Model Hubungan Antara Penyertaan, Komitmen Akademik dan Perkembangan Psikososial Pelajar Universiti

Higher education institutions are facing challenges in producing quality graduates who are not only academically sound, but also holistically well-developed, and ready to enter the job market immediately upon graduation. Therefore, studies focusing on the factors which might influence student psych...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Fauziah, Md Jaafar
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2013
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/3864/1/s91719.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3864/7/s91719.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.3864
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Awang Hashim, Rosna
Tengku Ariffin, Tengku Faekah
topic LB2300 Higher Education
spellingShingle LB2300 Higher Education
Fauziah, Md Jaafar
Model Hubungan Antara Penyertaan, Komitmen Akademik dan Perkembangan Psikososial Pelajar Universiti
description Higher education institutions are facing challenges in producing quality graduates who are not only academically sound, but also holistically well-developed, and ready to enter the job market immediately upon graduation. Therefore, studies focusing on the factors which might influence student psychosocial development processes in the context of the local university are highly relevant. Previous studies show inconsistent findings with regard to the contribution of student involvement towards their psychosocial development. Furthermore, past researchers had only examined the dimensions of psychosocial development in separate studies, rather than holistically in a single study. In this study, two prevalently used theories in the psychosocial field, namely Involvement Theory and Psychosocial Development Theory, were combined to form a mediation model to better explicate the relationship between student involvement and psychosocial development. The model mapped the contribution of each dimension of student involvement on academic commitment, and in turn, its impact on student psychosocial development. Using the survey research method, the study involved 347 undergraduates who gave feedback to a total of 86 items in the study questionnaire. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics, and model testing. Holistic evaluation of the model found that the proposed structural model fit the data. The findings showed that student involvement with peers influenced student psychosocial development both directly and indirectly; student involvement with the community influenced student psychosocial development directly; and student involvement with the academic staff significantly influenced students’ psychosocial development indirectly, i.e., through their commitment in academic-related activities. The study has provided empirical support for the combination of Involvement Theory and Psychosocial Development Theory in explaining how student involvement with other individuals could contribute towards enhancing the students’ psychosocial development. In practical terms, there should, in light of the findings, be more avenues provided for university students to carry out engaging activities on campus with their peers and the academic staff, as well as beyond the campus with the wider community.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Fauziah, Md Jaafar
author_facet Fauziah, Md Jaafar
author_sort Fauziah, Md Jaafar
title Model Hubungan Antara Penyertaan, Komitmen Akademik dan Perkembangan Psikososial Pelajar Universiti
title_short Model Hubungan Antara Penyertaan, Komitmen Akademik dan Perkembangan Psikososial Pelajar Universiti
title_full Model Hubungan Antara Penyertaan, Komitmen Akademik dan Perkembangan Psikososial Pelajar Universiti
title_fullStr Model Hubungan Antara Penyertaan, Komitmen Akademik dan Perkembangan Psikososial Pelajar Universiti
title_full_unstemmed Model Hubungan Antara Penyertaan, Komitmen Akademik dan Perkembangan Psikososial Pelajar Universiti
title_sort model hubungan antara penyertaan, komitmen akademik dan perkembangan psikososial pelajar universiti
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2013
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/3864/1/s91719.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3864/7/s91719.pdf
_version_ 1747827656921972736
