A Study of Antecedents on Entrepreneurial Intention Among Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Students
It is widely accepted that entrepreneurship represents a real engine of economic development. Entrepreneurship is meeting the economic needs through the creation of new business, job opportunities, and innovations that have a large impact on the economic growth in the countries concerned. In Malaysi...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Thesis |
Language: | eng |
Published: |
2009
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://etd.uum.edu.my/3614/1/s800299.pdf |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
my-uum-etd.3614 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
collection |
UUM ETD |
language |
eng |
advisor |
Hamed, Abu Bakar |
topic |
HB615-715 Entrepreneurship Risk and uncertainty Property |
spellingShingle |
HB615-715 Entrepreneurship Risk and uncertainty Property Maizura, Zainol Abidin A Study of Antecedents on Entrepreneurial Intention Among Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Students |
description |
It is widely accepted that entrepreneurship represents a real engine of economic development. Entrepreneurship is meeting the economic needs through the creation of new business, job opportunities, and innovations that have a large impact on the economic growth in the countries concerned. In Malaysia, entrepreneurship also found to be a significant role to prosper the economic growth by contributing to the job creation, innovation and market development. Thus, government always has always taking steps to promote the creation and development of entrepreneurs. The attention also was given by the government at tertiary level in order to encourage university students in venturing into entrepreneurship. However, to start up the entrepreneurial activity, it does not occur in a vacuum but it is influenced by intention to start up business. Accordingly it is useful to investigate the factors that determine students’ intention of becoming entrepreneurs.
This study tends to exploit theory of planned behaviour and emotional intelligence approach in order to capture the entrepreneurial intention among students in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) after graduation. Theory of planned behaviour suggests three attitudes that determine intention which is attitudes towards behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control while emotional intelligence consists of four distinct dimensions namely Self Emotional Appraisal (SEA), Other’s Emotional Appraisal (OEA), Regulation of Emotion (ROE) and Use of Emotion (UOE).
The respondents in this study comprise of students in UUM which has been categorized into students who involve in business and students who do not involve in business. Hence, T-test and multiple regression analysis is conducted in order to examine the impact of emotional intelligence and theory of planned behaviour on the entrepreneurial intention among UUM students who involve and do not involve in business activities in campus.
Generally results of T-test revealed that there will be a difference in students’ involvement in business activities based on their attitudes towards behaviour, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, SEA, OEA as well as UOE. However, results of T-test for ROE reveal that there will be no difference between students who involve and do not involve in business on regulation of emotion (ROE). Results of multiple regression indicated that there is a relationship between students’ involvement in business, attitudes towards behaviour, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, SEA, OEA, ROE as well as UOE on entrepreneurial intention after graduation. All the components of Theory of Planned Behaviour and students’ involvement in business revealed that they are appeared to be significant antecedent to predict entrepreneurial intention among UUM students especially those students who involve in entrepreneurial activities in UUM. |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_name |
masters |
qualification_level |
Master's degree |
author |
Maizura, Zainol Abidin |
author_facet |
Maizura, Zainol Abidin |
author_sort |
Maizura, Zainol Abidin |
title |
A Study of Antecedents on Entrepreneurial Intention Among Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Students |
title_short |
A Study of Antecedents on Entrepreneurial Intention Among Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Students |
title_full |
A Study of Antecedents on Entrepreneurial Intention Among Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Students |
title_fullStr |
A Study of Antecedents on Entrepreneurial Intention Among Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Students |
title_full_unstemmed |
A Study of Antecedents on Entrepreneurial Intention Among Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Students |
title_sort |
study of antecedents on entrepreneurial intention among universiti utara malaysia (uum) students |
granting_institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
granting_department |
College of Business (COB) |
publishDate |
2009 |
url |
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3614/1/s800299.pdf |
_version_ |
1747827612943646720 |
spelling |
