., & Friedmann, R. (2007).Market orientation, knowledge-related resources and firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 61(6), 623-30. Olson, E., Walker J.O., & Ruekert, R. (1995). Organizing for effective new product development: the moderating role of product innovativeness. The Journal of Marketing, 48-62. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2005). The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities. Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd edition, Paris: OECD. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2006). Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, Oslo Manual, third Edition. Paris: OECD. Ortega, M. J. R. (2009). Competitive strategies and firm performance: technological capabilities’ moderating roles. Journal of Business Research. Available on doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.09.007. Parker, R. (2001). The myth of the entrepreneurial economy: employment and innovation in small firms. Work Employment and Society, 15(2), 373-384. Parkin, M., Powell, M., & Matthews, K. (1996). Overhauling the new product process. Industrial Marketing Management, 25(6), 83465-83482. Patel, S.H. (2005). Business age and characteristic of SME performance. Working paper series no. 14, Kingston Business School, Kingston University, London, UK. Pawar, K.S., & Driva, H. (1999). Performance measurements for product design and development in a manufacturing environment. International Journal of Production Economics, 60-61, 61-8. Penrose, E. T. (1959). The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. New York; Wiley. People’s Committee of Industries . (2008). Review and recommendation of plastic firms. No 20. Index 11, P 3-31. Pfeffer, J., & Leblebic, H. (1977). Information technology and organizational structure. Pacific Socialogical Review, 20(2), 241-261. Pisano, G.P. (1997). The development factory unlocking the potential of process innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Pitt, L., & Nel, D. (2007). The “ICON”archetype its influence on customer orientation and innovation in South African firms. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 25(2), 157-174. Pitta, D.A., Wood, P.V., & Franzak, F.J. (2008). Nurturing an effective creative culture within a marketing organization. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25(3), 137-148. Pitta, D. A. (2008). Product innovation and management in a small enterprise. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 17(6), 416-419. Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy: techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press. Porter, M., & Millar V, E. (1985). How information gives you competitive advantage. Harvard Business Review, 63(4), 149-160. Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press. Porter, M. E. (2004). Competitive Advantage. New York: Free Press. Pot, F., & Vaas, F. (2008). Social innovation, the new challenge for Europe. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 57(6), 468-473. Powell, T., & Dent-Micallef, A. (1997). Information technology as a competitive advantage: the role of human, business and technology resources. Strategic Management Journal, 18(5), 375-405. Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the organization. Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 79-91. Prajogo, D. (2006). The relationship between innovation and business performance a comparative study between manufacturing and service firms. Knowledge and Process Management, 13(3), 218–225. Prakash, Y., & Gupta, M. (2008). Exploring the relationship between organization structure and perceived innovation in the manufacturing sector of India. Singapore Management Review, 30(1), 55-76. Presley, A., Sarkis, J., & Liles, D.H. (2000). A soft- systems methodology approach for product and process innovation. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 47(3), 379-392. Rai, A., Patnayakuni, R., & Patnayakuni, N. (1997). Technology investment and business performance. Communications of the ACM, 40(7), 89-97. Rajesh, S., & Anju, S. (2009). Can quality-oriented firms develop innovative new products? Journal of Product Innovation Management 26(2), 206–221. Ramaswai, S.N., Bhargava, M., & Srivastava, R. (2004). Market-based assets and capabilities, business processes, and financial performance. Marketing Science Institute Report. (04-102). Issue One, Working Paper Series. Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: an assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 761-787. Ravichandran, T., & Lertwongsatien, C. (2005). Effect of information systems resources and capabilities on firm performance: Resources- Based Perspective. Journal of Management Information System, 21(4), 237-276. Raymond, L., & St-Pierre, J. (2010). R&D as a determinant of innovation in manufacturing SMEs: an attempt at empirical clarification. Technovation, 30(1), 48–56. Reich, B.H., & Benbasat, I. (1990). An empirical investigation of factors influencing the success of customer- oriented strategic systems. Information Systems Research, 1(3), 325-347. Reichheld, F. (1994). Loyalty and the renaissance of marketing. Marketing Management, 2(4),10-22. Remmen, A. (2001). Greening of Danish industry—changes in concepts and policies. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 13(1), 53–69. Rhee, J., Park, T., & Lee, D. (2010). Drivers of innovativeness and performance for innovative SMEs in South Korea: mediation of learning orientation. Technovation, 30, 65-75. Rivard, S., Raymond, L., & Verreault, D. (2006). Resource- based view and competitive strategy: an integrated model of the contribution of information technology to firm performance. Journal of Strategic Information System, 15, 29-50. Roach, S. S. (1991). Services under siege the restructuring imperative. Harvard Business Review, 69(5), 82-91. Robey, D. (1977). Computers and management structure: some empirical findings reexamined. Human Relations, 30(11), 963-976. Robbins, S. P. (1996). Organizational behaviour. New Jersey: prentice Hill. Robson, C. (2002). Real world research. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press. Romijn, H., & Albaladejo, M. (2002). Determinants of innovation capability in small electronics and software firms in southeast England. Research Policy, 31(7), 1053– 1067. Rosenthal, J., & Masarech, M. (2003). High performance cultures: how values can drive business results. Journal of Organizational Excellence. 3-18. Rosenbusch, N., Brinckmann, J., & Bausch, A. (2010). Is innovation always beneficial? A meta- analysis of the relationship between innovation and performance in SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing, forthcoming. Ross, J.W., Beath, C.M., & Goodhue, D.L. (1996). Develop long-term competitiveness through IT assets. Sloan Management Review, 38(1), 31-42. Rothwell, R. (1989). SMEs inter-firm relationships and technological change. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 1(13), 275-291. Ruigrok, W., & Achtenhagen, L. (1999). Organizational culture and the transformation towards new forms of organizing. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(4), 521-36. Rousseau, D. M., & Cooker, R. A. (1984). Technology and structure: the concrete, abstract, and activity systems of organizations. Journal of Management Development, 10(3), 345-361. Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. (2002). Edith Penrose’s contribution to the resource-based views of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 23, 769-780. Rumelt, R. (1974). Strategy, Structure, and economic performance. Boston, MA: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University. Russo, M., & Harrison, N. (2005). Organizational design and environmental performance: clues from the electronics industry. Academic Management Journal, 48(4), 582-593. Rumelt, R.P. (1984). Towards a strategic theory of the firm: competitive strategic management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Salavou, H. (2002). Profitability in market-oriented SMEs: does product innovation matter? European Journal of Innovation Management, 5(3), 164-171. Saleh, S., D., & Wang C.K. (1993).The management of innovation: strategy, structure, and organizational climate. Engineering Management, 40(1), 14-21. Sammul, M., Kull, K., & Oksanen, L. (2000). Competition intensity and its importance: results of field experiments with Authoxanthum odoratum. Oecologia 18-25. Santhanam, R., & Hartono, E. (2003). Issues in linking information technology capability to firm performance. MIS Quarterly, 27(1), 125-153. Santori, P., & Anderson, A.D. (1987). Manufacturing performance in the 1990s: measuring for excellence. Journal of Accountancy, 164(5), 141-7. Sarosa, S., & Zowghi, D. (2003). Strategy for adoption information technology for SMEs: experience in adoption Email within an Indonesian furniture company. Electronic Journal of Information Systems Evaluation, 6(2), 165-176. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2007). Research methods for business students. London: Prentice Hall. Schoeneck, T., & Swanson, L. (2002). Indicators of firm technological capability: validity and performance implications. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(1), 36-44. Schumpeter, A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Scoott, P., Bryn,J., Bramley, A., & Bolton, B. (1996). Enhancing technology and skills in small- and medium sized manufacturing firms: problems and prospects. International Small Business Journal, 14(3), 85-99. Scozzi, B., Garavelli, C., & Crowston, K. (2005). Methods for modeling and supporting innovation processes in SMEs. European Journal of Innovation Management, 8(1), 120-137. Scott, S. (1991). The role of measurement in achieving world class quality and productivity management. Industrial Engineering, 23(6), 23-28. Secretariat of the Economy of Commercial. (2009). Report. No. 9 Index. 