spelling my-uum-etd.38642022-07-13T02:30:57Z Model Hubungan Antara Penyertaan, Komitmen Akademik dan Perkembangan Psikososial Pelajar Universiti 2013 Fauziah, Md Jaafar Awang Hashim, Rosna Tengku Ariffin, Tengku Faekah Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences LB2300 Higher Education Higher education institutions are facing challenges in producing quality graduates who are not only academically sound, but also holistically well-developed, and ready to enter the job market immediately upon graduation. Therefore, studies focusing on the factors which might influence student psychosocial development processes in the context of the local university are highly relevant. Previous studies show inconsistent findings with regard to the contribution of student involvement towards their psychosocial development. Furthermore, past researchers had only examined the dimensions of psychosocial development in separate studies, rather than holistically in a single study. In this study, two prevalently used theories in the psychosocial field, namely Involvement Theory and Psychosocial Development Theory, were combined to form a mediation model to better explicate the relationship between student involvement and psychosocial development. The model mapped the contribution of each dimension of student involvement on academic commitment, and in turn, its impact on student psychosocial development. Using the survey research method, the study involved 347 undergraduates who gave feedback to a total of 86 items in the study questionnaire. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics, and model testing. Holistic evaluation of the model found that the proposed structural model fit the data. The findings showed that student involvement with peers influenced student psychosocial development both directly and indirectly; student involvement with the community influenced student psychosocial development directly; and student involvement with the academic staff significantly influenced students’ psychosocial development indirectly, i.e., through their commitment in academic-related activities. The study has provided empirical support for the combination of Involvement Theory and Psychosocial Development Theory in explaining how student involvement with other individuals could contribute towards enhancing the students’ psychosocial development. In practical terms, there should, in light of the findings, be more avenues provided for university students to carry out engaging activities on campus with their peers and the academic staff, as well as beyond the campus with the wider community. 2013 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3864/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3864/1/s91719.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/3864/7/s91719.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Ahmad Sabri Mohd Yazid & Marzuki Ngah. (2002). Rasional pengajaran kemahiran berfikir secara kritis dan kreatif serta hubungannya dengan kemahiran proses sains. Jurnal Akademik Maktab Perguruan Kuala Terengganu, 13, 104–117. Ahmad Mahdzan Ayob. (2005).Kaedah Penyelidikan Sosioekonomi edisi ketiga. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Allen, W. R. (1986). Gender and campus differences in Black student academic performance, racial attitudes, and college satisfaction. Atlanta, GA: Southern Education Foundation. Ang Chooi Leng, Engku Muhammad Nazri Engku Abu Bakar & Zahayu Md Yusof. (2005). Career development strategies among uum graduate employees. In Abd. Rahim Abd Rashid, Suffean Hussin & Abu Talib Putih. (2005) Career development and unemployment problems in Malaysia: Crisis of Education and Training. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn Bhd. Amnah Zanariah Abd. Razak & Norzaini Azman. (2012). Stail berfikir dan stail pembelajaran pelajar jururawat: Satu kajian kes di kolej jururawat. Asean Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 4(1), 14-31. Angrist, Joshua, D. & Kevin Lang (2004). Does school integration generate peer effects? Evidence from Boston’s Metco Program. American Economic Review, 94(5). 1613-34. Arcidiacono, P., & Nicholson, S. (2005). Peer effects in medical school. Journal of Public Economics, 89, 327-350. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Razaveih, A. (2002) Introduction to research in education (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Astin, A. W. (1999). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Development, Vol 40 (5), 518-529. Astin, A.W. (1993). What mattersin college: Four critical years revisited. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Astin, A. W. (1988). Achieving educational excellence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Astin, A.W. (1985). Achieving educational excellence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Astin, A. W. (1984) . Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Development, 25, 297- 308. Astin, A. W. (1977)Four critical years. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Baker, R., McNeil, O. & Siryk, B. (1985). Expectations and reality in freshman adjustment to college, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 94-103. Bandalos, (2002). The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structual Equation Modeling, 9(1), 78-102. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D., A. (1998). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological reserch: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology , 51(6), 1173-1182. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107 (238-246). Blum, R. W., & Libbey, H.P. (Eds.). (2004). School connectedness: strengthening health and education outcomes for teenagers (special issue). Journal of School Health, 74(7). Boomsma, A., & Hoogland, J. J. (2001). The robustness of LISREL modeling revisited. In R. Cudeck, S. Du Toit & D. Sorbom (Eds.). Structural equation models: Present and future. A Festschrift in honor of Karl Joreskog (pp. 139-168). Loncolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International. Boud, D., Cohen, R. & Sampson, J. (1999). Peer learning and assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 24(4): 413-426. Bradley, C., Kish, K.A., Krudwig, A. M., Williams, T., & Wooden, O. S. (2002). Predicting faculty-student interaction: An analysis of new student expectations. Journal of the Indiana University Student Personnel Association, 72-85. Braxton, J. M., & Brier, E. M. (1989). Melding organizational and Interactional theories of student attrition. Review of Higher Education, 13, 47-61. Braxton, J. M., & Lien, L. A. (2000). The viability of academic integration as a central construct in Tinto’s interactionalist theory of college student departure. In Braxton (Ed.), Reworking the departure puzzle. Nashville: vanderbilt University Press. Bridgstock, R. (2009). The graduate attributes we’ve overlooked: Enhancing graduate employability through career management skills. Higher Education Research and Development, 28(1), 31-44. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back- translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York: The Guilford Press. Brown, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Eds.). Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Byer, J. L. (1998). Fraternity members’ perceptionsof how involvement in a fraternity and in student government has influenced their college experience. Educational Resource Information Center Benjamin, M. (1985) Toward a theory of student satissfaction: an exploratory study of the quality of student life, Journal of College Student Development, 36, 574-586. Bryne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, application, and programming (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Burt, J. M., & Harpin, G. (1998). The African American identity development: A review Of the literature. http.//www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ sevlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED428 303. Chai Lee Goi & Christine Siik Hung Lau . (2010). Graduates’ employment: The value of Curtin University of Technology Sarawak’s graduates. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2 (1) , 127-132. Chickering, A. W.(1969). Education and Identity. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Chickering, A. W. & Gamson, Z. F. (1987). Seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education. AAHE Bulletin, 39(7), 3-7. Chickering, A. W. & Gamson, Z. F. (1991). Development and adaptatation of the seven Principles for good practice in undergraduate education. Direction for Teaching and Learning, 80, 75-81. Chickering, A.W.(1981). The modern American College: Responding to the new realities of diverse students and a changing society. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity (2 ed). San Farancisco: Jossey-Bass. Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarch, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. Dlm. I.G., Sarason & B. R., Sarason, (Editor). Social support: Theory,research, & application (73-94). Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Cooper, D. L., Healy, M. A., & Simson, J. (1994). Student development through involvement: Specific Changes over time. Journal of College Student Development, 35,98-102. Costello, J.J., & English, R.W. (2001). The psychosocial development of college students with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Postsecondary Educaton and Disability, Vol 5(1), 16-27. Cox, S., & King, D. (2006). Skill sets: an approach to embed employability in course design. Education Training, 48(4), 262-274. D. Creamer & Associates, College student development: Theory and practice for the 1990s (pp. 27-79). Alexandria, VA: American College Personnal Association. Docey, A., & Travers, D. (1996). Human Development: Across The Lifespan. Masison, WI: Brown & Benchmark. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York : Norton. Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York : Norton. (Original work published 1959). Erwin, T. & Kelly, K. (1985). Changes in students’ self confidence in college. Journal of college student Personnel, 26(5), 395-400. Erwin, T. & Love, W. (1989). Selected enviromental factors in student development. NASPA Journal, 17: 19-24. Evans, N. J.(1996). Theories of student development. In S. R. Komives, D.B., Woodard Jr., & Associates, Student services: A handbook for the profession (3rd ed., pp. 164-187) San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Evans, N. J., Forney, D. S., & DiBrito, F. G. (1998). Student development in college: Theory, research and practice. John Wiley & Sons: Jossey-Bass. Feldman, K. A. , & Newcomb, T. M. (1969). The impact of college on students. 