The Influence of the Financial, External and Real Output Indicators on Malaysian Stock Market

This research investigated the linkages between the movements of the financial, external and real output indicators with the FTSE/BM in the long-run and short-run to determine the viability of using available information as indicators to predict Malaysian stock prices. The co integration and causali...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Asaad, Zeravan Abdulmuhsen
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2012
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/3788/1/s92354.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.3788
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
advisor Ibrahim, Yusnidah
Abd. Karim, Mohd Zaini
topic HG Finance
spellingShingle HG Finance
Asaad, Zeravan Abdulmuhsen
The Influence of the Financial, External and Real Output Indicators on Malaysian Stock Market
description This research investigated the linkages between the movements of the financial, external and real output indicators with the FTSE/BM in the long-run and short-run to determine the viability of using available information as indicators to predict Malaysian stock prices. The co integration and causality approach was used to determine the influence of macroeconomic variables changes on the FTSE/BM Top 100 Index, and monthly data was used for the analysis from the period September 1998 to October 2011. A Johansen co integration test indicated a positive long-run relationship between the FTSE/BM Top 100 Index and oil prices, industrial production, and consumer price index, and a negative long-run relationship with money supply, interest rate, and exchange rate. The error correction model estimated that the speed of adjustment was only 21.6%, which indicates that the Malaysian stock market converges on equilibrium within five months. Granger causality tests showed no causal relationship between the Malaysian stock market and the interest rate, but showed bidirectional movement with consumer price index and unidirectional movement from money supply and oil price with respect to the Malaysian stock market; in addition, unidirectional movement was found from the Malaysian stock market to the exchange rate and industrial production. The conclusion was that the Bursa Malaysia is an inefficient stock market with respect to macroeconomic variable such as money supply, oil price, and consumer price index because Malaysian stock market prices could be predicted using available information for these variables in the short run for the study’s selected time period.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Asaad, Zeravan Abdulmuhsen
author_facet Asaad, Zeravan Abdulmuhsen
author_sort Asaad, Zeravan Abdulmuhsen
title The Influence of the Financial, External and Real Output Indicators on Malaysian Stock Market
title_short The Influence of the Financial, External and Real Output Indicators on Malaysian Stock Market
title_full The Influence of the Financial, External and Real Output Indicators on Malaysian Stock Market
title_fullStr The Influence of the Financial, External and Real Output Indicators on Malaysian Stock Market
title_full_unstemmed The Influence of the Financial, External and Real Output Indicators on Malaysian Stock Market
title_sort influence of the financial, external and real output indicators on malaysian stock market
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2012
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/3788/1/s92354.pdf
_version_ 1747827646386929664
spelling my-uum-etd.37882022-04-10T06:30:29Z The Influence of the Financial, External and Real Output Indicators on Malaysian Stock Market 2012-08 Asaad, Zeravan Abdulmuhsen Ibrahim, Yusnidah Abd. Karim, Mohd Zaini Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HG Finance This research investigated the linkages between the movements of the financial, external and real output indicators with the FTSE/BM in the long-run and short-run to determine the viability of using available information as indicators to predict Malaysian stock prices. The co integration and causality approach was used to determine the influence of macroeconomic variables changes on the FTSE/BM Top 100 Index, and monthly data was used for the analysis from the period September 1998 to October 2011. A Johansen co integration test indicated a positive long-run relationship between the FTSE/BM Top 100 Index and oil prices, industrial production, and consumer price index, and a negative long-run relationship with money supply, interest rate, and exchange rate. The error correction model estimated that the speed of adjustment was only 21.6%, which indicates that the Malaysian stock market converges on equilibrium within five months. Granger causality tests showed no causal relationship between the Malaysian stock market and the interest rate, but showed bidirectional movement with consumer price index and unidirectional movement from money supply and oil price with respect to the Malaysian stock market; in addition, unidirectional movement was found from the Malaysian stock market to the exchange rate and industrial production. The conclusion was that the Bursa Malaysia is an inefficient stock market with respect to macroeconomic variable such as money supply, oil price, and consumer price index because Malaysian stock market prices could be predicted using available information for these variables in the short run for the study’s selected time period. 2012-08 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3788/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3788/1/s92354.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abd. Majid, M. S., Meera, A. K., Azis, H. A., & Ibrahim. M. H. (2001). The relationship between stock returns and inflation: Evidence from Malaysia and Indonesia. Capital Market Review, 9(1&2), 129-154. Abdullah D. A., & Hayworth, S. C. (1983). Macroeconometrics of stock price fluctuations. Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 32(1), 49-63. Abeysekera, S. (2001). Efficient market hypothesis and the emerging capital market in Sri Lanka: Evidence from the Colombo stock exchange. