Market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of Nigeria SMEs
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between market orientation, knowledge management, and entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of Nigerian small and medium enterprises (SMEs), with the moderating and mediating effects of business environment and organizational cul...
محفوظ في:
المؤلف الرئيسي: | |
---|---|
التنسيق: | أطروحة |
اللغة: | eng eng |
منشور في: |
2014
|
الموضوعات: | |
الوصول للمادة أونلاين: | https://etd.uum.edu.my/4346/1/s93945.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/4346/7/s93945_abstract.pdf |
الوسوم: |
إضافة وسم
لا توجد وسوم, كن أول من يضع وسما على هذه التسجيلة!
|
id |
my-uum-etd.4346 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
collection |
UUM ETD |
language |
eng eng |
advisor |
Mahmood, Rosli |
topic |
HB615-715 Entrepreneurship Risk and uncertainty Property |
spellingShingle |
HB615-715 Entrepreneurship Risk and uncertainty Property Shehu, Aliyu Mukhtar Market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of Nigeria SMEs |
description |
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between market orientation, knowledge management, and entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of Nigerian small and medium enterprises (SMEs), with the moderating and mediating effects of business environment and organizational culture
respectively. Literature was extensively reviewed in management and other related fields for better understanding of past, present and future needs in the study area. Although their relationships have generated considerable scholarly interest, few studies have actually been conducted among SMEs in Nigeria. SMEs are essential to economic growth in Nigeria and they are a major source of employment and
contribute significantly towards the gross domestic products. Based on a theoretical
consideration, a model was proposed to examine these relationships. A crosssectional
survey design was adopted and the unit of analysis was the organization, which is SME performance in Nigeria; and the owner/managers of SMEs were the respondents. The study employed systematic random sampling technique in data collection, with a sample size of 640 SMEs. A combination of descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the data collected using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for window version 20. Hence, both multiple regression and hierarchical regression analysis were used. The findings of this study reported that knowledge management and entrepreneurial orientation have direct significant positive relationship with firm performance, while market orientation was not found to be a predictor of SME performance in Nigeria. The result of hierarchical
regression (moderation test) established that business environment was not found to moderate the relationships between market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. The findings of mediation test indicated that organizational culture partially mediated the relationships between knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. Finally,
study implications for theory and practice, limitations, conclusions as well as direction for future research were provided and discussed. |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_name |
Ph.D. |
qualification_level |
Doctorate |
author |
Shehu, Aliyu Mukhtar |
author_facet |
Shehu, Aliyu Mukhtar |
author_sort |
Shehu, Aliyu Mukhtar |
title |
Market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of Nigeria SMEs |
title_short |
Market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of Nigeria SMEs |
title_full |
Market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of Nigeria SMEs |
title_fullStr |
Market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of Nigeria SMEs |
title_full_unstemmed |
Market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of Nigeria SMEs |
title_sort |
market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of nigeria smes |
granting_institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
granting_department |
Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business |
publishDate |
2014 |
url |
https://etd.uum.edu.my/4346/1/s93945.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/4346/7/s93945_abstract.pdf |
_version_ |
1776103638831202304 |
spelling |
my-uum-etd.43462023-01-15T02:25:09Z Market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of Nigeria SMEs 2014 Shehu, Aliyu Mukhtar Mahmood, Rosli Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HB615-715 Entrepreneurship. Risk and uncertainty. Property The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between market orientation, knowledge management, and entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of Nigerian small and medium enterprises (SMEs), with the moderating and mediating effects of business environment and organizational culture respectively. Literature was extensively reviewed in management and other related fields for better understanding of past, present and future needs in the study area. Although their relationships have generated considerable scholarly interest, few studies have actually been conducted among SMEs in Nigeria. SMEs are essential to economic growth in Nigeria and they are a major source of employment and contribute significantly towards the gross domestic products. Based on a theoretical consideration, a model was proposed to examine these relationships. A crosssectional survey design was adopted and the unit of analysis was the organization, which is SME performance in Nigeria; and the owner/managers of SMEs were the respondents. The study employed systematic random sampling technique in data collection, with a sample size of 640 SMEs. A combination of descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the data collected using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for window version 20. Hence, both multiple regression and hierarchical regression analysis were used. The findings of this study reported that knowledge management and entrepreneurial orientation have direct significant positive relationship with firm performance, while market orientation was not found to be a predictor of SME performance in Nigeria. The result of hierarchical regression (moderation test) established that business environment was not found to moderate the relationships between market orientation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. The findings of mediation test indicated that organizational culture partially mediated the relationships between knowledge management, entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. Finally, study implications for theory and practice, limitations, conclusions as well as direction for future research were provided and discussed. 