The Mediating-Moderating Effects of Job Stress and Organizational Support on the Relationship Between Job Demands Resources and Nurses' Job Performance in Saudi Public Hospitals
This study examined the determinants of nurses’ job performance in public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, the objectives were: (1) to identify the job performance level of nurses in Saudi Arabia; (2) to examine the relationship between job demands and resources, and nurses’ performance; (3)...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Thesis |
Language: | eng eng |
Published: |
2013
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://etd.uum.edu.my/3767/1/s92186.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/3767/8/s92186.pdf |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
my-uum-etd.3767 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
collection |
UUM ETD |
language |
eng eng |
advisor |
Mohd. Shamsudin, Faridahwati Subramaniam, Chandrakantan |
topic |
HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management Employment |
spellingShingle |
HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management Employment Al-Homayan, Abdullah Mohammad The Mediating-Moderating Effects of Job Stress and Organizational Support on the Relationship Between Job Demands Resources and Nurses' Job Performance in Saudi Public Hospitals |
description |
This study examined the determinants of nurses’ job performance in public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, the objectives were: (1) to identify the job performance level of nurses in Saudi Arabia; (2) to examine the relationship between job demands and resources, and nurses’ performance; (3) to investigate the effect of job stress as a mediating variable on the relationship between job demands and resources, and nurses’ performance; and
(4) to determine the moderating effect of organizational support on the relationship between job stress and nurses’ performance. The study utilized a survey method and questionnaires which were distributed to a sample of 1,443 nurses at nine hospitals. Several statistical techniques were used including reliability, factor analysis, bivariate correlation analyses, multiple regression, and hierarchical regression analyses. The study found the level of nurses’ job performance to be moderate. Also the study found direct significant relationships among the tested job demands and job resources variables with nurses’ job performance. Moreover, the study found partial support for the role of job stress as a mediator in the relationship between job demands and resources (JD-R) and nurses’ job performance. Job stress mediated the relationship between the job
demands resources variables (except job security) and two dimensions of job contextual performance (compliance and volunteering for additional duties). In addition, the study
found that organizational support moderated the relationship between job stress and all dimensions of nurses’ job task performance (i.e. provision of information, coordination, provision of support and technical care), and two dimensions of nurses’ job contextual performance (i.e. interpersonal support and volunteering for additional duties). Contributions, limitations, and implications of the study are also discussed. |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_name |
Ph.D. |
qualification_level |
Doctorate |
author |
Al-Homayan, Abdullah Mohammad |
author_facet |
Al-Homayan, Abdullah Mohammad |
author_sort |
Al-Homayan, Abdullah Mohammad |
title |
The Mediating-Moderating Effects of Job Stress and Organizational Support on the Relationship Between Job Demands Resources and Nurses' Job Performance in Saudi Public Hospitals |
title_short |
The Mediating-Moderating Effects of Job Stress and Organizational Support on the Relationship Between Job Demands Resources and Nurses' Job Performance in Saudi Public Hospitals |
title_full |
The Mediating-Moderating Effects of Job Stress and Organizational Support on the Relationship Between Job Demands Resources and Nurses' Job Performance in Saudi Public Hospitals |
title_fullStr |
The Mediating-Moderating Effects of Job Stress and Organizational Support on the Relationship Between Job Demands Resources and Nurses' Job Performance in Saudi Public Hospitals |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Mediating-Moderating Effects of Job Stress and Organizational Support on the Relationship Between Job Demands Resources and Nurses' Job Performance in Saudi Public Hospitals |
title_sort |
mediating-moderating effects of job stress and organizational support on the relationship between job demands resources and nurses' job performance in saudi public hospitals |
granting_institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
granting_department |
Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3767/1/s92186.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/3767/8/s92186.pdf |
_version_ |
1747827642279657472 |
spelling |
my-uum-etd.37672022-04-10T02:36:42Z The Mediating-Moderating Effects of Job Stress and Organizational Support on the Relationship Between Job Demands Resources and Nurses' Job Performance in Saudi Public Hospitals 2013-08 Al-Homayan, Abdullah Mohammad Mohd. Shamsudin, Faridahwati Subramaniam, Chandrakantan Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment This study examined the determinants of nurses’ job performance in public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, the objectives were: (1) to identify the job performance level of nurses in Saudi Arabia; (2) to examine the relationship between job demands and resources, and nurses’ performance; (3) to investigate the effect of job stress as a mediating variable on the relationship between job demands and resources, and nurses’ performance; and (4) to determine the moderating effect of organizational support on the relationship between job stress and nurses’ performance. The study utilized a survey method and questionnaires which were distributed to a sample of 1,443 nurses at nine hospitals. Several statistical techniques were used including reliability, factor analysis, bivariate correlation analyses, multiple regression, and hierarchical regression analyses. The study found the level of nurses’ job performance to be moderate. Also the study found direct significant relationships among the tested job demands and job resources variables with nurses’ job performance. Moreover, the study found partial support for the role of job stress as a mediator in the relationship between job demands and resources (JD-R) and nurses’ job performance. Job stress mediated the relationship between the job demands resources variables (except job security) and two dimensions of job contextual performance (compliance and volunteering for additional duties). In addition, the study found that organizational support moderated the relationship between job stress and all dimensions of nurses’ job task performance (i.e. provision of information, coordination, provision of support and technical care), and two dimensions of nurses’ job contextual performance (i.e. interpersonal support and volunteering for additional duties). Contributions, limitations, and implications of the study are also discussed. 2013-08 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3767/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3767/1/s92186.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/3767/8/s92186.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Aasa, U., Barnekow-Bergkvist, M., Aengquist, K. A., & Brulin, C. (2005). Relationships between work-related factors and disorders in the neck-shoulder and low-back region among female and male ambulance personnel. Journal of Occupational Health, 47(6), 481-489. Aboul-Enein, F. H. (2002). Personal contemporary observations of nursing care in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 8(4), 228-230. Abu Ammah, A. M. (2002). Look to the nursing from outside. Health Forum, 30, 36-39. Abu Znadeh, S. (2004). Situation of Saudi nursing. Health Forum, 52, 42-43. Abu Znadeh, S. (2007). Nursing staff and patient safety. Health Forum, 79, 32-33. AbuAlRub, R. F. (2003). The relationship between job stress, job performance and social support among hospital nurses. Doctoral thesis. The University of Iowa, Iowa. AbuAlRub, R. F. (2004). Job stress , job performance, and social support among hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 36(1), 73-78. AbuAlrub, R. F., & Al-Zaru, I. M. (2008). Job stress, recognition, job performance and intention to stay at work among Jordanian hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(3), 227-236. Adams, J., Folkard, S., & Young , M. (1986). Coping strategies used by nurses on night duty . Ergonomics, 29(2), 185-196. Adebayo, S. O., & Ezeanya, I. D. (2010). Effect of job autonomy, task identity and profession on burnout among health workers in Jos, Nigeria. European Journal of social sciences, 14(2), 116-122. Adebayo, S. O., & Ezeanya, I. D. (2011). Task identity and job autonomy as correlates of burnout among nurses in Jos, Nigeria. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(1), 7-13. Adriaenssens, L., Prins, P. D., & Vloeberghs, D. (2006). Work experience, work stress and HRM at the university. International Review of Management Studies, 17(3), 344-363. Agho, A. O., Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. (1992). Discriminant validity of measures of job satisfaction, positive affectivity and negative affectivity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65(3), 185-195. Ahmad, S. Z. (2011). Evidence of the characteristics of women entrepreneurs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 3(2), 123-143. Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J. A., Busse, R., Clarke, H., et al. (2001). Nurses' reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Affairs, 20(3), 43-53. Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J., & Silber, J. H. (2002). Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. Journal of the American Medical Association , 288(16), 1987-1993. Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Cimiotti , J. P., Clarke, S. P., Flynn, L., Seago, J. A., et al. (2010). Implications of the California nurse staffing mandate for other states. Health Services Research, 45(4), 904-921. Akerstedt, T. (1990). Psychological and psycho- physiological effects of shift work. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 16(suppl 1), 67-73. Akhtar, S., Ding, D. Z., & Ge, G. L. (2008). Strategic HRM practices and their impact on company performance in Chinese enterprises. Human Resource Management, 47(1),15-32. Akkermans, J., Brenninkmeijer, V., Blonk, R. W. B., & Koppes, L. L. J. (2009). Fresh and healthy?: Well-being, health and performance of young employees with intermediate education. Career Development International, 14(7), 671-699. Al-Aameri, A. S. (2003). Source of job stress for nurses in public hospitals. Saudi Medical Journal, 24(11), 1183-1187. Al-Aameri, A. S., & Al-Fawzan, N. M. (1998). Nurses' strategies for coping with stress. Saudi Medical Journal, 19(4), 366-371. Al-Aameri, A. S., Rashid, M. F., & Al- Fawzaan, N. M. (2007). Saudi youth for the nursing profession in the face of rising unemployment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Causes and effects. King Saud University Journal, 1-124. Al-Ahmadi, H. (2009). Factors affecting performance of hospital nurses in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Quality Assurance, 22(1), 40-54. Al-Amri, H. S. (2001). Human resource management practices & performance indicators in hospitals. Doctoral thesis. University of Birmingham, Birmingham. Albertsen, K., Rugulies, R., Garde, A. H., & Burr, H. (2010).The effect of the work environment and performance-based self-esteem on cognitive stress symptoms among Danish knowledge workers. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38(3 suppl), 81-89. Aldossary, A. , While, A., & Barriball, L. (2008). Health care and nursing in Saudi Arabia. International Nursing Review, 55(1), 125-128. Alexander, M. (2001). Six sigma: The breakthrough management strategy revolutionizing the world's top corporations. Technometrics, 43(3), 370-370. Al-Husseini, H. A. (2006). Impediments of efficiency and performance of Saudi nurse in Riyadh region in ministry of health: study analysis: A field study analysis. Research Agency Assistance for the Preparation and Development Workforce, 1, 1-200. Al-Hydar, A., & Hamdy, O. (1997). Factors affecting the choice of nursing profession among Saudi girls. Institute of Public Administration: Riyadh (KSA), 31-36. Al-Kandari, F., & Thomas, D. (2009). Perceived adverse patient outcomes correlated to nurses' workload in medical and surgical wards of selected hospitals in Kuwait. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(4), 581-590. Al-Khoshim, M. (2010, 11 April, 2010). Health provides a national project for integrated health care and comprehensive. Alriyadh Newspaper, 2-2. Allen, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Greer, C. R. (1982). Occupational stress and perceived organizational effectiveness in formal groups: An examination of stress level and stress type. Personnel Psychology, 35(2), 359-370. Allison, P. D. (1999). Multiple regression: A primer. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press. Al-malki, M., Fitzgerald, G., & Clark, M. (2011). Health care system in Saudi Arabia: An overview. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 17(10), 784-793. Al-Meer, A. (1995). Relationship of work stress to organizational commitment, job performance, job satisfaction and individual differences: A comparative study. Journal of the Public Administration, 35(2), 207-252. Al-Omar, B. A. (2003) . Job dissatisfaction and nursing withdrawal from hospital in Saudi Arabia. King Saud University, 15(1), 1-24. Al-Osimy, M. (2008).Nursing standards policies & procedures manual (1st ed.). Riyadh: Ministry of Health. Al-Osimy, M. H. (2009). Report of the general administration of nursing about the status of nursing at the ministry of health. Retrieved 23 March, 2010, from http://www.e-moh.com/vb/ archive/index.php/t-47402.html Al-Senedy, A. R. (1986). The principle of the civil service and its implementation in Saudi Arabia (2nd ed.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Al-Madina Press. Alvaro, C., Lyons, R. F., Warner, G., Hobfoll, S. E., Martens, P. J., Labonte, R., et al. (2010).Conservation of resources theory and research use in health systems. Implementation Science, 5(1), 79-98. Al-Yousuf, M., Akerele , T. M., & Al-Mazrou, Y. Y. (2002). Organization of the Saudi health system. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 8(4-5), 645-653. Al-Zahrani, S. (1991). Survey on the status of Saudi nurses on the job at the ministry of health in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. General Administration of Institutes and Health Colleges, Ministry of Health. Andrews, M. C., & Kacmar, K. M. (2001). Confirmation and extension of the sources of feedback scale in service-based organizations. Journal of Business Communication, 38(2), 206-226. Armeli, S., Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Lynch, P. (1998). Perceived organizational support and police performance: The moderating influence of socioemotional needs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 288-297. Arnold, H. J., & Feldman, D. C. (1982). A multivariate analysis of the determinants of job turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 350-360. Arnold, J., Randall, R., Patterson, F., Silvester, J., Robertson, I., Cooper, C. L., et al. (2005). Work psychology: Understanding human behaviour in the workplace (5 ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited. Arora, S., Sevdalis, N., Nestel, D., Tierney, T., Woloshynowych, M., & Kneebone, R. (2009). Managing intraoperative stress: What do surgeons want from a crisis training program? The American Journal of Surgery, 197(4), 537-543. Arsenault, A., & Dolan, S. (1983). The role of personality, occupation and organization in understanding the relationship between job stress, performance and absenteeism. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 56(3), 227-240. Aryee, S., Chen, Z. X., & Budhwar, P. S. (2004). Exchange fairness and employee performance: An examination of the relationship between organizational politics and procedural justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94(1) , 1-14. Ashford, S. J., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 32(4), 803-829. Atiyyah, H. S. (1996). Expatriate acculturation in Arab Gulf countries. Management Development, 15(5), 37-47. Ayyagari, R., Grover, V., & Purvis, R. (2011). Technostress: Technological antecedents and implications. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 831-858. Baba, V. V., & Jamal, M. (1991). Routinization of job context and job content as related to employees' quality of working life: A study of Canadian nurses. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12(5), 379-386. Baba, V. V., Jamal, M., & Tourigny, L. (1998). Work and mental health: A decade in Canadian research. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 39(1-2), 94-107. Babakus, E., Cravens, D. W., Johnston, M., & Moncrief, W. C. (1996). Examining the role of organizational variables in the salesperson job satisfaction model. The Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 16(3), 33-46. Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger , P., & Conley, S. C. (1990).Work processes, role conflict, and role overload: The case of nurses and engineers in the public sector. Work and Occupations, 17(2), 199-228. Badran, M. A., & Kafafy, J. H. (2008). The effect of job redesign on job satisfaction, resilience, commitment and flexibility: The case of an Egyptian public sector bank. International Journal of Business Research, 8(3), 27-41. Bahormuz, R. M. (1991). Efficient performance of the Saudi female nurse: A comparative analysis between her and the foreign nurses. Master Thesis. King Abdalaziz University, Jeddah. Baker, E. W., Al-Gahtani, S. S., & Hubona, G. S. (2007). The effects of gender and age on new technology implementation in a developing country: Testing the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Information Technology & People, 20(4), 352-375. Bakker, A. B., & Bal, M. P. (2010). Weekly work engagement and performance: A study among starting teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(1), 189-206. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209-223. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2) , 170-180. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. G. (2003). A multigroup analysis of the job demands-resources model in four home care organizations. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(1), 16-38. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004).Using the job demands resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83-104. Bakker, A. B., & Heuven, E. (2006). Emotional dissonance, burnout, and in-role performance among nurses and police officers. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(4), 423-440. Bakker, A. B., Killmer, C. H., Siegrist, J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). Effort-reward imbalance and burnout among nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(4), 884-891. Bakker, A. B., Van Emmerik, H., & Van Riet, P. (2008). How job demands, resources, and burnout predict objective performance: A constructive replication. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 21(3), 309-324. Bakker, A. B., van Veldhoven, M., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2010). Beyond the demand control model: Thriving on high job demands and resources. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(1), 3-16. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. Bartlett, J. E., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50. Barton, J. (1994). Choosing to work at night: A moderating influence on individual tolerance to shift work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3), 449-454. Beardwell, I., & Holden, L. (1997).Human resource management : A contemporary perspective. London: Pitman Publishing. Becker, A. B., Warm, J. S., Dember, W. N., & Hancock, P. A. (1991). Effects of feedback on perceived workload in vigilance performance. Paper presented at the human factors society 35th annual meeting, Santa Monica: California. Becker, G. (1978). The mad genius controversy: A study in the sociology of deviance. Oxford, England: Sage. Beehr, T. A. (1995). Psychological stress in the workplace. London: Routledge. Beehr, T. A., Walsh, J. T., & Taber, T. D. (1976) . Relationships of stress to individually and organizationally valued states: Higher order needs as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(1), 41-47. Behling, O., & McFillen, J. (1996). “A syncretical model charismatic/transformational leadership”. Group and Organisation Management, 21(2), 120-160. Bell, J., Collins, J., Galinsky, T., & Waters, T. R. (2008). Preventing back injuries in healthcare settings.Message posted to NIOSH Science Blog, archived at http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/blog/ nsb092208_lifting. html. Bell, S. J., & Menguc, B. (2002). The employee-organization relationship, organizational citizenship behaviors, and superior service quality.Journal of Retailing, 78(2), 131-146. Bergman, M. E., Donovan, M. A., Drasgow, F., Overton, R. C., & Henning, J. B. (2008). Test of Motowidlo et al.'s (1997) theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 21(3), 227-253. Berliner, H. S., & Ginzberg, E. (2002). Why this hospital nursing shortage is different. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(21), 2742- 2744. Beutell, N. J. (2010). Work schedule, work schedule control and satisfaction in relation to work-family conflict , work-family synergy, and domain satisfaction. Career Development International, 15(5), 501-518. Bin Saeed, K. S. (1995). Factors which influence nurses' intention to leave the hospital, Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University, 7(2), 85-105. Bjerner, B., Holm, A., & Swensson, A. (1955). Diurnal variation in mental performance . British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 12(2), 103-110. Bjorner, J. B., & Pejtersen, J. H. (2010). Evaluating construct validity of the second version of the copenhagen psychosocial questionnaire through analysis of differential item functioning and differential item effect. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38(3 suppl), 90-105. Black, J. S. , Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1991).Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 291-317. Blau, G. (1981). An empirical investigation of job stress, social support, service length, and job strain. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 27(2), 279-302. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley. Blegen, M. A. (1993). Nurses' job satisfaction: A meta-analysis of related variables. Nursing Research, 42(1), 36-41. Blomqvist, M., & Ziegert, K. (2011). Family in the waiting room: A Swedish study of nurses' conceptions of family participation in acute psychiatric inpatient settings. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 20(3), 185- 194. Bohlander, G. W., Snell, S., & Sherman, A. (2001). Managing human resources (12th ed.). USA, Boston, Massachusetts: South-Western College Publishing. Bohle, P., & Tilley, A. J. (1989). The impact of night work on psychological wellbeing. Ergonomics, 32(9), 1089-1099. Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 554-571. Borg, I., & Elizur, D. (1992). Job insecurity: Correlates, moderators and measurement. International Journal of Manpower, 13(2), 13-26. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71-98). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99-109. Borritz, M. (2006). Burnout in human service work-causes and consequences. Doctoral thesis. National Institute of Occupational Health, Denmark. Bosch, L. H. M., & De Lange, W. A. M. (1987). Shift work in health care. Ergonomics, 30(5), 773-791. Boumans, N. P. G., & Landeweerd, J. A. (1993). Leadership in the nursing unit: Relationships with nurses' well-being. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(5), 767- 775. Bourbonnais, R., Comeau, M., & Vezina, M. (1999). Job strain and evolution of mental health among nurses. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(2), 95-107. Bourbonnais, R., Comeau, M., Vezina, M., & Dion, G. (1998). Job strain, psychological distress, and burnout in nurses. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 34(1), 20-28. Bowen, D. E., & Lawler, E. E. (1992). The empowerment of service workers: What, why, how, and when. Sloan Management Review, 33(3), 31-39. Bozionelos, N. (2009). Expatriation outside the boundaries of the multinational corporation: A study with expatriate nurses in Saudi Arabia. Human Resource Management, 48(1), 111-134. Bradley, E., Campbell, P., & Nolan, P. (2005). Nurse prescribers: Who are they and how do they perceive their role? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(5), 439-448. Bradley, J. R., & Cartwright, S. (2002). Social support, job stress, health, and job satisfaction among nurses in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Stress Management, 9(3), 163-182. Brass, D. J. (1985). Technology and the structuring of jobs : Employee satisfaction, performance, and influence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35(2) , 216-240. Breaugh, J. A. (1980). A comparative investigation of three measures of role ambiguity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(5), 584-589. Brenninkmeijer, V., Demerouti, E., le Blanc, P. M., & van Emmerik, I. J. H. (2010). Regulatory focus at work: The moderating role of regulatory focus in the job demands-resources model. Career Development International, 15(7), 708-728. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216. Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2(2), 349-444. Brockner, J., Tyler, T. R., & Cooper-Schneider, R. (1992). The influence of prior commitment to an institution on reactions to perceived unfairness: The higher they are, the harder they fall. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(2), 241-261. Brotheridge, C. M. (2001). A comparison of alternative models of coping: Identifying relationships among coworker support, workload, and emotional exhaustion in the workplace. International Journal of Stress Management, 8(1) , 1-14. Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2005). Impact of work-family interference on general well-being: A replication and extension. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(3), 203-221. Brown, N. D., & Thomas, N. I. (2003). Exploring variables among medical center employees with injuries: Developing interventions and strategies. AAOHN Journal: Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 51(11), 470-481. Brown, S., & Nagel, L. (2004). Preparing future teachers to respond to stress: Sources and solutions. Action in Teacher Education, 26(1), 34-42. Browne, R. C. (1949). The day and night performance of teleprinter switchboard operators. Occupational Psychology, 23, 121-126. Buapetch, A., Lagampan , S., Faucett, J., & Kalampakorn, S. (2008). The Thai version of effort-reward imbalance questionnaire (Thai ERIQ): A study of psychometric properties in garment workers . Journal of Occupational Health, 50(6), 480-491. Burke, R. J. (1998). Job insecurity in recent business school graduates: Antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Stress Management, 5(2), 113-119. Burke, R. J. (2003). Length of shift, work outcomes, and psychological well-being of nursing staff. International Journal of Public Administration, 26(14), 1637-1646. Burke, R. J., Ng, E. S. W., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2009). Virtues, work satisfactions and psychological wellbeing among nurses. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 2(3), 202-219. Burke, R. J., & Richardsen, A. M. (1993). Psychological burnout in organizations. New York: Marcel Dekker. Burnard, P. (1991). Coping with stress in the health professions: A practical guide. London: Chapman & Hall. Butterworth, T., Carson, J., Jeacock, J., White, E., & Clements, A. (1999). Stress, coping, burnout and job satisfaction in British nurses: Findings from the clinical supervision evaluation project. Stress Medicine, 15(1), 27- 33. Buunk, B. P., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1993). Burnout: A perspective from social comparison theory. Philadelphia, PA , US: Taylor & Francis. Byrne, Z. S., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2008). Perceived organizational support and performance: Relationships across levels of organizational cynicism. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(1), 54-72. Cai, C., & Zhou, Z. (2009). Structural empowerment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of Chinese clinical nurses. Nursing & Health Sciences, 11(4), 397-403. Camerino, D., Sandri, M., Sartori, S., Conway, P. M., Campanini, P., & Costa, G. (2010). Shiftwork, work-family conflict among Italian nurses, and prevention efficacy. Chronobiology International, 27(5), 1105-1123. Campbell, J. J., Dunnette, M. D., Lawler, E. E., & Weick, K. E. (1970). Managerial behavior, performance, and effectiveness. New York: McGraw Hill. Campbell, J. P., & Campbell, R. J. (1988) . Productivity in organizations: New perspectives from industrial and organizational psychology. San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass. Campbell, J. P., McCloy, R. A., Oppler, S. H., & Sager, C. E. (1993). A theory of performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 35-70). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Campo, M. A., Weiser, S., & Koenig, K. L. (2009). Job strain in physical therapists. Physical Therapy, 89(9), 946- 956. Caplan, R. D., & Jones, K. W. (1975). Effects of work load, role ambiguity, and type A personality on anxiety, depression, and heart rate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(6), 713-719. Carayon, P. (1992). A longitudinal study of job design and worker strain: Preliminary results. In J. C. Quick, L. R. Murphy & J. J. Hurrell (Eds.), Stress & well- being at work: Assessments and interventions for occupational mental health (pp. 19-32). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. Carlson, D. S., & Perrewe, P. L. (1999). The role of social support in the stressorstrain relationship: An examination of work-family conflict. Journal of Management, 25(4), 513-540. Carriere, J., & Bremner, N. (2011). The effects of skill variety, task significance, task identity and autonomy on occupational burnout in a hospital setting and the mediating effect of work meaningfulness. Retrieved 1 October, 2012, from http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/en/handle/ 10393/19845. Carson, K. P., Cardy, R. L., & Dobbins, G. H. (1991). Performance appraisal as effective management or deadly management disease: Two initial empirical investigations. Group & Organization Management, 16(2), 143-159. Cartwright, S. (2000). Taking the pulse of executive health in the U.K. Academy of Management Executive , 14(2), 16-23. Cartwright, S., & Cooper, C. L. (1993). The psychological impact of merger and acquisition on the individual: A study of building society managers. Human Relations, 46(3), 327-347. Castanheira, F., & Chambel, M.J. (2010). Burnout in salespeople: A three-wave study to examine job characteristics' predictions and consequences for performance. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31(4), 409-429. Chakrabarty, S., Oubre, D. T., & Brown, G. (2008). The impact of supervisory adaptive selling and supervisory feedback on salesperson performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(4), 447-454. Chambel, M. J., & Curral, L. (2005). Stress in academic life: Work characteristics as predictors of student well-being and performance. Applied Psychology, 54(1), 135-147. Chan, D., Schmitt, N., DeShon, R. P., Clause, C. S., & Delbridge, K. (1997). Reactions to cognitive ability tests: The relationships between race, test performance, face validity perceptions, and test-taking motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2) , 300-309. Chang, E. C. (2000). Perfectionism as a predictor of positive and negative psychological outcomes: Examining a mediation model in younger and older adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 18-26. Chang, E. C., Watkins, A., & Banks, K. H. (2004). How adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism relate to positive and negative psychological functioning: Testing a stress-mediation model in black and white female college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 93-102. Chen, C. C., & Chiu, S. F. (2009). The mediating role of job involvement in the relationship between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(4), 474-494. Chen, Z. X., Tsui, A. S., & Farh, J. L. (2002). Loyalty to supervisor vs. organizational commitment : Relationships to employee performance in China. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(3), 339-356. Cheney, P. H. (1984).Effects of individual characteristics, organizational factors and task characteristics on computer programmer productivity and job satisfaction. Information & Management, 7(4), 209-214. Cheng, G. H. L., & Chan, D. K. S. (2008). Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta- analytic review. Applied Psychology, 57(2), 272-303. Cheng-min, C., & Bor-wen, C. (2009). Relationship among personality traits, leadership behavior, and job stress in nurses in Yunlin, Taiwan. China-USA Business Review, 8(4), 51-57. Cherniss, C. (1980). Staff burnout: Job stress in the human services. United States: Sage Publications Beverly Hills, Inc. Cheung, M. F. Y., & Law, M. C. C. (2008) . Relationships of organizational justice and organizational identification: The mediating effects of perceived organizational support in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Business Review, 14(2), 213-231. Choobineh, A., Rajaeefard, A., & Neghab, M. (2006). Association between perceived demands and musculoskeletal disorders among hospital nurses of Shiraz university of medical sciences: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 12(4), 409-416. Chung, S. A., Wolf, T. K., & Shapiro, C. M. (2009). Sleep and health consequences of shift work in women. Journal of Women's Health, 18(7), 965-977. Clausen, T., Nielsen, K., Carneiro, I. G., & Borg, V. (2012). Job demands, job resources and long-term sickness absence in the Danish eldercare services: A prospective analysis of register-based outcomes. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(1), 127-136. Coakes, S. J., Steed, L., & Dzidic, P. (2006). SPSS version 13.0 for windows: Analysis without anguish. John Wiley and Sons, Australia. Coakes, S. J., Steed, L., & Ong, C. (2010). Spss version 17.0 for windows: Analysis without anguish: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. Coetzer, C. F., & Rothmann, S. (2007). Job demands, job resources and work engagement of employees in a manufacturing organisation. Southern African Business Review, 11(1), 17-32. Coffey, L. C., Skipper Jr, J. K., & Jung, F. D. (1988). Nurses and shift work: Effects on job performance and job-related stress. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 13(2), 245-254. Coffey, M. (1999). Stress and burnout in forensic community mental health nurses: An investigation of its causes and effects. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 6(6), 433-443. Coggan, C., Norton, R., Roberts, I., & Hope, V. (1994). Prevalence of back pain among nurses. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 107(983), 306-308. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2 ed.). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Cohen, S. (1980). Aftereffects of stress on human performance and social behavior: A review of research and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 88(1), 82-108. Cohen-Charash , Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2), 278-321. Coleman, V. I., & Borman, W. C. (2000).Investigating the underlying structure of the citizenship performance domain. Human Resource Management Review, 10(1), 25-44. Collins, J. W., & Owen, B. D. (1996). NIOSH research initiatives to prevent back injuries to nursing assistants, aides, and orderlies in nursing homes. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 29(4), 421-424. Collins, K. M., & Killough, L. N. (1989). Managing stress in public accounting. Journal of Accountancy , 167(5), 92-98. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471-482. Cook, T. D., Campbell, D. T., & Day, A. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Cook, V. (2003). Subjective wellbeing: An integration of depression, stress, and homeostasis theory. Doctoral thesis. Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. Coomber, B., & Barriball, K. L. (2007). Impact of job satisfaction components on intent to leave and turnover for hospital-based nurses: A review of the research literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(2), 297-314. Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P., & O'Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review and critique of theory, research, and applications. USA, California: Sage Publications, Inc. Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49(1), 11-28 Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1978). Understanding executive stress. London: Macmillan. Cooper, C. L., & Payne, R. (1988). Causes, coping, and consequences of stress at work. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2008). Business research methods (10th ed.). USA, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Ins. Costa, G. (1996). The impact of shift and night work on health. Applied Ergonomics, 27(1), 9-16. Costa, G. (2003). Shift work and occupational medicine: An overview. Occupational Medicine, 53(2), 83-88. Costea, N. (2011). Are you my nurse? Life and death in the hospice fast lane. Nursing Forum, 46(4), 251-255. Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and metaanalytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834-848. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. Crowley, S. J., Lee, C., Tseng, C. Y., Fogg, L. F., & Eastman, C. I. (2004). Complete or partial circadian re-entrainment improves performance, alertness, and mood during night- shift work. Sleep, 27(6), 1077-1087. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York: Basic Books. Cuirrin, M. O. (2007) . An empirical analysis of the interrelationship between motivation and stress in the computing industry. Master Thesis. Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland. Currid, T. (2009). Experiences of stress among nurses in acute mental health settings. Nursing Standard, 23(44), 40-46. Czaja, S. J. (1995). Aging and work performance. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 15(2), 46-61. Czeisler, C. A., Walsh, J. K., Wesnes, K. A., Arora, S., & Roth, T. (2009). Armodafinil for treatment of excessive sleepiness associated with shift work disorder: A randomized controlled study. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 84, 958-972. Damanhouri, A. M. S. (2002). Considering total quality management in ministry of health hospitals in Jeddah city in Saudi Arabia. Doctoral thesis. University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Damit, A. (2007). Identifying sources of stress and leave of job satisfaction amongst registered nurses within the first three years of work as a registered nurse in Brunei Darussalam. Master Thesis. Quensland University of Technology, School of Nursing, Australia, Brisbane. Dawley, D. D., Andrews, M. C. , & Bucklew, N. S. (2010). Enhancing the ties that bind: Mentoring as a moderator. Career Development International, 15(3), 259-278. De Croon, E. M., Blonk, R. W. B., De Zwart, B. C. H., Frings-Dresen, M. H. W., & Broersen, J. P. J. (2002). Job stress, fatigue, and job dissatisfaction in Dutch lorry drivers: Towards an occupation specific model of job demands and control. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(6), 356-361. De Jonge, J., & Dormann, C. (2003) . The DISC model: Demand-induced strain compensation mechanisms in job stress. In M. F. Dollard, A. H. Winefield , & H.R. Winefield (Eds.), Occupational stress in the service professions (pp. 43-74). London: Taylor & Francis. De Jonge, J., & Dormann, C. (2006). Stressors, resources, and strain at work: A longitudinal test of the triple-match principle. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1359-1374. De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well- being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 155-177. Debrah, Y. A., & Ofori, G. (2001).The state, skill formation and productivity enhancement in the construction industry: The case of Singapore. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(2), 184-202. Debus, M. E., Probst, T. M., Konig, C. J., & Kleinmann, M. (2012). Catch me if I fall! Enacted uncertainty avoidance and the social safety net as country-level moderators in the job insecurity-job attitudes link. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3),690-698 Decker, F. H. (1997). Occupational and nonoccupational factors in job satisfaction and psychological distress among nurses. Research in Nursing & Health, 20(5), 453-464. Deihl, L. M. (2009). The relevance of the supervisory working alliance to burnout and vigor among residential frontline staff. Doctoral thesis. University at Albany, State University of New Yourk, New York. Dekker, S. W. A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1995). The effects of job insecurity on psychological health and withdrawal: A longitudinal study. Australian Psychologist, 30(1), 57-63. Demerouti, E. (2006) . Job characteristics, flow, and performance: The moderating role of conscientiousness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(3), 266-280. Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1-9. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). A model of burnout and life satisfaction amongst nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(2), 454-464. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499- 512. Demerouti, E., & Geurts, S. (2004). Towards a typology of work-home interaction. Community, Work & Family, 7(3), 285-309. Demerouti, E., Le Blanc, P. M., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hox, J. (2009). Present but sick: A three-wave study on job demands, presenteeism and burnout. Career Development International, 14(1), 50-68. De Vaus, D. A. (2002). Surveys in social research (5 ed.). London: UCL Press. DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2 ed.). India, New Delhi: Sage Publications, Inc. Devereux, J. J., Vlachonikolis, I. G., & Buckle, P. W. (2002). Epidemiological study to investigate potential interaction between physical and psychosocial factors at work that may increase the risk of symptoms of musculoskeletal disorder of the neck and upper limb. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(4), 269-277. Dewe, P. J. (1987).Identifying the causes of nurses' stress : A survey of New Zealand nurses. Work & Stress, 1(1), 15-24 Doncevic, S., Romelsjo, A., & Theorell, T. (1998). Comparison of stress, job satisfaction, perception of control, and health among district nurses in Stockholm and prewar Zagreb. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 26(2), 106-114. Douglas, S. P., & Craig, C. S. (2007). Collaborative and iterative translation: An alternative approach to back translation. Journal of International Marketing, 15(1), 30-43. Doumato, E. A. (1999). Women and work in Saudi Arabia: How flexible are Islamic margins? The Middle East Journal, 53(4), 568-583. Dwyer, D. J., & Fox, M. L. (2000). The moderating role of hostility in the relationship between enriched jobs and health. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1086-1096. Dwyer, D. J., & Fox, M. L. (2006). The relationship between job demands and key performance indicators: Moderating effects of job resources in call centers. Journal of Business and Management, 12(2), 127-145. Dwyer, D. J., & Ganster, D. C. (1991). The effects of job demands and control on employee attendance and satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12(7), 595-608. Dyer, L., & Reeves, T. (1995). Human resource strategies and firm performance: What do we know and where do we need to go? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(3), 656-670. Eastman, C. I., & Martin, S. K. (1999). How to use light and dark to produce circadian adaptation to night shift work. Annals of Medicine, 31(2), 87-98. Eberhardt, K., Larsson, B. M., & Nived, K. (1993). Early rheumatoid arthritis-some social, economical, and psychological aspects. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology , 22(3), 119-123. Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 51-59. Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42-51. Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507. Eisenstat, R. A., & Felner, R. D. (1984). Toward a differentiated view of burnout: Personal and organizational mediators of job satisfaction and stress. American Journal of Community Psychology, 12(4), 411-430. Elamin, A. M. (2012). Perceived organizational justice and work-related attitudes: A study of Saudi employees. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 8(1), 71-88. Elfering, A., Grebner, S., Semmer, N. K., & Gerber, H. (2002). Time control, catecholamines and back pain among young nurses. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 28(6), 386-393. El-Gilany, A., & Al-Wehady, A. (2001). Job satisfaction of female Saudi nurses. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 7(1-2), 31-37. Ellis, J. (2008). Managing performance. Nursing Management, 15(1), 28-33. El-Sanabary, N. (1993). The education and contribution of women health care professionals in Saudi Arabia: The case of nursing. Social Science & Medicine, 37(11), 1331-1343. Emilia, Z. A. , & Hassim, I. N. (2007). Work-related stress and coping: A survey on medical and surgical nurses in a Malaysian teaching hospital. Jabatan Kesihatan Masyarakat, 13, 55-66. Engels, J. A., Van Der Gulden, J. W. J., Senden, T. F., Hertog, C., Kolk, J.J., & Binkhorst, R.A. (1994). Physical work load and its assessment among the nursing staff in nursing homes. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 36(3), 338-345. Engkvist, I. L., Hagberg, M., Hjelm, E. W., Menckel, E., Ekenvall, L., & Group, P. S. (1998). The accident process preceding overexertion back injuries in nursing personnel. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 24(5), 367-375. Engkvist, I. L., Hjelm, E. W., Hagberg, M., Menckel, E., & Ekenvall, L. (2000). Risk indicators for reported over-exertion back injuries among female nursing personnel. Epidemiology, 11(5), 519-522. Erdogan, B., & Enders, J. (2007). Support from the top: Supervisors' perceived organizational support as a moderator of leader-member exchange to satisfaction and performance relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology , 92(2), 321-330. Erez, A., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1270-1279. Estryn-Behar, M., Kaminski, M., Peigne, E., Bonnet, N., Vaichere, E., Gozlan, C., et al. (1990). Stress at work and mental health status among female hospital workers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47(1), 20-28. Evanoff, B., Wolf, L., Aton, E., Canos, J., & Collins, J. (2003). Reduction in injury rates in nursing personnel through introduction of mechanical lifts in the workplace. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44(5), 451-457. Evanoff, B. A., Bohr, P. C., & Wolf, L. D. (1999). Effects of a participatory ergonomics team among hospital orderlies. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 35(4), 358-365. Evans, M. G., Kiggundu, M. N., & House, R. J. (1979). A partial test and extension of the job characteristics model of motivation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 24(3), 354-381. Evans, O., & Steptoe, A. (2002). The contribution of gender-role orientation, work factors and home stressors to psychological well-being and sickness absence in male-and female-dominated occupational groups. Social Science & Medicine, 54(4), 481-492. Fairchild, R. M. Practical ethical theory for nurses responding to complexity in care. Nursing Ethics, 17(3), 353-362. Farber, B. A. (1991). Crisis in education: Stress and burnout in the American teacher. San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass. Farh, J. L., Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1990). Accounting for organizational citizenship behavior: Leader fairness and task scope versus satisfaction. Journal of Management, 16(4), 705-721. Feather, N. T., & Rauter, K. A. (2004). Organizational citizenship behaviours in relation to job status, job insecurity, organizational commitment and identification, job satisfaction and work values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 81-94. Feldstein, A., Valanis, B., Vollmer, W., Stevens, N., & Overton, C. (1993). The back injury prevention project pilot study: Assessing the effectiveness of back attack, an injury prevention program among nurses, aides, and orderlies. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 35(2), 114-120. Fernandes, R. C. P., Carvalho, F. M., Assuncao, A. Ã., & Silvany Neto, A. M. (2009). Interactions between physical and psychosocial demands of work associated to low back pain. Revista de Saude Publica, 43(2), 326-334. Fernandez-Lopez, J. A., Martin-Payo, R., Fernandez-Fidalgo, M., & Rodel, A. (2006). Analisis factorial confirmatorio de la version espanola del cuestionario Effort-Reward Imbalance, de medida del estress laboral. Atencion Primaria, 38(8), 465-466. Fido, A., & Ghali, A. (2008). Detrimental effects of variable work shifts on quality of sleep, general health and work performance. Medical Principles and Practice, 17(6),453-457. Fido, A. A., & Ghali, A. (1998). Effect of 8-hour variable shift-work schedules on quality of sleep, work performance and general health. Kuwait Medical Journal, 30, 212-215. Fink, A. (2002).How to sample in surveys (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications, Inc. Fitzpatrick, J. M., While, A. E., & Roberts, J. D. (1999).Shift work and its impact upon nurse performance: Current knowledge and research issues. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(1), 18-27. Floyd, S. W., & Wooldridge, B. (1997). Middle management's strategic influence and organizational performance. Journal of Management Studies, 34(3), 465-485. Fogarty, T. J., & Kalbers, L. P. (2000). An empirical evaluation of the interpersonal and organisational correlates of professionalism in internal auditing. Accounting and Business Research, 30(2), 125-136. Foley, S., Hang-yue, N., & Lui, S. (2005). The effects of work stressors, perceived organizational support, and gender on work-family conflict in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 22(3), 237-256. Folkard, S. (2008). Shift work, safety, and aging. Chronobiology International, 25, 2(3), 183-198. Folkard, S., Spelten, E., Totterdell, P., Barton, J., & Smith, L. (1995). The use of survey measures to assess circadian variations in alertness. Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine, 18(5), 355-361. Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner , T. (2002).Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13(2), 172-175. French, S. E., Lenton, R., Walters, V., & Eyles, J. (2000). An empirical evaluation of an expanded nursing stress scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 8(2), 161-178. Frenkel, S. J., & Lee, B. H. (2010). Do high performance work practices work in South Korea? Industrial Relations Journal, 41(5), 479-504. Fried, Y., & Ferris, G. R. (1987). The validity of the job characteristics model: A review and meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 40(2), 287-322. Friend, K. E. (1982). Stress and performance: Effects of subjective work load and time urgency. Personnel Psychology , 35(3), 623-633. Frone, M. R., Yardley, J. K., & Markel, K. S. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 145-167. Frost, J. (1998). Narrowing the perception gap: A study in employee benefit communications. Compensation and Benefits Management, 14(2), 22-28. Fuß, I., Nubling, M., Hasselhorn, H. M., Schwappach, D., & Rieger, M. A. (2008). Working conditions and work-family conflict in German hospital physicians: Psychosocial and organisational predictors and consequences. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 353. Fullagar, C. J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2009) . Flow at work: An experience sampling approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(3), 595-615. Gagne, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331-362. Galletta, M., Portoghese, I., Penna, M. P., Battistelli, A., & Saiani, L. Turnover intention among Italian nurses: The moderating roles of supervisor support and organizational support. Nursing & Health Sciences, 13(2), 184-191. Galy, E., Melan, C., & Cariou, M. (2008). Investigation of task performance variations according to task requirements and alertness across the 24-h day in shift workers. Ergonomics, 51(9), 1338-1351. Ganster, D. C., & Fusilier, M. R. (1989). Control in the workplace. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 235-280). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons. Garbarino, S., Beelke, M., Costa, G., Violani, C., Lucidi, F., Ferrillo, F., et al. (2002). Brain function and effects of shift work: Implications for clinical neuropharmacology. Neuropsycho- biology, 45(1), 50-56. Garg, A., & Moore, J. S. (1992). Epidemiology of low-back pain in industry. Occupational Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.), 7(4), 593-608. Garg, P., & Rastogi, R. (2006). New model of job design: Motivating employees' performance. Journal of Management Development, 25(6), 572-587. Gavois, H., Paulsson, G., & Fridlund, B. (2006). Mental health professional support in families with a member suffering from severe mental illness: A grounded theory model. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 20(1) , 102-109. Gay, L. R., & Diehl, P. L. (1992). Research methods for business and management. New York: Macmillan. Geiger-Brown, J., Trinkoff, A. M., Nielsen, K., Lirtmunlikaporn, S., Brady, B., & Vasquez, E. I. (2004). Nurses' perception of their work environment, health, and well-being: A qualitative perspective. AAOHN Journal: Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 52(1), 16-22. Gelsema, T. I., van der Doef, M., Maes, S., Akerboom, S., & Verhoeven, C. (2005). Job stress in the nursing profession: The influence of organizational and environmental conditions and job characteristics. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(3), 222-240. George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship . Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 310-329. George, J. M., Reed, T. F., Ballard, K. A., Colin, J., & Fielding, J. (1993). Contact with AIDS patients as a source of work- related distress: Effects of organizational and social support. Academy of Management Journal, 36(1), 157-171. George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2001). When openness to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: An interactional approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 513-524. Ghaddar, A., Ronda, E., & Nolasco, A. (2011). Work ability, psychosocial hazards and work experience in prison environments. Occupational Medicine, 61(7), 503-508. Gillespie, N. A., Walsh, M., Winefield, A. H., Dua, J., & Stough, C. (2001).Occupational stress in universities: Staff perceptions of the causes, consequences and moderators of stress. Work & Stress, 15(1) , 53-72. Godbey, K. L., & Courage, M. M. (1994). Stress-management program: Intervention in nursing student performance anxiety. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 8(3), 190-199. Gold, D. R., Rogacz, S., Bock, N., Tosteson, T. D., Baum, T. M., Speizer, F. E., et al. (1992). Rotating shift work, sleep, and accidents related to sleepiness in hospital nurses. American Journal of Public Health, 82(7), 1011-1014. Goldenhar, L. M., LaMontagne, A. D., Katz, T., Heaney, C., & Landsbergis, P. (2001). The intervention research process in occupational safety and health: An overview from the national occupational research agenda intervention effectiveness research team. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 43(7), 616-622. Gong, Y., & Chang, S. (2008). Institutional antecedents and performance consequences of employment security and career advancement practices: Evidence from the People’s Republic of China. Human Resource Management, 47(1), 33-48. Goodin, H. J. (2003). The nursing shortage in the United States of America: An integrative review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43(4), 335-343. Goodman, J. S., & Blum , T. C. (1996). Assessing the non-random sampling effects of subject attrition in longitudinal research. Journal of Management, 22(4), 627-652. Goodridge, D., Johnston, P., & Thomson, M. (1997). Impact of a nursing assistant training program on job performance, attitudes, and relationships with residents. Educational Gerontology: An International Quarterly, 23(1), 37-51. Gorgievski, M. J., & Hobfoll, S.E. (2008). Work can burn us out or fire us up: Conservation of resources in burnout and engagement. In J. R. B. Halbesleben (Ed.), Handbook of stress and burnout in health care (pp. 7- 22). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Graham, S. (2009). The effects of different conflict management styles on job satisfaction in rural healthcare settings. Economics & Business Journal: Inquiries & Perspectives, 2(1), 71-85. Grandey, A. A., Fisk, G. M., & Steiner, D. D. (2005). Must" service with a smile" be stressful? The moderating role of personal control for American and French employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 893-904. Grant, A. M. (2008). The significance of task significance: Job performance effects, relational mechanisms, and boundary conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 108-124. Grant, A. M. , & Sumanth, J. J. (2009). Mission possible? The performance of prosocially motivated employees depends on manager trustworthiness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 927-944. Grantcharov, T. P., Bardram, L., Peter, F. J., & Rosenberg, J. (2001). Laparoscopic performance after one night on call in a surgical department: prospective study. BMJ, 323(7323), 1222-1223. Graw, P., Krauchi, K., Knoblauch, V., Wirz-Justice, A., & Cajochen, C. (2004). Circadian and wake-dependent modulation of fastest and slowest reaction times during the psychomotor vigilance task. Physiology & Behavior, 80(5), 695-701. Gray-Toft, P., & Anderson, J. G. (1981). The nursing stress scale: Development of an instrument. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 3(1), 11-23. Gray-Toft, P., & Anderson, J. G. (1983). A hospital staff support program: Design and evaluation. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 20(3), 137-147. Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2008). Using SPSS for windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Greenglass, E. R., & Burke, R. J. (2001). Application of an impact of restructuring scale to the healthcare sphere. Healthcare Management Forum, 14(4), 1-9. Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 438-448. Greenslade, J. H., & Jimmieson, N. L. (2007).Distinguishing between task and contextual performance for nurses: Development of a job performance scale. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58(6), 602-611. Greer, C. R., & Castro, M. A. D. (1986). The relationship between perceived unit effectiveness and occupational stress: The case of purchasing agents. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 22(2), 159-175. Griep, R. H., Rotenberg, L., Vasconcellos, A. G. G., Landsbergis, P., Comaru, C. M., & Alves, M. G. M. (2009). The psychometric properties of demand-control and effort-reward imbalance scales among Brazilian nurses. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82(10), 1163-1172. Griffin, M., Neal, A., & Neale, M. (2000). The contribution of task performance and contextual performance to effectiveness: Investigating the role of situational constraints. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 517-533. Guidice, R. M., & Mero, N. P. (2012). Hedging their bets: A longitudinal study of the trade-offs between task and contextual performance in a sales organization. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 32(4), 451-472. Gupta, N., & Beehr, T. A. (1979) . Job stress and employee behaviors. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 23(3), 373-387. Guzzo, R. A., Noonan, K. A., & Elron, E. (1994). Expatriate managers and the psychological contract. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 617-626. Gwinner, C. (2006). 5-point vs. 6-point likert scale. Retrieved 12 July, 2010, from http://www.infosurv.com/Insider/White_Papers/PDF/Likert_ Scale_Debate.pdf. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159-170. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250-279. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign reading. MA: Addision-Wesley. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). New York: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research methods for business. USA, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Jokisaari, M. (2011). A 35-year follow-up study on burnout among Finnish employees. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(3), 345-360. Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495-513. Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Ahola, K. (2008). The job demands-resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work & Stress, 22(3), 224-241. Halbesleben , J. R. B., & Wheeler, A. R. (2011). I owe you one: Coworker reciprocity as a moderator of the day-level exhaustion-performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(4), 608-626. Halinski, R. S., & Feldt, L. S. (1970). The selection of variables in multiple regression analysis. Journal of Educational Measurement, 7(3), 151-157. Hamdan-Mansour, A. M., Al-Gamal, E., Puskar, K., Yacoub, M., & Marini, A. (2011). Mental health nursing in Jordan: An investigation into experience, work stress and organizational support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 20(2), 86-94. Hammer, T. H., Saksvik, P. O. , Nytro, K., Torvatn, H., & Bayazit, M. (2004). Expanding the psychosocial work environment: Workplace norms and workfamily conflict as correlates of stress and health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(1), 83-97. Hamwi, G. A., Rutherford, B. N., & Boles, J. S. (2011). Reducing emotional exhaustion and increasing organizational support. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 26(1), 4-13. Hansez, I., & Chmiel, N. (2010). Safety behavior: Job demands, job resources, and perceived management commitment to safety. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(3) , 267-278. Harma, M., Tenkanen, L., Sjoblom, T., Alikoski, T., & Heinsalmi, P. (1998). Combined effects of shift work and life-style on the prevalence of insomnia, sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 24(4), 300-307. Harrington, J. M. (2001). Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(1), 68-72. Harris, J. H., & Berger, P. K. (1983). Antecedents of psychological stress. Journal of Human Stress, 9(2), 24- 31. Harrison, D. A., & Shaffer, M. A. (2005). Mapping the criterion space for expatriate success: Task-and relationship-based performance, effort and adaptation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(8), 1454-1474. Hart, C. L., Ward, A. S., Haney, M., Nasser, J., & Foltin, R. W. (2003). Methamphetamine attenuates disruptions in performance and mood during simulated night-shift work. Psychopharmacology, 169(1), 42-51. Hatton, C., Brown, R., Caine, A., & Emerson, E. (1995). Stressors, coping strategies and stress-related outcomes among direct care staff in staffed houses for people with learning disabilities. Mental Handicap Research, 8(4), 252- 271. Hawkins, A. C., Howard, R. A., & Oyebode, J. R. (2007). Stress and coping in hospice nursing staff. The impact of attachment styles. Psycho-Oncology, 16(6),563-572. Haworth, C. L., & Levy, P. E. (2001). The importance of instrumentality beliefs in the prediction of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(1) , 64-75. Hayajneh, Y. A. (2000). Identification of the influence of organizational variables on hospital staff nurses' job performance. Doctoral thesis. The University of Iowa, Iowa. Health Forum. (2008, March). Separate colleges of health ministry and attached to higher education. Health Forum, 89, 11-11. Hedges, J. N., & Sekscenski, E. S. (1979) . Workers on late shifts in a changing economy. Monthly Labor. Review, 102(9), 14-22. Hekman, D. R., Bigley, G. A., Steensma, H. K., & Hereford, J. F. (2009).Combined effects of organizational and professional identification on the reciprocity dynamic for professional employees. The Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 506-526. Hellgren, J., Sverke , M., & Isaksson, K. (1999). A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 179-195. Herold, D. M., Letherwood, M. L., & Liden, R. C. (1987). Using multiple attributes to assess sources of performance feedback. Academy of Management Journal, 30(4), 826-835. Hinno, S., Partanen, P., VehviIainenJulkunen, K., & Aaviksoo, A. (2009). Nurses' perceptions of the organizational attributes of their practice environment in acute care hospitals. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(8), 965-974. Hipwell, A. E., Tyler, P. A., & Wilson, C. M. (1989). Sources of stress and dissatisfaction among nurses in four hospital environments. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 62(1), 71-79. Hirschfeld, R. R., Schmitt, L. P., & Bedeian, A. G. (2002). Job-content perceptions, performance-reward expectancies, and absenteeism among Low-wage publicsector clerical employees. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(4),553-564 Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. Hobfoll, S. E. (1998). The psychology and philosophy of stress, culture, and community. New York: Plenum. Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337-421. Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307-324. Hobfoll, S. E., & Freedy , J. (1993). Conservation of resources: A general stress theory applied to burnout. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. Series in applied psychology: Social issues and questions (pp. 299). Philadelphia, PA, US: Taylor & Francis. Hochwarter, W. A., Witt, L. A., Treadway, D. C., & Ferris, G. R. (2006). The interaction of social skill and organizational support on job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 482-489. House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. MA: Addison-Wesley publishing, (Reading Mass). Houtman, I. L. D., & Kompier, M. A. J. (1995). Risk factors and occupational risk groups for work stress in the Netherlands. Washington, D.C., US: American Psychological Association. Hsieh, T. H. (2004). The Relationship between employees' personal work standards and perceived work stress. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(2), 177-187. Humphrey, S. E., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1332-1356. Hung, H., & Wong, Y. H. (2007). The relationship between employer endorsement of continuing education and training and work and study performance: A Hong Kong case study. International Journal of Training and Development, 11(4), 295-313. Hunter, L. W., & Thatcher, S. M. B. (2007). Feeling the heat: Effects of stress, commitment, and job experience on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 953-968. Hutchison, S. (1997). A path model of perceived organizational support. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 12(1), 159-174. Ida, H., Miura, M., Komoda, M., Yakura, N., Mano, T., Hamaguchi, T., et al. (2009). Relationship between stress and performance in a Japanese nursing organization. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 22(6), 642-657. Igbaria, M., Iivari, J., & Maragahh, H. (1995). Why do individuals use computer technology? A Finnish case study. Information & Management, 29(5), 227-238. Ilgen, D. R., & Favero, J. L. (1985). Limits in generalization from psychological research to performance appraisal processes. Academy of Management Review, 10(2), 311-321. Ilhan, M. N., Durukan, E., Taner, E., Maral, I., & Bumin, M. A. (2008). Burnout and its correlates among nursing staff: Questionnaire survey. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 61(1), 100-106. Israel, B. A., House, J. S., Schurman, S. J., Heaney, C. A., & Mero, R. P. (1989). The relation of personal resources, participation, influence, interpersonal relationships and coping strategies to occupational stress, job strains and health: A multivariate analysis. Work & Stress, 3(2), 163-194. Ito, J. K., & Brotheridge, C. M. (2007). Exploring the predictors and consequences of job insecurity's components. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(1), 40-64. Jackson, C. L., & Gary, R. (1991). Nursing: Attitudes, perceptions and strategies for progress in Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 11(4), 452-458. |