2 vols. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Fleming, J. (1984). Blacks in college: A comparative study of students’ success in black and white institutions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Foubert, J. D., & Grainger, L. U. (2006). Effects of involvement in clubs and organizations on the psychosocial development of first year and senior college students. NASPA Journal, Vol 43 (1). Fox, S. N., Spooner, S. E., Ulterback, J. W., & Barbieri, J. A. (1996). Relationships between autonomy, gender and weekend commuting among college students. NASPA Journal, 34 (1), 19-28. Greeley, A. T., & Tinsley, H. E. A. (1988). Autonomy and intimacy development in college students: Sex differences and predictors. Journal of College Student Development, 29, 512-590. Giesbrecht, N. (1998). Gender patterns of psychosocial development. Sex Roles, 39(5), 463-478. Graunke, S. S. & Woosley, S. A. (2005). An exploration of the factors that affect the academic success of college sophomores. College Student Journal, 39 (2), 367- 376. Habibah Elias (1997). Psikologi Personaliti. Kuala Lumpur. Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka. Hafeez Ullah & Wilson, M. A.(2007).Students’ akademic sucess and its association to student involvement with learning and relationships with faculty and peers. Journal of College Student. Hair, J. F. Jr. Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. Anderson, R. E. and Tatham, R. L.( 2006). Multivariate data analysis. 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Handelsman, M. M, Briggs, W. L., Sullivan, N., & Towler, A. (2005). A measure of college student course engagement. The Journal of Educational Research, 98(3), 184-191. Hanushek, E. A., Kain, J. F., markman, J.M., & Rivkin, S.G. (2003). Does peer ability affect student achievement. Journal of Applied Econometrics , 18(5), 527-544. Harper, S. R., Carini, R. M., Bridges, B. K., & Hayek, J. C. (2004). Gender differences in student engagement among African American undergraduates at historically black colleges and universities. Journal of College Student Development, 45 (3), 271-284. Heath, D. (1968). Growing up in college. In Evans, N. J., Forney, D. S., & DiBrito, F.G. (1998). Student development in college: Theory, Research,and practice. Wiley: Jossey-Bass. Herzog, W., Boomsma, A., & Reineche, S. (2007). The model size effect on traditional and modified tests of covariance structures. Structural Equation Modelling: A Multi- disciplinary Journal, 14(3). Hinkle, D., Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S. G. (2003). Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences (5th ed.). Wilmington: Houghton Mifflin College. Hodgson,Y.& Young, R. (2008). Peer and self assessment of peer led tutorials to promote student engagement. Nursing and Health Sciences Journal. 1-2. Hood, A. (1986). The lowa student development inventories. Lowa City, lowa: Hitech Press. Hood, A. (1984). Student development: Does participation affect growth? ACUI Bulletin, 52, 16-19. Hoxby, C. (2000). Peer effects in the classroom: Learning from the gender and race variation. Department of Economics. Havard University Cambridge. Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. Hunt, S. & Rentz, A. L. (1994). Greek-letter social group members' involvement and psychosocial development. Journal of College Student Development, 35, 289-295. Institut Penyelidikan Pendidikan Tinggi Negara (IPPTN) (2003). Masalah Pengangguran di kalangan siswazah. http://www.usm.my/ipptn/fileup/pengangguran. Jamaludin Badusah, Rosna Awang Hashim, Mohd Majid Konting, Turiman Suandi, Maria Salih, & Norhafezah Yusof (2009). Pembangunan pelajar memperkasakan kokurikulum institut pengajian tinggi. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia. John, O.P. & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Measurement, scale construction, and reliability. In H.T. Reis and C.M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 339-369). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Kegan, R. (1982). The evolving self: Problem and process in human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Kline. R.B. (2005). Principles and practice in structural equation modeling (2nded.). New York: The Guilford Press. Knefelkamp, L. L., Parker, C.A., & Widick, C. (1978).Roy Heath’s model of personality typologies. In Knefelkamp, L. L., Parker, C. A., & Widick, C. (Eds), Applying new developmental findings (New Directions for Student Services, no. 4, pp. 93–105). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. Kuh, G. D. (1995). The other curriculum: Out of class experiences associated with student learning and personal development. Journal of Higher Education, 66, 123-155. Kuh, G.D., Palmer, M. and Kish, K. (2003). The value of educationally purposeful outof-class experiences. In: Skipper, T.L. and Argo, R. (eds.) Involvement in Campus Activities and the Retention of First Year College Students . The First-Year Monograph Series No 36. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First Year Experience and Students in Transition, pp. 19–34. Kuh, G.D. (2003). What we’re learning about student enggament from NSSE, Change, 35 (2), 24-33. Kuh, G. D., & Hu, S. (2001). The effects of student-faculty interaction in the 1990s. The Review of Higher Education, 24(3), 309- 332. Kuh, G.D. (1994) Student Learning Outside the Classroom: Transcending Artificial Boundaries. Washington DC: Office of Educational Research & Improvement. Kuh, G.D., Laird, N. L. F., & Umbach, P. D. (2004). Aligning faculty activities and student behavior: Realizing the promise of greater expectations. Liberal Education 40(4) : 24-31. Lau, L. K. (2003). Institutional factors affecting student retention. Journal of Higher Education, 124(1), 126- 136. Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2008). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Lefgren, L. (2004). Educational peer effects and the Chicago Public schools. Journal of Urban Economics, 56, 169-191. Lien, L. A. (2002). The role of social integ ration in students’ psychosocial development. PhD Thesis, University of Vanderbilt, Tennessee. Lippman, L., Atienza, A., Rivers,A. & Keith, J.( 2008). A developmental perspective on college & workplace readiness.Washington: Child Trends and the Bil and Malinda Gates Foudation. Lizzio, A. and Wilson, K. (2006). First year students’ perception of capability. Research in Higher Education. Volume 29, Pp 109-126. Lufi, D., Parish-Plass, & Cohen, A. (2003). Persistence in higher education and its relatonship to other personality variables. College Student Journal 37(1), 50-59. Machado, C., Almeida, L.S. & Soares,A.P.C.(2002). Academic experience at the beginning and the end of university studies. European Journal of Education, 37(4). Marcoulides, G. A., & Heck, R. H. (2005). Student perceptions of school culture and achievement: testing the invariance of a model. International Journal of Educational Management, 19(2), pp.140–152. Maria Chong Abdullah, Habibah Elias, Rahil Mahyuddin & Jegak Uli ( 2009). Adjustment Amongst First Year Students in Malaysian University. European Journal of Social sciences, Vol 4(3). Martin, L. M.,(2000). The relationship of college experiences to psychosocial outcomes in students. Journal of College Student Development, 41, 294-303. McKenzie, K. & Schwitzer, R. (2001).Who succeed at university? Factors predicting academic performance in first year Australian university students. Higher Education Research and Development, 20(1). Milem, Jeffrey, F., Berger, Joseph, B. (1997). Amodified model of college student persistence: Exploring the relatioanship between Astin’s theory of involvement and Tinto’s theory of student departure. Journal of College Student Development, 38(4), 387-400. Miller, T. K., & Prince, J. S. (1976). The future of student affairs: A guide to student development for tomorrow’s higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Montelongo, R. (2002) Student participation in college student organizations: A review of literature. Journal of the Indiana University Student personnel Association. Mooijaart, A., & Bentler, P.M. (2010). An alternative approach for nonlinear latent variable models. Structural Equation Modeling, 17, 357-373. Mooijaart, A. & A. Satorra (2009). On insensitivity of the chi-square model test to nonlinear misspeci_cation in structural equation models. Psy-chometrika, 74, 443-455. Moore, L. V., & Uperaft, M. L. (1990). Theory in student affairs: Evolving perspectives. In L. V. Moore (Ed.), New Directions for Student Services, 51, 3-23. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Muhammad Abdul Mannan . (2007).an assessment of the academic and social integration as perceived by the students in the University of Papua New Guinea. Journal Higher Education, Vol 53 (2). Newcomb, T. M., & Wilson, E. K. (Eds).(1969). College peer groups:Problems and prospects for research. Chicago: Aldine. Niles, S. G., Sowa, C. J., & Laden, J. (1994). Life role participation and commitment as predictors of college student development. Journal of College Student development , 35, 159-163. Norzaini Azman, Manisah Mohd Ali, Abdul Halim Tamuri, & Zalizan Mohd Jelas. (2005). Effective higher education practices – A survey of student engagement. Malaysian Journal of Learning & Instruction, 2, 95-119. NSSE 2001 National Report. (2001). Improving the college experience: National benchmarks of effective educational practice. Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Researh. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Ory, J., & Braskamp, L.(1988) Involvement and growth of students in three academic programs. Research in Higher Education, 28, 116–129. Parker, J. D. A., Summerfeldt,L.J., Hogan, M.J., & Majeski, S.A. (2004). Emotional Intelligence and academic success: examining the transition from high school to university. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(1), 163-173. Parsley, K., & Corcoran, C. (2003). The classroom teacher’s role in preventing school failure. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 39, 84-87. Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects Students (Volume 2): A third decade of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Pascarella, E. T., Edison, M., Whitt, E. J., Nora, A., Hagedorn, L. S., and Terenzini, P. T. (1996)College Effects of Greek Affiliation During the First Year of College. NASPA Journal, 33(4), 242- 259. Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1991). How college affects students: Findings and insights from twenty years of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Pascarella, E. T.(1980). Student –faculty informal contact and college outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 50(4), 545-595. Pascarella, E. T. & Terenzini, P. T. (1979). International effects in Spady and Tinto’s conceptual models of college Attrition.Vol. 52(2), 197-210 http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2112401. Piaget, J. S.(1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press. Pike, G.R. (2000). The influence of fraternity or sorority membership on students’ college experience and cognitive development. Research in Higher Education 41(1): 111-139. Rasimah Ariffin, Rita Rohaizad Sohari, Umiatun Puziah Yeop & Mazura Anuar. (2008). Students learning styles and academic performance. (2008). 22nd Annual SAS Malaysia Forum. Kuala Lumpur Convention Center. Raybould, J., & Sheedy, V. (2005). Are graduates equipped with the right skills in the employability stakes? Industrial and Commercial Training, 37(5), 259-263. Rodgers, R. F. (1990b) . Recent theories and research underlying student development. In Evans, N. J., Forney, D. S., & DiBrito, F. G. (1998).Student development in college: Theory, Research, and practice. Wiley: Jossey-Bass. Russel, R. K., & Petrie, T. A., (1992). Academic adjusment of college students: assessment and counselling. In Brown,S.D. & Lent, R.W. (Eds) . Handbook of Counseling Psychology (2nd ed). New York: John Wiley & sons. Russell, Barbara and Slater, Gloria R L, Factors that Encourage Student Engagement: Insights from a Case Study of ‘First Time’ Students in a New Zealand University., Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 8(1), 2011.http://ro.uow.edu.au/jutlp/vol8/iss1/7. Sacerdote, B. (2001). Peer effects with randoom assignment: results for dartmouth roommates. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(2), 681-704. Saddler, T. N., & Strayhorn, T. L. (2009). Gender differences in the influence of faculty- student mentoring relationships on satisfaction with college among African Americans. Journal of African and american studies, 13 (4), 476-493. Sanford, N. (1967). Where colleges fail: A study of the student as a person. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Sax, L. J., Bryant, A. N., & Harper , C. E. ( 2009). The differential effects of studentfaculty interaction on college outcomes for women and men. Journal of College Student Development, 46 (6), 642-659. Sciarra, D. T., & Seirup, H. J. (2008). The Multidimensionality of school engagement and math achievement among racial groups. Professional School Counseling, 11(4): 218-228. Scott, A.B. & Ciani, K. D. (2008). Effects of an undergraduate career class on men’s and women’s career decision making self efficacy and vacational identity. Journal of Career Development, 34 (3), 263-285. Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modelling. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Schreiner, L. A., & Anderson, E. (2005). Strengths-based advising: A new lens for higher education. NACADA Journal,, 25(2), 20-29. Silins, H., & Mulford, B. (2002). School as learning organisation: The case of system, teacher and student learning. Journal of Educational Admistration, 40(5) , 425-446. Smith, M. L. & Glass, G.V. (1987). Research and evaluation in education and the social sciences. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Smith, T., & Renk, K. (2007). Predictors of academic related stress in college students: An examination of coping, social support, parenting and anxiety. NASPA Journal, 44(3), 405-431. Sowa, C. J., & Gressard, C. F. (1983). Athletic participation: Its relationship to student development: Journal of College Student Development, 24, 236-239. Springer, L., Stanne, M., & Donovan, S. (1999). Effects of small group learning on undergraduates in science, mathematics, engineering, and techonology: A metaanalysis. Review of Educational Research , 69, 21-51. Stakenas, R. (1972). Student-faculty contact and attitude change: Results of an experimental program for college freshmen. Dalam K Feldman (Ed.), College and student: Selected readings in the social psychology of higher education. New York: Pergamon Press. Stanford, S. W. (1992). Extracurricular involvement and development among undergraduate student leaders. College Student Affair Journal, 12(1), 17-24. Stinebrickner, R., dan Stinebrickner , T. (2006). What can be learned about peer effects using college roommates? Evidence from new survey data and