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 28(1, 2), 249-261. Abeysinghe, T. (2001). Estimation of direct and indirect impact of oil price on growth. Economics Letters, Elsevier, 73(2), 147-153. About KLSE. (1999). Available http://www.klse.com.my/klse1. htm. Abrosimova, N., & Linowski, D. (2002). Testing weak form of the Russian stock market. Paper presented in the EFA Berlin Meetings, 20 February. Abu-Libdeh, H., & Harasheh, M. (2011). Testing for correlation and causality relationships between stock prices and macroeconomic variables: The case of Palestine securities exchange. International Review of Business Research Papers, 7(5), 141-154. Achsani, N., & Strohe, H. G. (2002). Stock market returns and macroeconomic factors: Evidence from Jakarta stock exchange of Indonesia 1990-2001. Universitat Potsdam, Wirtschaftsund Sozialwissenchaftliche Fakultitat, Discussion Paper. Adjasi, K. D., & Biekepe, B. (2006). Stock exchange and economic growth: The case of selected African countries. University of Stellenbosch Business School, Cape Town, South Africa. Ahmed, S. (2008). Aggregate economic variables and stock markets in India. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 14(1), 141-164. Akhter, S., & Misir, M. A. (2005). Capital market efficiency: Evidence from the emerging capital market with particular reference to Dhaka stock exchange. South Asian Journal of Management, 12(3), 35-51. Ali, I., Rehman, K. U., Yilmaz, A. K., Khan, M. A., & Afzal, H. (2010). Causal relationship between macroeconomic indicators and stock exchange prices in Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 4(3), 312-319. Ali, M. B. (2011). Impact of micro and macroeconomic variables on emerging stock market return: A case on Dhaka stock exchange (DSE). Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(5), 08-11. Al-Jafari, M. K. (2011). Testing the weak-form efficiency of Bahrain securities market. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 72, 14-24. Al-Khazali, O. M., & Pyun, C. S. (2004). Stock prices and inflation: New evidence from the Pacific-Basin countries. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 22, 123-140. Altay, E. (2003). The effect of macroeconomic factors on asset returns: A comparative analysis of the German and the Turkish stock markets in an APT framework. Martin-Luther-Universität Halle, Betriebswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeit räge, Nr. 48/2003. Amoateng, A. K., & Kargar, J. (2004). Oil and currency factors in middle east equity returns. Managerial Finance, 30(3), 3-16. Apergis, N., & Eleptheriou, S. (2001). Stock returns and volatility: Evidence from the Athens stock market index. Journal of Economics and Finance, 25(1), 50-61. Arestis, P., Demetriades, P., & Luintel, K. (2001). Financial development and economic growth: The role of stock markets. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 33, 16-41. Arnold, I., & Vrugt, E. (2006). Stock market volatility and macroeconomic uncertainty: Evidence from survey data. (Working Paper No. 06-08). Retrieved from BRG. Asaolu, T.O., & Ogunmuyiwa, M. S. (2011). An econometric analysis of the impact of macroeconomic variables on stock market movement in Nigeria. Asian Journal of Business Management, 3(1), 72-78. Asiri, B. (2008). Testing weak-form efficiency in the Bahrain stock market. International Journal of Emerging markets, 3(1), 38-53. Available at//http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/download.aspx Awad, I., & Daraghma, Z. (2009). Testing the weak-form efficiency of the Palestinian securities market. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 32, 7-17. Azman-Saini, W. N. W., Habibullah, M. S., Law, S. H., & Dayang-Afizzah, A. M. (2006). Stock prices, exchange rates and causality in Malaysia: A note. The ICFAI Journal of Financial Economics, 5, 7-13. Babaker, M. (2004). Some empirical investigations about the efficiency of Arab stock markets. Paper presented at the Gulf stock exchange role on the Support and activation of the economic development potentials in the GCC countries conference, Muscat, Oman, 2-3 October. Bailey, W., & Chung, Y. P. (1996). Risk and return in the Philippine equity market: A multifactor exploration. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 4, 197-218. Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19, 267-83. Basher, S. A., & Sadorsky, P. (2006). Oil price risk and emerging stock markets. Global Finance Journal, 17, 224-251. Bashir, T., Ilyas, M., & Furrukh, A. (2011). Testing the weak form efficiency of Pakistani stock markets: An empirical study in banking sector. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 31, 160-175. Beenstock, M., & Chan, K. F. (1988). Economic forces in London stock market. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 50, 22-39. Beltratti, A., & Morana, C. (2006). Breaks and persistency: Macroeconomic causes of stock market volatility. Journal of Econometrics, 131, 151-177. Bernanke, B. S., & Kuttner, K. N. (2005). What explains the stock market’s reaction to federal reserve policy?. Journal of Finance, 60(3), 1221-1257. Bhattacharya, B., & Mookherjee, J. (2001). Causal relationship between and exchange rate, foreign exchange reserves, value of trade balance and stock market: Case study of India. Department of Economics. Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. Bilson, C. M., Timothy, J. B., & Vincent, J. H. (2001). Selecting macroeconomic variables as explanatory factors of emerging stock market returns. Pacific- Basin Finance Journal, 9, 401-426. Black, A., Fraser, P., & MacDonald, R. (1997). Business conditions and speculative assets. Manchester School, 4, 379-393. Bodurtha, J. N., Cho, D. C., & Senbet, L. W. (1989). Economic forces and the stock market: An international perspective. Global Finance Journal, 1(1), 1-46. Booth, J. R., & Booth, L. C. (1997). Economic factors, monetary policy and expected returns on stock and bonds. Economic Review Federal Reserve, Bank of San Francisco, 2, 32-42. Boucher, C. (2004). Stock prices, inflation and stock returns predictability, Journal of Finance, 70(1), 63-84. Bracker, K., Docking, D. S., & Koch, P. D. (1999) Economic determinants of evolution in international stock market integration. Journal of Empirical Finance, 6, 1-27. Brown, S. J., & Otsuki, T. (1990). Macroeconomic Factors and the Japanese equity markets: The CAPMD Project, in E.J. Elton and M.J Gruber (eds.), Japanese Capital Markets, New York: Harper and Row, 175-192. Bunge, F. M. (1984). Malaysia: A country study. Area Handbook Series, Foreign Area Studies, American University, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 67-127. Burmeister, E., & McElroy, M. B. (1986). Join estimation of factors sensitivities and risk premium for the arbitrage pricing theory. Journal of Finance, 43, 721-735. Burmeister, E., & Wall, K. D. (1986). The arbitrage pricing theory and macroeconomic factors measures. The Financial Review, 21(1), 1-20. Bursa Malaysia Annual Report, 2007. Bursa Malaysia Annual Report, 2009. Buyuksalvarci, A. (2010). The effects of macroeconomics variables on stock returns: Evidence from Turkey. European Journal of Social Science, 14(3), 404-416. Caporale, G. M., Howells, P., & Soliman, A. M. (2005). Endogenous growth models and stock market development: Evidence from four Countries. Review of Development Economics, 9(2), 166-176. Chakravarty, S. (2005). Stock market and macroeconomic behavior in India. Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, India. Chatterjee, A., & Maniam, B. (1997). Market anomalies revisited. Journal of Applied Business Research, 13, 47-57. Chan, K. C., Chen, N., & Hsieh, D. A. (1985). An explanatory investigation of the firm size effect. Journal of Financial Econometrics, 14, 451-471. Chaudhuri, K., & Smiles, S. (2004). Stock market and aggregate economic activity: Evidence from Australia. Applied Financial Economics, 14, 121-129. Chen, M. H. (2003). Risk and return: CAPM and CCAPM. Quantitative Review Economic Finance, 43, 369-393. Chen, M. H., Kim, W. G., & Kim, H. J. (2005). Macro and non-macro explanatory factors of Chinese hotel stock returns. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24, 243-258. Chen, N. F. (1991). Financial investment opportunities and the macroeconomy. Journal of Finance, 46, 529-554. Chen, N., Roll, R., & Ross, S. (1986). Economic forces and the stock market. Journal of Business, 59, 383-403. Chen, S. J., & Jordan, B. D. (1993). Some empirical tests of the arbitrage pricing theory: Macro variable Factors. Journal of Banking and Finance, 17, 65-89. Chen, S. S. (2008). Predicting the bear stock market: Macroeconomic variables as leading indicators. Journal of Banking & Finance, 33(2), 211-223. Cheng, A. C. S. (1995). The UK stock market and economic factors: A new approach. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 22(1), 129-142. Cheng, T. B., Ling, L. W., & Arsad, Z. (2006). Dynamics between stock price, oil price and macroeconomic activities: A VAR and impulse response approach, Proceedings of the 2nd IMT-GT Regional Conference on Mathematics, Statistics and Applications. University of Science Malaysia, 167-179. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Cheung, Y., & Ng, K. (1998). International evidence on the stock market and aggregate economic activity. Journal of Empirical Finance, 5, 281-296. Chiang, L. C., & Kee, H. T. (2009). Macroeconomic and non-macroeconomic variables link to Singapore hotel stock returns. Oxford Business & Economics Conference Program. Cheng, M. C., Tzeng, Z. C., & Kang, W. L. (2011). The impact of non-macroeconomic events on Taiwan electronic industry stock index returns. Global Economy and Finance Journal, 4(1), 80-101. Chinzara, Z. (2011). Macroeconomic uncertainty and conditional stock market volatility in South Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 79(1), 27-49. Choe, E. (2002). Differential impacts of oil price shock on small vs large firms as a Source of real effect on the economy. Unpublished doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Graduate School, University of Missouri – Columbia, USA. Chong, C. S., & Goh, K. L. (2003). Linkages of economic activity, stock prices and monetary policy: The case of Malaysia. Choudhry, T. (2001). Inflation and rates of return on stocks: Evidence from high inflation countries. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 11, 75-96. Chowdhury, S., & Rahman, M. (2004). On the empirical relation between macroeconomic volatility and stock market volatility of Bangladesh. Department of Finance and Banking, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Chowdhury, S., Mollik, A., & Akhter, M. (2006). Does Predicted Macroeconomic Volatility Influence Stock Market Volatility?: Evidence from the Bangladesh Capital Market. University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Kwon, C. S., & Shin, T. S. (1999). Cointegration and causality between macroeconomic indicators and stock market returns. Global Finance Journal, 10(1), 71-81. Claessens, S., Dasgupta S., & Glen, J. (1995). Return behaviour in emerging Stock Market. World Bank Economic Review, 9(1), 131-151. Clare, A. D., & Thomas, S. H. (1994). Macroeconomic factors, the APT and the UK Stock Market. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 2(3), 309-330. Clements, M. P., & Hendry, D. F. (1995). Forecasting in cointegrated systems. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10, 127-146. Cologni, A., & Manera, M. (2009). The asymmetric effects of oil shocks on output growth: A markov-switching analysis for the G-7 countries. Economic Modeling, 26, 1-29. Cong, R. G., Wei, Y. M., Jiao, J. L., & Fan, Y. (2008). Relationships between oil price shocks and stock market: An empirical analysis from China. China Energy Policy, 36, 3544-3553. Corradi, V., Distaso, W., & Mele, A. (2010). Macroeconomic determinants of stock market volatility and volatility risk-premia. University of Warwick, UK. Cunado, J., & De-Gracia, F. P. (2003). Do oil price shocks matter?: Evidence for some European countries. Energy Economics, 25, 137-154. Cunado, J., & De-Gracia, F. P. (2005). Oil prices, economic activity and inflation: Evidence for some Asian countries. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 45, 65-83. Darrat, A. F. (1990). Stock returns, money and fiscal policy. Journal of finance and Quantitative Analysis, 25(3), 387-398. Darrat, A. F., & Dichens, R. N. (1999). On the inter-relationship among real monetary and financial indicators. Applied Finance Economics, 9(3), 289-293. Dasgupta, P., & Sensama, R. (2002). Monetary policy and predictability of stock return: Evidence from a liberalizing economy Indira Ghandi. Institute of Development Research, 1-22. Davidson, J., Hendry, D. F., Srba, F., & yeo, S. (1978). Econometric modeling of the aggregate time series relationship between consumers’ expenditure and income in the United Kingdom. The Economic Journal, 88(352), 661-692. Delhaise Annual Report. (1999).Available at http://www.delhaizegroup.com/en/PublicationsCenter/ReportsandPublications/AnnualReports.aspx. DeStefano, M. (2004). Stock returns and the business cycle. Financial Review, Journal of Business and Finance, 39(4), 34-56. Dhankar, R. S. (1991). Empirical tests of efficiency of Indian stock market. Journal of Financial Management and Analysis, 4(2), 37-43. Diacogiannis, G. P., Tsiritakis, E. D., & Manolas, G. A. (2001). Macroeconomic factors and stock returns in a changing economic framework: The case of the Athens stock exchange. Managerial Finance, 27(6), 23-41. Dickenson, J. P., & Muragu, K. (1994). Market efficiency in developing countries: A case study of Nairobi stock exchange. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 21(1) , 133-150. Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time-series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431. Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, Econometric Society, 49(4), 1057-1072. Diebold, F., & Yilmaz, K. (2007). Macroeconomic volatility and stock market volatility, worldwide (Working Paper No. 0711). Retrieved from Tusiad-koc University Economic Research Forum. Dockery, E., Vergari, D., & Vergari, F. (2001). Explaining the behavior of stock prices in an emerging Market: An empirical analysis of the Greek stock market. Journal of Managerial Finance, 27(1), 82-98. Dritsaki, C., & Dritsaki-Bargiota, M. (2005). The causal relationship between stock, credit market and economic development: An empirical evidence for Greece. Economic Change and Restructuring, 38, 113-127. Duasa, J. (2006). Malaysian foreign direct investment and growth: Does stability matter?. Journal of Economic Cooperation, 28(2), 83-98. Economic Transformation Programme. (2011). A roadmap for Malaysia, Performance management & Delivery Unit (PEMANDU), Prime Minister’s Department. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Eita, J. H. (2011). Determinants of stock market price in Namibia. Working Paper 209, Economic Research Southern Africa. Emerging Stock Markets Factbook (1995). The United States of America: International Finance Corporation, employment in Greece. Energy Economics, 23, 511-532. Enders, W. (1995). Applied econometric time series. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Enders, W. (2010). Applied Econometric Time Series. Third edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2011). International annual energy outlook 2011, website of Energy Information Administration, U.S Department of Energy, Washington D.C. from hptt//www.eia.doe.gov. Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: Representation estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276. Engle, R. F., & Yoo, B. S. (1987). Forecasting and testing in cointegrated systems. Journal of Econometrics, 35(1), 143-159. Engle, R. F., & Rangel, J. G. (2005). The spline GARCH model for unconditional volatility and its global macroeconomic causes, CNB Working Papers Series, 13, 1-28. Enisan, A. A., & Olifisayo, A. O. (2009). Stock market development and economic growth: Evidence from seven Sub-Sahara African countries. Journal of Economics and Business, 61(2), 162-171. Eryigit, M. (2009). Effects of oil price changes on the sector indices of Istanbul stock exchange. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 25, 209-216. Fadhil, M. H., Azizan, N.A., & Shaharudin, R. S. (2007). The interaction between macroeconomic variables and the performance of mutual fund in Malaysia, MFA 9th Conference- 12th and 13th June, 2007. Faff, R.W., & Brailsford, T. J. (1999). Oil price risk and the Australian stock market. Journal of Energy Finance & Development, 4(1), 69-87. Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient capital markets: A review of theory and empirical Work. Journal of Finance, 25, 383-417. Fama, E. F. (1976). Efficient capital markets: Reply. Journal of Finance, 31(1), 143-45. Fama, E. F. (1981). Stock returns, real activity, inflation and money. American Economic Review, 71, 545-565. Fama, E. F. (1988). Dividend yields and expected returns on stocks and bonds. Journal of Finance and Economics, 22, 3-25 Fama, E. F. (1990). Stock returns, expected returns, and real activity. Journal of Finance, 45(4), 1089-1108. Fama, E. F. (1991). Efficient capital markets: II. Journal of Finance, 46, 1575-1618. Faust, J., & Leeper, E. M. (1997). When do long-run identifying restrictions give reliable results?. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 15, 345–353. Ferson, W., & Harvey, C. (1991). The variation of economic risk premiums. Journal of Political and Economics, 99, 385- 415. Fifield, S. G. M., Power, D. M., & Sinclair, C. D. (2002). Macroeconomic factors and share returns: An analysis using emerging market data. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 7, 51-62. Finn, M. G. (2000). Perfect competition and the effects of energy price increase on economic activity. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 32, 400-416. Firth, M. (1979). The relationship between stock market returns and rates of inflation. Journal of Finance, 34(3), 743-749. Fitzpatrick, B. D. (1995). Is efficient capital market hypothesis, a myth or reality?: A financial management case for inefficient market hypothesis. Journal of Financial Management and Analysis, 8(2), 14-25. Flannery, M. J., & Aris, A. P. (2002). Macroeconomic factors do influence aggregate stock returns. Review of Financial Studies, 15, 751-782. Flannery, M. J., & Protopapadakis, A. (2004). Factors do influence aggregate stock returns. Journal of Global Finance, 30(9), 20-35. Francis, J. C. (1993). Management of investment. McGraw-Hill , New York. Fraser, P., & Power, D. M. (1997). Stock return volatility and information: An empirical analysis of Pacific Rim, UK and US equity markets. Applied Financial Economics, 7, 241- 253. Fung, H. G., & Lie, C. J. (1990). Stock market and economic activities: A causal analysis. Pacific-Basin Capital Markets Research, 203-214. Gan, C., Lee, M., Yong, H. H. A., & Zhang, J. (2006). Macroeconomic variables and stock market interactions: New Zealand evidence. Investment Management and Financial Innovation, 3(4), 89-101. Gay, R. D. (2008). Effect of macroeconomic variables on stock market returns for four emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. International Business and Economics Research Journal, 7(3), 1-8. Ghazali, N. A., & Yakob, N. A. (1997). Money supply and stock prices: The case of Malaysia. Proceeding seminar antar Bangsa managing growth and changes Bengkulu, 605-617, Indonesia. Gjerde, O., & Saettem, F. (1999). Causal relations among stock returns and macroeconomic variables in a small, open economy. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 9, 61-74. Glen, P. J. (2005). The efficient capital market hypothesis, chaos theory, and insider filing requirements of the securities exchange act of 1934: The predictive power of Form 4 Filings. Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law, 11(1), 85-114. Grammenos, C., & Arkoulis, A. (2002). Macroeconomic factors and international shipping stock returns. International Journal of Maritime Economic, 4, 81-99. Granger C. W. J., Huang, B. N., & Yang, C. W. (2000). A bivariate causality between stock prices and exchange rates: Evidence from recent Asian flush. Quantitative Review Economic Finance, 40, 337-354. Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438. Granger, C. W. J. (1981). Some properties of time series data and their use in econometric model specification. Journal of Econometrics, 16, 121-130. Granger, C. W. J. (1986). Some recent developments in the concept of causality. Journal of Econometrics, 39, 194-211. Greenwood, J., & Smith, B. D. (1997). Financial markets in development and the development of financial markets. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 21, 145-181. Groenewald, N., & Fraser, P. (1997). Share prices and macroeconomic factors. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 24(9,10), 1367-383. Guevara, J. H. (2001). Three essays on international market efficiency. Bell and Howell Information and Learning Company. USA. Guimaraes, R., & Olaf. U. (2006). Whats driving private investment in Malaysia?: Aggregate trends and firm-level evidence (Working Paper No. WP/06/190). Retrieved from IMF. Gujarati, D. N. (1995). Basic Econometrics (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Gujarati, D. N., & Porter D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (4th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Gultekin, N. B. (1983). Stock market returns and inflation: Evidence from other countries. Journal of Finance, 38(1), 49-65. Gunasekarage, A., Pisedtasalasai, A., & Power, D. M. (2004). Macroeconomic influence on the stock market: Evidence from an emerging market in South Asia. Journal of Emerging Market Finance, 3(3), 285-304. Gunsel, N., & Cukur, S. (2007). The effects of macroeconomic factors on the London dtock returns: A sectoral approach. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 10, 140-152. Guo, H., & Kliesen, K. L. (2005). Oil price volatility and U.S. macroeconomic activity. Federal Reserve bank of St.Louis Review, 87(6), 669-683. Habibullah, M. S. (1998). The relationship between broad money and stock prices in Malaysia: An Error Correction Approach. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 32, 51-73. Habibullah, M. S., & Baharumshah, A. Z. (1996). Money, output and stock prices in Malaysia: An application of the cointegration test. International Economic Journal, 10(2), 121-130. Halmos, K. (2008). Market efficiency analysis of the Hungarian stock market. European Union Working Paper, 4, 13-21. Hamao, Y. (1988). An empirical examination of the arbitrage pricing theory: Using Japanese data. Japan and the World Economy Journal, 1, 45-61. Hamilton, J. D. (1988). A neoclassical model of unemployment and the business cycle. Journal of Political Economy, 96, 593-617. Hamilton, J. D. (1996). This is what happened to the oil price–macroeconomy relationship. Journal of Monetary Economics, 38(2), 215-220. Hammoudeh, S., & Choi, K. (2006). Behavior of GCC stock markets and impacts of US oil and financial markets. Research in International Business and Finance, 20, 22-26. Harris, R., & Sollis, R. (2003). Applied time series modeling and forecasting. John Wiley & Sons. Hasan, A., & M. Tarij, J. (2009). An empirical investigation of the causal relationship among monetary variables and equity market returns. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 14(1), 115-137. Hassan, Z. (2001). Recent financial crisis in Malaysia: Response, result challenges. The Indian Economic Journal, 49(11), 38-49. Haugen, R. A., & Jorion, P. (1996). The January effect: Still there after all these years. Financial Analyst Journal, 52, 27-31. Hendry, D. F. (1986). Econometric modeling with cointegrated variables: An overview. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics Journal, 48(3), 201-212. Henriques, I., & Sadorsky, P. (2008). Oil prices and the stock prices of alternative energy companies. Energy Economics, 30(3), 998-1010. Hodgkinson, L. (1991). International efficiency of European equity market. Applied Financial Economic, 1, 79-83. Hoffman, D. L., & Rasche, R. H. (1996). Assessing forecast performance in a cointegrated system. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11, 495-517. Hondroyiannis, G., & Papapetrou, E. (2001). Macroeconomic influences on the stock market. Journal of Economics and Finance, 25, 33-49. Hsing, Y. (2011). Macroeconomic variables and the stock market: The case of Lithuania. Review of Finance and banking, 3(1), 31-37. Humpe, A., & Macmillan, P. (2009). Can macroeconomic variables explain long term stock market movements?: A comparison of the US and Japan CDMA Working. Journal of Finance, 30, 209-245. Hussain, F. (1996). Stock price behavior in an emerging market: A case study of Pakistan. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. The Catholic University of America, USA. Hussain, F. (1998). A seasonality in the Pakistani equity market: The Ramadan effect. The Journal of Pakistan Development Review, 37(1), 77-81. Hyde, S. (2007). The response of industry stock returns to market, exchange rate and interest rate risks. Managerial Finance, 33(9), 693-709. Ibrahim, F. W., & Rahman, R. (2003). Speculative influences in stock market: A case study of Kuala Lumpur stock exchange. Paper presented in the MFA 5th Annual symposium. pp. 620-638. Ibrahim, M. H. (1999). Macroeconomic variables and stock prices in Malaysia: An empirical analysis. Asian Economy journal, 13(2), 495-574. Ibrahim, M. H. (2000). Cointegration and granger causality tests of stock price and exchange rate Interactions in Malaysia. ASEAN Economic Bulletin Journals, 17(1), 36-47. Ibrahim, M. H. (2007). The Yen-Dollar exchange rate and Malaysian macroeconomic dynamics: The developing economies. Institute of Developing Economies, 45(3), 315-338. Ibrahim, M. H. (2011). Stock market development and macroeconomic performance in Thailand. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 22(3), 230-240. Ibrahim, M. H., & Aziz. H. (2003). Macroeconomic variables and the Malaysian equity market. Journal of Economic Studies, 30(1), 6-27. Ibrahim, M. H., & Yusoff, W. S. W. (2001). Macroeconomic variables, exchange rate and stock price: A Malaysian perspective. IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, 9(2), 141-164. Ibrahim, M. H., & Yusoff. W. S. W. (1999). Macroeconomics variables and stock price in Malaysia: An empirical analysis. Asian Economic Journal, 13(2), 219-231. Information Guide: Doing business in Malaysia. (1994). Malaysia price Waterhouse. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank. Washington, DC. Information Guide: Doing Business in Malaysia. (2011). Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank. Washington, DC. Isa, M. M. (1989). Share price behaviors of the Malaysian stock market: An empirical evidence. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, XXVI, 135-155. Islam, M. (2003). The Kuala Lumpur stock market and economic factors: A general-to- specific error correction modeling test. Journal of the Academy of Business and Economics, 30(2), 40-67. Islam, M., & Watanapalachaikul, S. (2003). Time series financial econometrics of the Thai stock market: A multivariate error correction and valuation model. Journal of Global Finance, 10(5), 90-127. Janor, H., Halid, N., & Rahman, A. A. (2005). Stock market and economic activity in Malaysia. Investment Management and Financial Innovations Journal, 4, 116-123. Januskevicius, M. (2003). Testing stock market efficiency using neural networks: Case of Lithuania (Working Papers No.17). Retrieved from Stockholm School of Economics in Riga. SSE Riga. Jarrett, E., & Kyper, E. (2006). Capital market efficiency and the predictability of daily returns. Journal of Applied Economics, 38, 631-636. Jarrett, E., & Kyper, E. (2005a). Daily variation, capital market efficiency and predicting stock market returns. Journal of Management Research News, 28(8), 34-47. Jarrett, E., & Kyper, E. (2005b). Evidence on the seasonality of stock market prices of firms traded on organized markets. Applied Economics Letters, Routledge, 12, 537-543. Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegrating vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-254. Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and hypotheses testing of cointegrating vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica, 59, 1551-1580. Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics Journal, 52,169-210. Jones, C., & Kaul, G. (1996). Oil and the stock market. Journal of Finance, 51, 2, 463-491. Joseph, N. L. (2002). Modeling the impacts of interest rate and exchange rate changes on UK stock returns. Derivatives Use, Trading and Regulation, 7(4), 306-323. Kandir, Y. S. (2008). Macroeconomic variables, firm characteristics and stock returns: Evidence from Turkey. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 16, 3545. Kaneko, T., & Lee, B. S. (1995). Relative importance of economic factors in the U.S. and Japanese stock markets. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 9, 290-307. Kassimatis, K., & Spyrou, S. I. (2001). Stock and credit market expansion and economic development in emerging markets: Further evidence utilizing cointegration analysis. Applied Economics, 33,1057-1064. Keong, L. B., Yat, D. N., & Ling, C. H. (2010). Month-of-the-year effects in Asian countries: A 20-Year study (1990-2009). African Journal of Business Management, 4(7), 1351-1362. Keung, W. W., Habibullah K., & Jun. D. (2006). Do money and interest rates matter for stock prices? An econometric study of Singapore and U.S.A. Singapore Economic Review, 51(1), 31-51. Kryzanowski, L., & Zhang, H. (1992). Economic forces and seasonality in security returns. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 2, 227-244. Kumar, A. (2011). An empirical analysis of causal relationship between stock market and macroeconomic variables in India. International Journal of Computer Science and Management Studies, 11(1), 2231-5268. Kvedaras, V., & Basdevant, O. (2004). Testing the efficiency of emerging capital markets: The case of the Baltic States. Journal of Probability and Statistical Science, 2(1),111-38. Kwon, C. S., Shin, T. S., & Bacon, F. W. (1997). The effect of macroeconomic variables on stock market returns in developing markets. Multinational Business Review, 5(2), 63-70. Kwon, S. K., & Shin, T. S. (1999). Cointegration and causality between macroeconomic variables and stock market returns. Global Finance Journal, 10, 71-81. Kyereboah-Coleman, A., & Agyire-Tettey, K. F. (2008). Impact of macroeconomic indicators on stock market performance: The case of the Ghana stock exchange. Journal of Risk Finance, 9(4), 365-378. Kyriacou, K., Madsen, J. B., & Mase, B. (2006). Does inflation exaggerate the equity premium. Journal of Economic Studies, 33(5), 344-356. Laessens, S., Dasgupta S., & Glen, J. (1995). Return behaviour in emerging stock market. World Bank Economic Review, 9(1), 131-151. Laopodis, N. T. (2003). Financial market liberalization and stock market efficiency: The case of Greece. Journal of Managerial Finance, 29(4), 24-41. Lee, B. (1992). Causal relations among stock returns, interest rates, real activity and inflation. Journal of Finance, 47, 1591-1603. Leigh, L. (1997). Stock return equilibrium and macroeconomic fundamentals. International Monetary Fund, 97(15), 1-41. Levine, R. (1997). Financial development and economic growth: Views and agenda. Journal of Economic Literature, 35, 688-726. Lian, K. K. (2002). Analysis of Malaysian share price behavior: An information theory approach. Malaysian Management Review, 22-29. Lim, K. P., Habibullah, M. S., & Hinich, M. J. (2009). The weak-form efficiency of Chinese stock markets: Thin trading, nonlinearity and episodic serial dependencies. Journal of Emerging Market Finance, 8(2), 133-163. Lutkepohl, H. (1991). Introduction to multiple time series analysis, Berlin: SpringerVerlag. Lutkepohl, H. (2005). New introduction to multiple times series analysis. (2ed Ed.), Springer, Berlin. Maghyereh, A. I. (2002). Causal relations among stock prices and macroeconomic variables in the small, open economy of Jordan. accessed on November 20, 2008, [available at http://ssrn.com/ abstract=317539]. Maghyereh, A. I., & Al-Khandari A. (2007). Oil prices and stock markets in GCC countries: New evidence from nonlinear cointegration analysis. Journal of Managerial Finance, 33(7), 449- 460. Mahmood, M. W., & Dinniah, M. N. (2009). Stock returns and macroeconomics variables: Evidence from the Six Asian-Pacific countries. International Research Journal of Finance and Economic, 30, 154-164. Malaysia Economic Outlook. (2011). Malaysian institute of economic research. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Mananyi, A., & Struthers, J. J. (1997). Cocoa market efficiency: A cointegration approach. Journal of Economics Studies, 24(3), 141-151. Mashayekh, S., Moradkhani, H. H., & Jafari, M. (2011). Impact of macroeconomic variables on stock market: The case of Iran. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Business and Economic Research. Mauro, P. (2000). Stock retruns and output growth in emerging and advanced economies (working paper No. WP/00/89). Retrieved from IMF. Mavrides, M. (2000). Granger causality tests of stock returns: The U.S. and Japanese stock markets. Managerial Finance Journal, 26(12), 13-25. Maysami, R. C., & Sim, H. H. (2001b). Macroeconomic forces and stock returns: A general-to-specific ECM analysis of the Japanese and South Korean markets. International Quarterly Journal of Finance, 1(1), 83-99. Maysami, R. C., & Sim, H. H. (2001a). An empirical investigation of the dynamic relations between macroeconomics variable and the stock markets of Malaysia and Thailand. Journal of Pengurusan, 20, 1-20. Maysami, R. C., and Sim, H. H. (2002). Macroeconomics variables and their relationship with stock returns: Error correction evidence from Hong Kong and Singapore. Journal of Asian Economic Review, 44(1), 69-85. Maysami, R. C., Howe, L. C., & Hamzah, M. A. (2004). Relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock market indices: Cointegration evidence from stock exchange of Singapore’s All-S sector indices. Journal Pengurusan, 24, 47-77. Maysami, R. C., & Koh, T. S. (2000). A vector error correction model of Singapore stock market. International Review of Economic Finance, 9, 79-96. Mazur, E. A., & Alexander, R. J. (2001). Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth in New Zealand. Applied Economics Letters, 8, 545-549. McSweeney, E., & Worthington, A. (2007). A comparative analysis of oil as a risk factor in Australian industry stock returns, 1980 – 2006. Journal of Studies in Economic and Finance, 25(2), 131-145. Mehr, H. (2005). Stock market consequences of macroeconomic fundamentals. Institute of Business and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan. Ming-Shiun, P., Chi-Wing, F. R., Liu, Y. A. (2007). Dynamic linkages between exchange rates and stock prices: Evidence from East Asian markets. International Review of Economic and Finance, 16, 503-520. Ministry of Finance Malaysia. (2011). Economic Report 2011-2012. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Available at http://www.treasury.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2011%3Alaporan-ekonomi 20112012&catid=73%3Asenarai-laporan ekonomi&Itemid=174&lang=en Mishra, A. K. (2004). Stock market and foreign exchange market in India: Are they related?. South Asia Economic Journal, 5(2), 209-232. Mobarek, A., & Keasey, K. (2000). Weak form market efficiency of an emerging market: Evidence from Dhaka stock market of Bangladesh. Paper Presented at the ENBS conference, Oslo, Norway. Mohamed, S., Ali, A., Abdullah, N., & Azman, K. (2011). Malaysian Sectoral Indices VS macroeconomic factors, any correlation?: Evidence from Malaysia, International Conference on Economics and Finance Research, IPEDR 4, IACSIT Press, Singapore. Mohamed, A., Wisam, R., Aris, H., & Md, F. (2009). Effects of macroeconomic variables on stock prices in Malaysia: An approach of error correction model. International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), (MPRA Paper No. 20970), posted 25 February 2010. Mohammad, S. D., Hussain, A., Jalil, M. A., & Ali, A. (2009). Impact of macroecomics variables on stock price: Empirical evidence in case of KSE (Karachi stock exchange). European Journal of Scientific Research, 38(1), 96-103. Mukherjee, R., & Yu, Q. (1997). Macroeconomic variables and stock prices in a small open economy: The case of Singapore. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 5, 377-388. Morelli, D. (2002). The relationship between conditional stock market volatility and conditional macroeconomic volatility: Empirical evidence based on UK data. International Review of Financial Analysis, 11, 101-110. Mork, K. A. (1989). Oil and the macroeconomy when prices go up and down: An extension of Hamilton’s Results. Journal of Political Economy, 97(3), 740-744. Mork, K. A., & Olson, M. H. T. (1994). Macroeconomic responses to oil price increase and decreases in seven OECD countries. Energy Journal, 15(4), 19-35. Morris, E. A. (1998). Guide to Understanding Money and Investing in Asia. Hong Kong: Dow Jones Publishing Company (Asia) Inc. Mukherjee, T. K., & Naka, A. (1995). Dynamic relations between macroeconomic variables and the Japanese stock market: An application of a vector error correction model. Journal of Financial Research, 18, 223-237. Mukhopadhyay, D., & Sakar, N. (2003). Stock returns and macroeconomic fundamentals in model specification framework: Evidence from Indian stock market. Indian Statistical Institute, Economic Research Unit, ERU 2003-2005 Discussion Paper, January, 1-28. Muradoglu, G., Taskin, F., & Bigan, I. (2000). Causality between stock returns and macroeconomic variables in emerging markets. Russian East Europe Finance Trade, 36(6), 33-53. N’zue, F. F. (2006). Stock market development and economic growth: Evidence from Cote D’Ivoire. African Development Review, 18(1), 123-143. Najand, M., & Rahman, H. (1991). Stock market volatility and macroeconomic variables: International evidence. Journal of Multinational, Finance and Management, 1(3), 78- 91. Naka, A., & Tufte, D. (1997). Examining impulse response functions in cointegrated systems. Applied Economics, 29, 1593-1603. Nandha M., & Hammoudeh, S. (2007). Systematic risk, oil price and exchange rate sensitivities in Asia-Pacific stock markets. Research in International Business and Finance, 21(2), 326-341. Nandha, M., & Faff, R. (2008). Does oil move equity prices?: A global view. Energy Economics, 30, 986-997. Nasseh, A., & Strauss, J. (2000). Stock prices and domestic and international macroeconomic activity: A cointegration approach. Quarterly Review of Economics and finance, 40, 229-245. Nath, G. C., & Samantha, G. P. (2002). Dynamic relation between exchange rate and stock prices: A case for India. Available at: http://www.nseindia.com/content/press/feb2003c .pdf (12.06.2010). Nath, G. C., & Samantha, G. P. (2003). Relationship between exchange rate and stock prices in India: An empirical analysis. 1-9. Neoh, S. K. (1991). Stock market investment in Malaysia and Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing. Nishat, M., & Shaheen, N. (2004). Macroeconomic factors and Pakistani equity market. Department of Finance and Economics, Institute of Business Administration Karachi, Pakistan. Oberndorfer, U. (2009). Energy prices, volatility, and the stock market: Evidence from the Eurozone. Energy Policy, 37(12), 5787-5795. Oertmann, P., Rendu, C., & Zimmermann, H. (2000). Interest rate risk of European financial corporations. European Financial Management, 6, 459-478. Ojah, K., & Karemera. D. (1999). Random walks and market efficiency tests of Latin American emerging equity markets: A Revisit. The Financial Review, 34(1), 57-72. Okpara, G. C. (2010). Stock market prices and the random walk hypothesis: Further evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Economics and International Finance. Academic Journals, 2(3), 49-57. Osei, K. A. (2006). Macroeconomic factors and the Ghana stock market. African Finance Journal, 8(1), 26-37. Oskenbayev, Y., Yilmaz, M., & Chagirov, D. (2011). The impact of macroeconomic indicators on stock exchange performance in Kazakhstan. African Journal of Business Management, 5(7), 2985-2991. Ozcam, M. (1997). An analysis of the macroeconomic factors that determine stock return in Turkey. Capital Market Board of Turkey, 75. Ozer, G., & Ertokatli, C. (2010). Chaotic processes of common stock index Returns: An empirical examination on Istanbul stock exchange (ISE) market. African Journal of Business Management, 4(6), 1140-1148. Panetta, F. (2002). The stability