69. Secretariat of the Economy and Commerce, 2009). Available http://www.ect.gov.ly/index.php?option=com_content&view= article&id=80:2010-11-04-14-02-22&catid=14:2009-10-07-01-07- 11&Itemid=6 Sekaran, U. (2000). Research method for business: a skill- building approach. New York: Johnwileg & Sons, Inc. Shackelford, A., & Sun, P. (2009). Knowledge management strategy employed in a SME: the case of a building materials supplier. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 10(4). Shan, W. (1990). An empirical analysis of organizational strategies by entrepreneurial high-technology firms. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 129-139. Sharpe, A., & Currie, I. ( 2008). Competitive Intensity as Driver of Innovation and Productivity of the Literature. CSLS Research Report. Available in http://www.csls.ca/ reports/csls2008-3.pdf. Siegel, D., & Griliches, Z. (1991). Purchased services, outsourcing, computers, and productivity in manufacturing. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Simpson, M., & Docherty, A. J. (2004). E-commerce adoption support and advice for UK SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(3), 2315-2328. Siu, W., & Kirby, D.A. (1998). Approaches to small firm marketing: a critique. European Journal of Marketing, 32(1/2), 40-60. Slater, S.F., & Narver, J.C. (1995). Marketing orientation and the learning organization. Journal of Marketing, 59, 63-74. Small, M. H. (1999). Assessing manufacturing performance: an advanced manufacturing technology portfolio perspective. Industrial Management and Data System, 99(5), 266-277. Smith, K. (2005). Measuring innovation. In J. Fagerberg, D Mowery & R.R Nelson (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation (pp. 148-177). New York: Oxford University Press. Solomon & George, T. (1982). The relationship of selected characteristics of small business owner- managers their business probability of success. George Washington University, Washington DC. USA. Song, M., & Parry, M. (1996).What separates Japanese new product winners from losers. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13(5), 422–439. Spanos, Y. E., & Lioukas, S. (2001). An examination into the causal logic of rent generation: contrasting Porter’s competitive strategy framework and the resource-based perspective. Strategic Management Journal , 22(10), 907-934. Spekman, R., & Carraway, R. (2005). Making the transition to collaborative buyer-seller relationships: an emerging framework. Industrial Marketing Management, 35, 10-19. Sprague, R., & McNurlin, B. (1993). Information Systems Management in Practice. Englewood: Prentice-Hall. Storey, D.J., & Johnson, S. (1987). Are small firms the answer to unemployment. London, UK: Employment Institute. State of British Enterprise SBRC. (1992). Department of applied economics, University of Cambridge, UK. Sutton, I.R. (2001). The weird rules of creativity. Harvard Business Review, 79(8), 94-103. Tambunan, T. (2011). The impacts of trade liberalization on Indonesian small and medium sized enterprises. International Institute for Sustainable Development. Taylor, T.C. (1987). Computers in sales and marketing: A&MM's survey results. Sales and Marketing Management, 138, 52-53. Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533. Terziovski, M. (2010). Innovation practices and its performance implication in small and medium enterprises (SMES) in the manufacturing sector: a resource- based view. Strategic Management Journal. 31(8), 892-902. Thong, J.Y.L., & Yap, C.S. (1995). CEO characteristics, organizational characteristics and information technology adoption in small business. Omega, 23(4), 429-442. Thong, J.Y.L. (1999). An integrated model of information systems adoption in small businesses. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(4), 187-214. Thornhill, S. (2006). Knowledge, innovation and firm performance in high- and low-technology regimes. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(5), 687-703. Tidd, J., Bessant,J., & Pavitt, K.(1997).Managing innovation : integrating technological, marketing and organizational change. Creativity and Innovation Management, 7(2), 115-116. Tiffin, S. (1994). The key to profit: a practical guide to managing science and technology. International Development Research Center. Ottawa, Canada. Available at http://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/10625/11776/1/98673.pdf. Todtling, F., & Kaufmann, A. (2001). The role of the region for innovation activities of SME's. European Urban and Regional Studies, 8(3), 203. Tornatzky, L., & Fleischer, M. (1990). The processes of technological innovation. Lextington: Lexington Boks. Tsai, K.H. (2004). The impact of technological capability on firm performance in Taiwan's electronics industry. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 15(2), 183– 195. Turban, E., Lee, J., King, D., & Chung, H. M. (2002). Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Tushman, M., & Anderson P. (1986). Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(3), 439–65.

Similar Items