students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Journal of Public Economics, 90, 1435-1454. Strange, C. C. (1994). Student development: The evolution and status of an essential idea. Journal of College Student Development, 35, 399–412. Strapp, C. M., dan Farr, R.J. (2010). To get involved or not: The relation among extracurricular involvement, satisfactio, and academic achievement. Teaching of Psychology, 37, 50-54. Strauss, L. C. dan Terenzini, P. T. (2007). The effects of students in and out of class experiences on their analytical and group skills: A study of engineering education. Research in Higher Education, 48(8), 967-992. Strayhorn, T. L., & Saddler, T. N. (2009). Gender differences in the influence of faculty-student mentoring relationships on satisfaction with college among African Americans. Journal of African American Studies, 13(4), 476-493. Sunday, A. (2010). The relationship between student’s participaation in school based exracurricular activities and their achievementin physics, department of science and technology education, university of Lagos, Lagos, Negeria. International Journal Of Science And Technolgy. Super, D. E., & Nevill, D. D. (1988). Career maturity and commitment to work in university students. Journal of Vacational Behavior, 32(2), 139-151. Sussman, S. , Unger, J. B, & Dent, C. W. (2004). Peer groups self identification among alternative high school youth: A predictor of their psychosocial functioning five years later. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 4(1), 9-25. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Terenzini, P. T., Springer, L., Yaeger, P. M., Pascarella, E. T., & Nora, A. (1996). First generation college students characteristics, experiences and cognitive development. Research in Higher Education, 37, 1-22. Thomas, L. (2002). Student retention in higher education: The role of institutional habits. Journal Of Education Policy. 17(4), 423-432. Thomas, R., & Chickering, A. (1984). Education and Identity Revisited. The Journal of College Student Personnel, 25: 392-399. Tinto, V. (1975) . Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45, 89-125. Tinto, V. (1987). Leaving college: Rethinking the cause and cures of student attrition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Tinto, V.(1993). Leaving college: Rethinking the couses and cures of student attribution (Edisi ke 2). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Tinto, V. (1996). Reconstructing the first year of college. Planning for Higher Education, 25(1), 1-6. Trevathan,V. L. (2002). A Profile of psychosocial, learning Style, family and academic self efficacy characteristics of the transition program students at North Carolina State University. PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University. Umbach, P. D., & Wawrzynski, M. R. (2005). Faculty do matter: The role of college faculty in student learning and engagement. Research in Higher Education. 46(2), 153-184. Ulterback, J. W., Spooner, S. E., Barbieri, J. A., & Fox, S. N.(1995). Gender and ethnic issues in the developmment of intimacy among college students. NASPA Journal, 32 (2), 82-89. Wachs, P. M., & Cooper,D.L. (2002). Validating the Student Developmental Task and Lifestyle Assessment: a longitudinal study. Journal of College Student Development, 43(1), 124- 129. Williams, M., & Winston, R. B. (1985). Participation in organized student activities and work: Differences in developmental task achievement of traditional aged college students. NASPA Journal, 22 (3), 52-59. Winston, R. B. (1990). The SDTLI: An approach to measuring students’ Psychosocial development. Journal of College Student Development, 31, 108-120. Winston, R. B., Jr., & Miller, T.K. (1987). Student Developmental Task and Lifestyle Inventory manual. Athens, GA: Student Development Associates. Winston, R. B., Miller, T. K., & Prince, J. (1987). Student Development Task and Lifestyle Inventory. Athens, GA: Student Development Associates. Winston, R. B., Miller, T. K., & Cooper, D. L. (1999). Student Development Task and Lifestyle Assessment. Athens, GA: Student Development Associates. Woolfolk, A. (2007). Educational Psychology (10th Ed). Boston: Pearson Education. Woolley, M.E,. Kol, K. L., & Bowen, G. L. (2009). The social context of school success for latino middle school students: direct and indirect influences of teachers, family, and friends. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, 43-70. Wolf-Wendel, L., Ward, K., & Kinzie, J. (2009). A tangled web of terms; The overlap and unique contribution of involvement, engagement, and integration to understanding college student success. Journal of College Student Development, 30(4), 407-428. Zalizan Mohd Jelas, Saemah Rahman, Roselan Baki dan Jamil Ahmad. (2005). Prestasi akademik mengikut gender. Journal Pendidikan, 30, 93-111. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Zimmer, R. W., & Toma, E.F. (2000). Peer effects and educational vouchers: evidence across countries. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 19(1), 75-79.