of the relation between the stock market and macroeconomic forces. Review of Banking, Finance and monetary Economics, 31(3), 417-450. Papapetrou, E. (2001). Oil price shocks, stock market, economic activity and employment in Greece. Energy Economics, 23, 511-532. Paramiah, C. H., & Akway, O. A. (2008). Econometric Analysis of personal consumption expenditure in Ethopia.The Icfai University Press. Park, J. W. (2007). Oil price shocks and stock market behavior: Empirical evidence for the U.S. and European countries. Unpublished doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Graduate School, University of Missouri–Columbia, USA. Park, J., & Ratti, R. (2008). Oil price shocks and stock markets in the U.S. and 13 European countires. Energy Economics, 30, 2587-2608. Patra, T., & Poshakwale, S. (2006). Economic variables and stock market returns: Evidence from the Athens stock exchange. Applied Financial Economics, 16, 993-1005. Payne, J. E., & Sahu, A. P. (2004). Random walks, cointegration, and the transmission of shocks across global real estate and equity markets. The Journal of Economic and Finance, 28(2), 198-210. Phillips, P. C. B. (1987). Time series regression with a unit root. Econometrica, 55, 277-301. Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regressions. Biometrika, 75, 335-346. Pilinkus, D. (2010). Macroeconomic indicators and their impact on stock market performance in the short and long run: The case of the Baltic States, technological and economic development of Economy. Baltic Journal on Sustainability, 16, 291-304. Poon, S., & Taylor, J. S. (1991). Macroeconomic factors and the UK stock market. Journal of Business and Accounting, 18(5), 619-636. Priestley, R. (1996). The arbitrage pricing theory, macroeconomic and financial factors, and expectations generating processes. Journal of Banking and Finance. 20, 869-890. Rad, A. A. (2011). Macroeconomic variables and stock market: Evidence from Iran. International Journal of Economics and finance Studies, 3(1), 1309-8055. Rahman, A. R., Sidek, N. Z. M., & Tafri, F. H. (2009). Macroeconomic determinants of Malaysian stock market. African Journal of Business Management, 3(3), 095-106. Ralph, I. U., & Eriki, P. O. (2001). Inflation and stock price behavior: Evidence from Nigerian Stock Market. Journal of Financial Management & Analysis, XX 14(1), 1-10. Rao, D. N., & Shankaraiah, K. (2003). Stock market efficiency and strategies for developing GCC financial markets: A case study of the Bahrain stock market. The Arab Bank Review, 5(2), 16-21. Ratanapakorn, O., & Sharma, S. C. (2007). Dynamic analysis between the US stock returns and the macroeconomic variables. Applied Financial Economics, 17, 369-377. Roselee, S., & Fung, H. S. (2009). Does size really matter? A study of size effect and macroeconomic factors in Malaysia stock returns. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 24, 101-116. Ross, A. S. (1976). The arbitrage theory of capital market asset pricing. Journal of Economic Theory, 13, 341-360. Rotemberg, J. J., & Woodford, M. (1996). Imperfect competition and the effects of energy price increases on economic activity. Journal of Money, credit and banking 28(4), 549-577. Sadorsky, P. (1999). Oil price shocks and stock market activity. Energy Economics, 21, 449-469. Sadorsky, P. (2003). The macroeconomic determinants of technology stock price volatility. Review of Financial Economics, 12,191-205. Sadorsky, P. (2008). Assessing the impact of oil prices on firms of different sizes: Its tough being in the middle. Energy Policy, 36, 3854-3861. Saunders, E. M. (1994). Testing the efficient market hypothesis without assumptions. Journal of Portfolio Management, 20, 29-30. Schwert, G. W. (1989). Why does stock market volatility change over time?. Journal of Finance, 44, 1115-1151. Simpson, J., & Evans, N. (2003). Banking stock returns and their relation to interest rates and exchange rates: Australian evidence (Working Paper Series). Retrieved from Social Sciences Research Network. Sims, C. A. (1980).Macroeconomics and reality. Econometrica , 48, 1-48. Singh, T., Mehta, S., & Varsha, M. S. (2011). Macroeconomic factors and stock returns: Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2(4), 217-227. Spyrou, S. I. (2001). Stock returns and inflation: Evidence from an emerging market. Applied Economics Letters, 7(8), 447-450. Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (2006). Introduction to Econometrics. (2ed Ed.), Addison Wesley. Stock, J. S., & Watson, M. (1988). Variable trends in economic time series. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2(3), 147-174. Teresiene, D., Aarma, A., & Dubauskas, G. (2008). Relationship between stock market and macroeconomic volatility. Transformation in Business and Economics, 7(2), 102-114. Toda, H.Y., & Phillips P.C.B. (1994). Vector autoregression and causality. Econometrica, 59, 229-255. Tsoukalas, D. (2003). Macroeconomic factors and stock prices in the emerging Cypriot equity market. Managerial Finance, 29(4), 87-92. Tursoy, T., Gunsel, N., & Rjoub, H. (2008). Macroeconomic factors, the APT and the Istanbul stock market. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 22, 49-57. Tweneboah, A. A. M. (2008). Macroeconomic factors and stock market movement: Evidences from Ghana (MPRA Paper No.112556).Retrieved from University library of Munich, Germany. Vuyyuri, S. (2005). Relationship between real and financial variables in India: A cointegration analysis, accessed on November 20, 2008, [available at http://ssrn.com/abstract= 711541]. Wang, Z. (2010). The relationship between stock market volatility and macroeconomic volatility: Evidence from China. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 49, 154-160. Washburn, C. L., & Binkley, C. S. (1990). Informational efficiency of markets for stumpage. American Journal of Agriculture Economics, 75, 394-405. Wongbangpo, P., & Sharma, S. C. (2002). Stock market and macroeconomic fundamental dynamic interactions: ASEAN-5 countries. Journal of Asian Economics, 13(2), 27-51. World Economic Outlook Database. (2011). Yartey, C. A. (2008). The determinants of stock market development in emerging economies: Is South Africa different (Working Paper No. WP/08/32). Retrieved from International Monetary Fund. Yoruk, N. (2000). The test of financial assets pricing model and arbitrage pricing theory on Istanbul stock exchange. Istanbul Stock Exchange Publication. Yusoff, R. (2003). The link between monetary policy and stock Market behaviour: An empirical investigation on Malaysia 1977-2000. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Zhao, X. Q. (1999). Stock prices, inflation and output: Evidence from China. Applied Economics Letters, 6(8), 509-511.