Cultural adjustment of international students as expatriates in Malaysia

Expatriates and anyone who goes out of him country where the culture and the environment are different are likely to face culture shock that can affect the performance of the person. This study was carried out in order to find out the type of culture shock faced by international students in Malaysia...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Mohamed, Abdullahi Mohamed
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2014
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/4223/1/s812465.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/4223/2/s812465_abstract.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.4223
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Zakaria, Norhayati
topic LB2300 Higher Education
spellingShingle LB2300 Higher Education
Mohamed, Abdullahi Mohamed
Cultural adjustment of international students as expatriates in Malaysia
description Expatriates and anyone who goes out of him country where the culture and the environment are different are likely to face culture shock that can affect the performance of the person. This study was carried out in order to find out the type of culture shock faced by international students in Malaysia, the way they adjust the challenges and strategies they use to adapt the host country’ culture. Face to face in-depth interview was conducted with twenty five international students who are currently registered as student in some of the Malaysia’s public universities; the students come from seventeen different countries around the world. The collected data is analysed through qualitative content analyses method. The findings of the study illustrate the type of culture shock faced by international students in Malaysia, the strategies they use to adjust culture shock issues. The study found that the common culture shock that international students in Malaysia face are, language, food, weather and integration with local people.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Mohamed, Abdullahi Mohamed
author_facet Mohamed, Abdullahi Mohamed
author_sort Mohamed, Abdullahi Mohamed
title Cultural adjustment of international students as expatriates in Malaysia
title_short Cultural adjustment of international students as expatriates in Malaysia
title_full Cultural adjustment of international students as expatriates in Malaysia
title_fullStr Cultural adjustment of international students as expatriates in Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed Cultural adjustment of international students as expatriates in Malaysia
title_sort cultural adjustment of international students as expatriates in malaysia
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government
publishDate 2014
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/4223/1/s812465.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/4223/2/s812465_abstract.pdf
_version_ 1747827702820241408
spelling my-uum-etd.42232022-06-02T03:25:56Z Cultural adjustment of international students as expatriates in Malaysia 2014 Mohamed, Abdullahi Mohamed Zakaria, Norhayati Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government LB2300 Higher Education Expatriates and anyone who goes out of him country where the culture and the environment are different are likely to face culture shock that can affect the performance of the person. This study was carried out in order to find out the type of culture shock faced by international students in Malaysia, the way they adjust the challenges and strategies they use to adapt the host country’ culture. Face to face in-depth interview was conducted with twenty five international students who are currently registered as student in some of the Malaysia’s public universities; the students come from seventeen different countries around the world. The collected data is analysed through qualitative content analyses method. The findings of the study illustrate the type of culture shock faced by international students in Malaysia, the strategies they use to adjust culture shock issues. The study found that the common culture shock that international students in Malaysia face are, language, food, weather and integration with local people. 2014 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/4223/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/4223/1/s812465.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/4223/2/s812465_abstract.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Adler, N. (1997) International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior. 3rd ed. Ohio: South-Western College Publishing. Adler, N. (2008) International dimensions of organizational behavior. Mason, OH: Thomson-South-western. Adler, P.S. (1975). The transitional experience: An alternative view of culture shock. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 15(4):13-23. Aldous, H. (1884-1963). A Memorial Volume, ed. Julian Huxley (New York: Harper & Row (1965) p. 149. Ang, P. L. D. & Liamputtong, P. (2007). "Out of the circle": Reflection on conducting research into the views of international students from mainland China towards the use of university counselling services. Journal of Australian and New Zealand Student Services Association, 30, 6-26. Aycan, Z. (1997). Expatriate adjustment as a multifaceted phenomenon: individual & organizational level predictors. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(4), 434-456. Babbie, E. (1998) Survey Research Methods (2nd ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth. Ch. 18. Newman, W. L. (2003). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (5th ed.). Boston: A&B. Ch. 16. Bama, L.M. (1983). The stress factor in intercultural relations. In D. Landis and R.W. Brislin (eds.), Handbook of Intercultural Training, Volume 1I. New York: Pergamon. Bandura, A. (1977) Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bartlett, C. A. & Ghoshal, S. (2003). What is a global manager? Harvard Business Review, 81(8), 45-51. Bennet, R., Aston, A. & Colquhoun, T. (2000). Cross-cultural training: A critical step in ensuring the success of international assignments. Human Resource Management, 39, 239-250. Bennett, M.J. (1998). Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication: Selected Readings, Intercultural Press, Yarmouth, ME. Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In A. Padilla (Ed.), Acculturation: Theory, models and findings (pp. 9–25). Boulder: West view. Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T. & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21, 491-511. Berry, J.W. (1992). Acculturation and adaptation in a new society. International Migration. 30. 69-85. Berry. J.W. (1980). Social and cultural change. In H.C. Triandis & R. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cirlrural ps),chology, Vol. 5. Social (pp.211-279). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Black, J.S. (1988). “Work role transitions: a study of American expatriate managers in Japan”, Journal of International Business Studies, Summer, pp. 277-94. Black, J.S. & Gregersen, H.B (1999). The right way to manage expatriates. Harvard Business Review, 77, 52-63. Black, J.S. & Stephens, G.K. (1989). The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15, 529–544. Black, J.S. (1998). Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19, 277-294. Black, J.S., Mendenhall, M.E., (1990). Cross-Cultural effectiveness: A review and theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, 15, 113-136. Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (1982). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, Inc. Caligiuri, Paula; Lazarova, Mila; Tarique, Ibraiz. (2005) Training, learning, and development in multinational organizations. In Hugh Scullion & Margaret Linehan (Eds.), International human resources management: A critical text (pp. 71-90). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Chew, J. (2004). Managing MNC expatriates through crises: A challenge for international human resource management. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 12(2): 1–30. Constantine, M.G., Okazaki,S.,& Utsey,S.O. (2004). Self- concealment, social selfefficacy, acculturative stress, and depression in African, Asian, and Latin American international college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 230-241. Creswell, J. (1994). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approachs. Los Angeles. Crocitto, M., Sullivan, S., & Carraher, S. (2005). Global mentoring as a means of career development and knowledge creation: A learning based framework and agenda for future research. Career Development International, 10(6/7). Feldman, D., & Thomas, D. (1992). Career management issues facing expatriates. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2), 271–293. Gabel, R. S., Dolan, S. L. & Cerdin, J. L. (2005). Emotional Intelligence as predictor of cultural adjustments for success in global assignments. Career Development International, 10 (5), 375-395. Geertz, Clifford, Religion as a cultural system. In: The interpretation of cultures: selected essays, Geertz, Clifford, pp.87-125. Fontana Press, (1993). Hall, E.T. (1976). Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday. Harzing, A.W.K. (1995). “The persistent Myth of High Expatriate Failure Rates”, The international journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 457-475. Hayes, A. F., & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1, 77-89. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Workrelated Values. London: Sage Publications. Huang, T.J., Chi, S.C., & Lawler, J.J. (2005). The relationship between expatriate’s personality traits and their adjustment to international assignments. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 1656-1670. Javidan, M., & House, R. J. (2001). Cultural acumen for the global manager: Lessons from project GLOBE. Organizational Dynamics, 29, 289-305. Johnston, R. (1963). New approach to the meaning of assimilation. American Anthropologist, 69, 306-321. Kahn, Robert L., & Charles F. Cannell. (1957). The Dynamics of Interviewing: Theory, Technique, and Cases. Kamoche, K. (2000). Developing managers: The functional, the symbolic, the sacred, and the profane. Organization Studies, 21(4), 747-774. Kerlinger, F.N. (1986) Foundations of Behavioural Research, 3rd edn, Holt Rinehart & Winston. Kim, Y.Y., & Ruben, B.D. (1988). Intercultural transformation: A systems theory. In Y.Y. Kim & W.B. Gudykunst (Eds.) Theories in intercultural communication, (pp.299-321). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Kim, Y.Y. (1979). Toward an interactive theory of communicationacculturation. Communication Yearbook. 3, 435-453. Klopf, D.W. (1995). Intercultural Encounters: The Fundamentals of Intercultural Communication (3rd Edn.). Englewood, CO: Morton Publishing Company. Kothari, C.R. (1985). Research Methodology-Methods and Techniques, New Delhi, Wiley Eastern Limited. Kottack, C. P. (2005). Windows on Humanity, pp. 209, 423. McGraw Hill, New York. Kroeber, A.L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952) Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Harvard University Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Papers 47. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York, NY: Springer. Lin, J. G., & Yi, J. K. (1997). Asian international students’ adjustment: Issues and program suggestions. College Student Journal, 31(4),473-485. Lincoln, Y. S. & Cannella, G. S. (2004a) Dangerous discourses, methodological conservatism and governmental regimes of truth, Qualitative Inquiry, 10(1), 5–14. Linton, R (1945). The Cultural Background of Personality. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Lueke, S. B., & Svyantek, D. J. (2000). Organizational socialization in the host country: The missing link in reducing expatriate turnover. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 8(4), 380-400. Lynch, E. W. (1992). From culture shock to cultural learning. In E. W. Lynch & M. J. Hanson (Eds.), Developing cross-cultural competence: A guide for working with young children and their families (pp. 19–34). Baltimore: Paul H. Brooke. Lysgaard, S. (1955). “Adjustment in a Foreign Society: Norwegian Fulbright Grantees Visiting the United States.” International Social Science Bulletin 7: 45–51. Marx, E. (1999). Breaking through culture shock. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. McLachlan, D.A., Justice, J. (2009), "A grounded theory of international student well-being", Journal of Theory Construction and Testing, Vol. 13 No.1, pp.27-32. Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G.R. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 39-47. Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Mertler, C. A. (2006). Action research: Teachers as researchers in the classroom. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mezias, J. M. & Scandura, T. A. (2005). A needs-driven approach to expatriate adjustment and career development: A multiple mentoring perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(5), 519-538. Minichiello, V. & Kottler, J. A. (2010a). An overview of the qualitative journey: Reviewing basic concepts. In V. Minichiello & J.A. Kottler (Eds.), Qualitative journeys: Student and mentor experiences with research (pp. 11–31). Mulholland, J. (1991). The Language of Negotiation. London: Routledge. Noe, R.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Gerhart, B. & Wright, P.M. (2006). Human Resource Management: Gaining A Competitive Advantage. O’Guinn, T. C., Imperia, G., & MacAdams, E. A. (1987). Acculturation and perceived family decision making input among Mexican-American wives. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 78-92. Oberg, K. (1960). "Culture shock: adjustment to new cultural environments". Practical Anthropology, 7, 177-182. Ownbey, S. F. & Horridge, P. E. (1997). Acculturation Levels and Shopping Orientations of Asian-American Consumers. Psychology & Marketing, 14(1), 1-18. Pantelidou, S. & Craig, T.K.J. ( 2006). Culture shock and social support. A survey in Greek migrant students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 777-781. Paul, E. Green, Donald S. Tull, Gerald A. (1996). Research for Marketing Decisions, Fifth Edition, Prince Hall, New Delhi. Pedersen, P. (1995). The Five Stages of Culture Shock: Critical Incidents around the World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Peltokorpi, V., & Froese, F. J. (2009). Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: Who adjusts better to work and life in Japan? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(5), 1096-1112. Pope, C., & Mays, N. (1995). Qualitative research: Reaching the parts other methods cannot reach: An introduction to qualitative methods in health and health services research. Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M.J. (1936). Memorandum for the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38, 149-152. Richardson, J. & McKenna, S. (2001). Leaving and experiencing: why academics expatriate and how they experience expatriation. Career Development International, 7(2), 67-78. Rossman, G. B. & Rallis, S. F. (1998). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research. Sam, D. L. (2000). Psychological adaptation of adolescents with immigrant backgrounds. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 5-25. Sam, D.L. & Berry, J.W. (2006). Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Searle, W. & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 449-464. Sinha, D. & D.P.S. Bhawuk (Eds.), Asian contributions to cross-cultural psychology (pp. 289-306). New Delhi, India: Sage. Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Culturally Speaking. Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory. 2nd edition. London: Continuum. Tung, R. L. (1987). Expatriate assignments: Enhancing success, minimizing failure. Academy of Management Executive, 1(2), 117-126. Varner, I. & Palmer, TM. (2006). Role of Cultural Self-Knowledge in Successful Expatriation, Singapore management review, Vol 27, No.1. Ward, C. & Kennedy, A. (1993a). Psychological and socio cultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions: A comparison of secondary students overseas and at home. International Journal of Psychology, 28, 129-147. Ward, C. & Kennedy, A. (1996a). Before and after cross-cultural transition: A study of New Zealand volunteers on field assignments. In H. Grad, A. Blanco, & J. Georgas (Eds.), Key issues in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 138-154). Ward, C. & Kennedy, A. (1996 b). Crossing cultures: The relationship between psychological and socio-cultural dimensions of cross-cultural adjustment. Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1993 b). Where’s the culture in cross-cultural transition? Comparative studies of sojourner adjustment. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 221-249. Young-Chul, C. (1996). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates: Theory & research findings on American and Japanese expatriates.