my-uum-etd.36142013-10-07T08:11:19Z A Study of Antecedents on Entrepreneurial Intention Among Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Students 2009 Maizura, Zainol Abidin Hamed, Abu Bakar College of Business (COB) College of Business HB615-715 Entrepreneurship. Risk and uncertainty. Property It is widely accepted that entrepreneurship represents a real engine of economic development. Entrepreneurship is meeting the economic needs through the creation of new business, job opportunities, and innovations that have a large impact on the economic growth in the countries concerned. In Malaysia, entrepreneurship also found to be a significant role to prosper the economic growth by contributing to the job creation, innovation and market development. Thus, government always has always taking steps to promote the creation and development of entrepreneurs. The attention also was given by the government at tertiary level in order to encourage university students in venturing into entrepreneurship. However, to start up the entrepreneurial activity, it does not occur in a vacuum but it is influenced by intention to start up business. Accordingly it is useful to investigate the factors that determine students’ intention of becoming entrepreneurs. This study tends to exploit theory of planned behaviour and emotional intelligence approach in order to capture the entrepreneurial intention among students in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) after graduation. Theory of planned behaviour suggests three attitudes that determine intention which is attitudes towards behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control while emotional intelligence consists of four distinct dimensions namely Self Emotional Appraisal (SEA), Other’s Emotional Appraisal (OEA), Regulation of Emotion (ROE) and Use of Emotion (UOE). The respondents in this study comprise of students in UUM which has been categorized into students who involve in business and students who do not involve in business. Hence, T-test and multiple regression analysis is conducted in order to examine the impact of emotional intelligence and theory of planned behaviour on the entrepreneurial intention among UUM students who involve and do not involve in business activities in campus. Generally results of T-test revealed that there will be a difference in students’ involvement in business activities based on their attitudes towards behaviour, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, SEA, OEA as well as UOE. However, results of T-test for ROE reveal that there will be no difference between students who involve and do not involve in business on regulation of emotion (ROE). Results of multiple regression indicated that there is a relationship between students’ involvement in business, attitudes towards behaviour, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, SEA, OEA, ROE as well as UOE on entrepreneurial intention after graduation. All the components of Theory of Planned Behaviour and students’ involvement in business revealed that they are appeared to be significant antecedent to predict entrepreneurial intention among UUM students especially those students who involve in entrepreneurial activities in UUM. 2009 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3614/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3614/1/s800299.pdf text eng validuser http://lintas.uum.edu.my:8080/elmu/index.jsp?module=webopac-l&action=fullDisplayRetriever.jsp&szMaterialNo=0000336388 masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Abraham, C. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behaviour and outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 788-813. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits and actions: Dispositional prediction of behaviour in social psychology. Advances in Experimental Psychology, 20, 1-63. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process, 50(2), 179-211. Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioural control, self- efficacy, locus of control and the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665-83. Ajzen, I. & Madden, J.T. (1986). Prediction of goal directed behaviour, attitudes, intentions and perceived control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 22, 253- 274. Alsos, G. A., Isaksen, E. J. & Softing, E. (2006). Youth enterprise experience and business start-up intentions. Paper to be presented at the 14th Nordic Conference on Small Business Research, Stockholm. Aslan, S. & Erkus, A. (2008). Measurement of Emotional Intelligence: Validity and reliability studies of two scales. World applied Sciences Journal, 4,(3), 430-438. Audet, J. (2004). A longitudinal study of the entrepreneurial intention of University students. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 10(1), 3-15. Auken, H. V., Stephens, P., Fry, F.L. & Silva, J. (2005). Role model influences on entrepreneurial intention: A comparison between USA and México. PhD. Campus Monterrey, Mexico. Autio, E., Keeley, R. H., Klofsten, M., Parker, G.G.C., & Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145-160. Bailey, A. A. (2006). Retail employee theft: a theory of planned behavior perspective. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 34(11), 802-816. Bandura, A. (1986). The social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bandura (1991), Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organisational Behaviour Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 48-87. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. Bar-On, R. (1997). The emotional intelligence quotient inventory (EQ-I). Technical Manual. Toronto: Multi Health System. Belly, R. R. (1993). Task roel motivation and attributional style as predictors of entrepreneurial performance: Female sample findings. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5(4), 331-341. Bird, B. (1988), Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-54. Bird, B. and Jelinek, M. (1988). The operation of entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 17(1), 21-9. Brice, J.J (2002). The role of personality dimensions and occupational preferences on the formation of entrepreneurial intention. PhD dissertation, Mississippi State, Mississippi. Brown, C., George-Curran, R., & Smith, M. (2003). The role of emotional intelligence in the career commitment and decision-making process. Journal of Career Assessment, 11(4) , 379-392. Brown, S. A. (1996). Talent for living success, says Daniel Goleman, requires skill in handling Emotions, not just being smart. [Electronic version]. People, 45(19), 85- 86. Bruyat, C. & Julien, P. A. (2001). Defining the field of research in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing. 16(2), 165-80. Bygrave, W. D. (1989). The entrepreneurship paradigm: A philosophical look at research methodologies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 14(1), 7-26. Bygrave, W. D. (1994). The portable MBA in entrepreneurship. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Carmeli A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes: An examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 788-813. Cartwright, S. & Pappas, C. (2008). Emotional Intelligence, its measurement and implications for the workplace. International Journal of Managemnet Review. 10(2), 149-171. Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2000). Applied business research: Quantitative and qualitative methods. New York, Australia: John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd. Central Bank of Malaysia. Annual Report 2005. Retrieved January 17, 2009, from http://www.bnm.gov.my Central Bank of Malaysia. Annual Report 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2009, from http://www.bnm.gov.my Central Bank of Malaysia. Annual Report 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2009, from http://www.bnm.gov.my Central Bank of Malaysia. Annual Report 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2009, from http://www.bnm.gov.my Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G. & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316 Chen, I. J. & Chal, Y. (2007). Using the theory of planned behavior to understand in- service kindergarten teachers’ behavior to enroll in a graduate level academic program. Journal of College Teaching and Learning, 4(11), 13-18. Cherniss, C. (2000). Emotional Intelligence: What it is and why it matters. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology, New Orleans. Ching, P. W. (2008), Malaysian Economy. Kuala Lumpur: Prentice Hall. Choy, C. S. Kuppusamy, J. & Jusoh, M. (2005). Entrepreneurial careers among business graduates: Match-making using theory of planned behaviour. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 9, 67-90. Coakes, S. J. & Steed, L. (2007). SPSS Version 14.0 for windows: Analysis without anguish. Australia: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. Cole, A. (1969). Definition of entrepreneurship. In J. Komives (Eds), Karl, A. Bostrum Seminar in Study of Entreprise, 10-22 Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business and Management, 34(3), 42-49. Cromie, S., Callagham, I. and Jasen, M. (1992). The entrepreneurial Tendencies of Managers: A Research Note. British Journal of Management, 3(1), 1-5. Cromie, S. (1987). Motivation of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 8, 251- 261. Dahl, A. D., Austion, R.K. Wagner, B.D. & Lukes, A. (2005). The relationship between Negative Career thought and emotional intelligence. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from http://www.lifeworkdesigngroup.com/ Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. New York: Putman Davidsson, P.(1995). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions. Jonkoping. International Business School (JIBS) , Sweden. Davies, M., Stankov, L., & Roberts, R.D. (1998).Emotionally intelligence: In search of an elusive construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 989-1015. Degeorge, J. M. & Fayolle, A. (2008). Is entrepreneurial intention stable through time? First sights from a sample of French students. Int. J. Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 5(1), 7-27. De Vaus, D. (2002). Analyzing social science data. Sage publications. London. Thousand Oaks. New Delhi. Dolingger, M.J. (1999). Entrepreneurship: Strategies and Resources. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Douglas, E.J. & Shepherd, D.A. (2002). Self-employment as a career choice, attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27, 81-90. Elias, P. & Purcell, K. (2003). On higher ground. People Management, 19(11) 24-31. Fayolle, A. (2007).Entrepreneurship and new value creation: the dynamic of the entrepreneurial process. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Fitzsimmons, J. R. & Douglas, J E. (2005). Entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial intentions: A cross-cultural study of potential entrepreneurs in India, Thailand and Australia. Paper presented to the Babson-Kauffman Entrepreneurial Research Conference. Wellesley, MA. Galloway, L. & Brown, W. (2002.Entrepreneurship education at university: a driver in the creation of high growth firms. Education and Training, 44(8/9), 398-405. Gardner, H. (1993). Creating minds. New York: Basic. Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligence. New York. Gartner, W.B. (1988), “Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question”. American Small Business Journal, Spring, 11-31. Gartner, W.B. (1989). Who is the entrepreneur is the wrong question. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13, 47-64. Gartner, W.B. &Vesper, K.H. (1994). Executive forum: experiments in entrepreneurship education: success and failures. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(3), 179-187. Gelderen, M.V., Brand, M., Praag, M.V., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Gils, A.V. (2008).Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International. 13(6), 538-559. George, F.J. (2004). The theory of planned behaviour and internet purchasing. Internet Research, 14(3), 198-212. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can be more than IQ. Soho Square, London: Bloomsbury. Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Broadway, New York: Bantam Book. Goleman, D. (2005). Leading with Emotional Intelligence. 5th Annual Emotional Intelligence Conference, Holland. Groves, K.S., McEnrue, M.P. & Shen, W. (2008). Developing and measuring the emotional intelligence of leaders. Journal of Management Development. 27(2), 225-250. Hair. J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatam, R.L., & Beach, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. (3th Ed). MacMillan Publ. Co. Hair, J.F., Balck, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th Ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education International. Hair, J.F., Money, a.H., Samouel, P., Page, M. (2007). Research methods for business. Chrichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Hamachek, D. (2000). Dynamics of self-understanding and self-knowledge: Acquisition, advantages, and relation to emotional intelligence. Journal of Humanistic Counseling Education & Development, 38(4), 230-243. Higher unemployment for 2009 (2009, January). The Malaysian Insider Retrieved February 20, 2009 from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com Hisrich, R.D., Peters, M.P. & Shepherd, D.A. (2005). Entrepreneurship(5th Ed). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Hisrich, R.D. & Peters, M.P. (1989). Entrepreneurship: Starting Developing and Managing a NewEntreprise. Boston: Irwin Hisrich R.D., Peters M.P. & Shepherd D.A. (2008). Entrepreneurship (7th Ed). McGraw Hill: New York. Job Registration and Placement Statistics, Ministry of Human Resources (2006). Labour Market Reports Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www.mohr.gov.my Jones, C. & English, J. (2004). A contemporary approach to entrepreneurship education. Education and Training, 48(8/9) , 416-23. Jones, P., Jones, A., Packham, G., & Miller, C. (2008). Students attitudes towards enterprise education in Poland: A positive impact. Education and Training. 50(7), 595-614. Kennedy, J., Drennan, J., Renfrow, P. & Watson, B. (2003, September-October 1). Situational factors and entrepreneurial intentions. Paper presented at the Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand 16th Annual Conference, Ballarat, Australia. Keow, C. K (1996). Entrepreneurial orientation among Vocational and Technical students in Kuantan District. M.S.c. Thesis Universiti Utara Malaysia. Koh Bee Hong (1999). A study of relationship between emotional intelligence, academic achievement and vocational choices. Unpublished Master Thesis. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia. Kolvereid, L. & Isaksen, E. (2007). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21, 866–885. Kolvereid, L. (1996). Organizational employment versus self-employment: reasons for career choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20, 23-31. Kolvereid, L.(1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21(1), 47-57. Kristiansen, S. & Indarti, N. (2004). Entrepreneurial Intention among Indonesian and Norweign students. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 12(1), 55-78. Krueger, N.F. & Carsrud, A.L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5(4), 315-30. Krueger, N. & Dickson, P. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Self efficacy and perceptions of opportunity and threat. Decision Sciences, 25. 385-400. Krueger, N. F. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Fall, 5-21. Krueger, N.F.,Reilly, M.D. & Carsrun, A.L.(2000).Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 411-432. Law, K.S., Wong, C.S., & Song, L.J. (2004). The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 483-496. Lee, S.H. & Wong, P.K. (2004). An exploratory study of technopreneurial intentions: a career anchor perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 7-28. Linan, F., & Chen, Y.W. (2006).Testing the entrepreneurial intention model on a two-country sample. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Department d’Economia de I’Empresa (Working Paper 06/07). Linan, F., Cohard, J.C.R. & Guzman, J. (2008). Temporal stability of entrepreneurial intentions: A longitudinal study. 4th European Summer University Conference on Entrepreneurship Bodø Graduate School of Business and Nordland Research Institute 22nd to 26th August 2008, Bodø, Norway Linan, F., Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2007). Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: start-up intentions of university students in Spain. Paper presented at the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Madrid, Spain. Llnano, J.A. (2006). The university environment and academic entrepreneurship: A behavioral model for measuring environment success. PhD. Howe School of Technology Management, Hudson, Hoboken. Lorrain, J. and Raymond, L. (1991). Young and Older Entrepreneurs: An empirical Study of Difference. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 51-61. Low, M. & MacMillan, I.C. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges, Journal of Management, 14, 139-151. Luthje, C. & Franke, N. (2003). The ‘making’ of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&D Management, 33(2), 135-47. Malaysia. (2006). Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010. Kuala Lumpur. National Printing Department. Matthews, C.H. & Moser, S.B. (1995). Family background and gender: Implications for interest in small firm ownership. Entrepreneurial and Regional Development. 7(4), 365-377. Marphosa, F. (1999). Education with entrepreneurship: A study of student entreprenurship at the Zimbabwe. Journal of Education and Research, 11(3), 159-177. Mastura Jaafar & Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz. (2008). Entrepreneurship education in developing country: Exploration on its necessity in the construction programme. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 6(2), 178- 189. Matlay, H. & Westhead, P. (2005). Virtual teams and the rise of e-entrepreneuship in Europe. International Small Business Journal. 23(3), 279-302. Mayer, J.D., Perkins, D.M., Caruso, D.R., Salovey, P. (2001) . Emotional intelligence and giftedness. Roeper Review, 23(3), 131-149. Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. & Caruso, D. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implication. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 15(3), 197-215. Mayer, J.D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence?. New York. Maziah (2007). Emotional Intelligence and academic achievement: A case study of BBA students in UUM. Unpublished Master Thesis. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia Mazzaroll, T., Volery, T., Doss, N. and Thein, V. (1999). Factors influencing small business strat-ups, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 5(2), 48-63. McClelland, C. D. (1961). The achieving society. London. McGarvey, R (1997). Final score: Get more from employees by upping your EQ. Entrepreneur, 25(7), 78-81. McMullan,W. E. & Long, W.A. (1990).Developing New Ventures: The Entrepreneurial Option. San Diego: Harcourt Brace. Mescon, T.S., Montanari, J.R. (1981). The personalities of independent and franchise entrepreneurs: an empirical analysis of concepts. Journal of Enterprise Management, 3(2) , 149-59. Modeste, N., Lee, J., Lim, J., V. & Anjejo, D. (2004). Factors associated with intention to quit smoking among African American pregnant women. Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 2(1), 98-106. Moore, Dorothy P. (1990). An examination of present research on the female entrepreneur: suggested research strategies for the 1990’s. Journal of Business Ethics, 275- 281. Muhammad Safizal (2003). Assessing the entrepreneurial inclination of Universiti Utara Malaysia MBA students. Unpublished Master Thesis. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia. Nabi, G., Holden, R. & Walmsley, A. (2006). Graduate career making: A literature review. Education and Training, 48(5), 373-385. Ndirangu, M. & Bosire, J. (2004). Students entrepreneurship on campus: a survival response or a career rehearsal? The case of Egerton University Student Entrepreneurs. EASSRR, XX(1), 51-66. Oruoch, D. M. (2006). Factors that facilitate intention to venture creation among nascent entrepreneurs–Kenyan case. Executive Doctor. Case Western Reserve University. Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (Version 10). Illinois, USA: Allen & Unwin. Pillis, D. E. & Reardon, K. K. (2007). The Influence of Personality Traits and Persuasive Messages on Entrepreneurial Intention: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. Career Development International, 12(4), 382-396. Prahalad, C.K. (2005), Aid is not the answer, The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 20, 2009 from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB112544438457127227.html Qualter, P., Gardner, K. J. & Whiteley, H. E. (2007). Emotional Intelligence: Review of the research and educational implications. Pastoral Care, 11-20. Rahayu Imrani. (2005). Evaluation of emotional intelligence according to individual differences. Unpublished Master Thesis. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia Rajiman, R. (2001). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention: Mexican immigrants in Chicago. Journal of Socio-Economics, 30, 393-411. Reiff, H. B. (2001). The relation of LD and gender with emotional intelligence in college students. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34(1), 66-79. Reynolds, P. D. (1991). Sociology and entrepreneurship: Concept and contributions, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 47-70. Robbins, S. & Judge. T (2007). Organizational Behaviour, (12nd Ed). United States of America: McGraw Hill. Rosete, D. & Ciarrochi, J. (2005), Emotional intelligence and its relationship to workplace performance outcomes of leadership effectiveness, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(5), 388-99. Rosli, M., Mohd Khan, J.K. & Lim, C. C. (1996). Perceived Entrepreneurship Success Characteristics: A Study Among B-servicemen Entrepreneurs in Malaysia. School of Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia. Rozell, E. J., Pettijohn, C. E. & Parker, R. S. (2002). An empirical evaluation of emotional intelligence: The impact on management development. Journal of Management Development, 21(4), 272-289. Salovey, P., Bedell, b. Detweiller, J. B., & Mayer, J. D. (1999). Coping intelligently: Emotional intelligence and the coping processes. In C.R. Snyder, eds,. Coping: The Psychology of what works. New York: Oxford University Press. 141-164. Salovey, P. & Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. American Psychology Society, 14(6), 281-285. Salovey, P. & Mayer, J. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition, and personality, 9(3), 185-211. Scheinberg, S. & MacMillan, I.C. (1988). An 11 country study of motivations to start a business. In B.A. Kirchoff, W.A. Long, W.E. McMullan, K.H. Vesper, and W.E. Wetzel, Jr. (Eds.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 669–687. Scherer, R., Adams, J., Carley, S. & Wiebe, F. (1989) Role model performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13, 53-81. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934).The Theory of Economic Development .. Cambrige, MA: Harvard University Press. Scholten, V., Kemp, R.,& Omta, O. (2004). Entrepreneurship for life: The entrepreneurial intention among academics in the life sciences. Paper prepared for Europen Summer University, Twente. Scott, M. G. & Twomey, D. F. (1988). The Long-Term Supply of Entrepreneurs: Students’ Career Aspirations In Relation to Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Managemnet. 26(4), 5-13. Sekaran, U. (2000). Research Methods for Business: A Skills-Building Approach. (3rd Ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Setty, E.D. (1980). Developing Entrepreneurship:Iissues and Problems. Hyderabad: Small Industry Training Institute. Sequiera, J., Mueller, S.L. & McGee, J.E. (2007). The influence of social ties and self- efficacy in forming entrepreneurial intentions and motivating nascent behaviour . Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, 12(3), 275-293. Shnatakumar, D. K. (1992), Attitudinal Characteristics of Male and Female Entrepreneurs in India and A comparison with American Entrepreneurs. PHD Diss. Brigham Young University. Shapero, A. & Sokol, L. (1982). Social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. kent, D. Sexton and K. Vesper, eds., The Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 72-90. Shepherd, D.A. & DeTienne, D. R. (2005). The impact of prior knowledge and financial reward on the identification of opportunities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1), 91-112. Shih, Y. Y. & Fang, K. (2004). The use of a decomposed theory of planned behavior to study Internet banking in Taiwan, Internet Research, 14(3), 213-223. Soft loans for graduates to go into business. (2009,January) . The Straits Times. Retrieved February 20, 2009 from http://www.thestraitstimes.com Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L.S. (1996).Using multivariate statistics (3rd Ed.). New York: HarperCollins. Tan, E. (2005).Emotion is energy for manifesting intention. Secret of Mind and Reality. Retrieved March 15, 2009 from http://www.mindreality.com/ Thompson, J. L. (1999). The world of entrepreneur- a new perspective Journal of Workplace Learning: Employee Counseling Today, 11(6), 209-224. Unemployed graduates program. (2005, September). Utusan online. Retrieved February 17, 2009 from http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan University graduates income relatively low. (2007, November) . Retrieved March 22, 2009 from http://www.mysinchew.com/ Vesalainen, Jukka - Pihkala, Timo (1999). Entrepreneurial Identity, Intentions and the Effect of the Push-factor. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 5(2), 1-24. Wannamaker, C. M. (2005). A Study of the Need for Emotional Intelligence in University Judicial Officers. PhD. Drexel University. Wan Shukri Wan Drani (2004), Pengaruh personaliti terhadap kecemderungan keusahawanan. Unpublished Master Thesis, Universiti Utara Malaysia. Wong, C. S., & Law, K.S. (2002). The effect of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274. Zikmund, W. G. (1994). Business Research Methods. (4th Ed). Orlando. The Dryden Press. Zubair Hassan, Norfaizah, Muna & Norlita (2008). Entrepreneurial acculturation in Malaysia: Efforts and achievements. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Retrieved March 22, 2009 from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8980/ http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Mahalanobis'_distance http://cedi.uum.edu.my/eng/ (Co-operative and Entrepreneurship Development Institute of UUM website). http://cob.uum.edu.my/ (College of Business of UUM website). |