2014 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/4346/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/4346/1/s93945.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/4346/7/s93945_abstract.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdul Majid, I., Kamaludin, M.H., Saad. M.S., & Ab. Aziz. N. (2012). sustainability-driven Entrepreneurship The mediating effect of opportunity-based management structure on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and environmental sustainability management of SMEs: A conceptual framework. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(13), 148-155. Abiodum, J.0. (2003). Problems and prospect of small and medium scale industries in Nigeria. Central Bank of Nigeria, 24(4). Abiola, I. (2013). Organizational learning, innovativeness and financial of small and medium enterprises in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(2), 179-186. Abd Aziz, S. (2010). The relationship between business model and performance of manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Malaysia. Unpublished doctoral Thesis, Universiti Utara Malaysia. Abd Aziz, S., & Mahmood, R. (2010). The relationship between business model and performance of manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Malaysia. African Journal of Business and Management, 5(22), 8919-8938. Retrieved from http://www.academicjournal.org/AJBM. Acar, A.Z., & Acar, P. (2014). Organizational types and their effects on organizational performance in Turkish hospitals. Emerging Markets Journal, 3(3), 16-31. Afifi, A.A., & Clark, V. (1998), Computer-aided multivariate analysis (3rd ed.) UK: Chapman & Hall. Agarwal, S. Erramalli, M.K. & Dev, C.S. (2003). Market orientation and performance in service firms: role of innovation. Journal of Services Marketing, 17(1), 68-82. Agboli, M., & Ukaegbu, C.C. (2006). Business environment and entrepreneurial activity in Nigeria implications for industrial development. Journal of Modern African studies, 44(1), 1-30. Aguayo, D., Herman, K., Ojeda, L., & Flores, L.Y. (2011). Culture predicts Mexican's college self-efficacy and college performance. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 4(2), 79-89. Ahmadi, A.A., & Ahmadi, F. (2011). The role of knowledge management in business performance improvement. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, (7), 560-567. Ahmadi, S.A.A., Rajabbaigy, H., & Moghaddar, K. (2012). The Relationship between organizational culture and knowledge management in Pay Nour University of Tehran. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 6, 65-70. Retrieved from http://www.eurojournals.com/EJEFAS.htm. Ajmal, M.M., & Koskinen, K.U. (2008). Knowledge transfer in project-based organizations: an organizational culture perspective. Project Management Journal, 39(1), 7-15. Aksoy, M., Apak, S., Eren, E., & Kokmaz, M. (2011). Analysis of the effect of organizational learning-based organizational culture on performance, job satisfaction and efficiency: A field study in banking sector. International Journal of Academic Research, 6(1), 301-313. Albueku, S.O., & Ogbouma, S. (2013). Extent of implementation of the 2009 national sport policy of Nigeria: Implementation for sport science, exercise, and sport medicine. Academic Research International, 4(2), 541-549. Alarape, A.A. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation and the growth performance of small and medium enterprises in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 26(6), 553- 577. Alavi, M., Kayworth, T.R, & Leidner, D. (2005) Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management system: conceptual foundations and research issues. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 25(1), 107-136. Albescu, F., Pugna, I., Paraschiv, D. (2009). Cross-cultural knowledge management. Information Economica, 13(4), 39-50. Aldrich, H. (1979). Organizations and environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Al-Hakim, L.A.Y., & Hassan, S. (2011). The role of middle managers in knowledge management implementation to improve organizational performance in the Iraqi Mobile telecommunication sector. Interdisciplinary Journal Contemporary Research in Business, 3(5), 949-966. Al-Dhaafri, H.S., & Al-Swidi, A.K. (2014). The Entrepreneurial orientation and organizational performance: Do enterprise resource planning systems have a mediating role? A study on Dubai Police. Asian Social Science, 10(2), 257-272. Alizadeh, S., Alipour, H., & Hasanzadeh, M. (2013). Market orientation and business performance among SME based in Ardabil industrial city-Iran. Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2(7), 38-47. Al-Swidi, A.K. (2012). The moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between total quality management, entrepreneurial orientation and the performance of Banks in Yemen. Unpublished doctoral Thesis, University Utara Malaysia. Al-Swidi, A.K., & Mahmood, R. (2012). Total quality management, entrepreneurial orientation and organizational performance: The role of organizational culture. African Journal of Business Management, 6(13), 4717-4727. Alrech, P.L., & Settle, R.B. (1995). The survey research handbook (2nd ed.). Boston: lrwin. Ambad, S.N.A., Abdul Wahab, K. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation among large firms in Malaysia: Contingent effects of hostile environments. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(16), 96-107. Aminu, A.A. (2009). Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Maiduguri Compaq publishers limited. Amit, R., & Schoemaker, H.J.P. (1993). Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 33-46. Anderson, J. (2010). A critical examination of the EO -performance relationship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavioral and Research, 16(4), 309-229. Ang, Z., Massingham, P. (2007). National culture and the standardization versus adaptation of knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 5-11. Annette, M.M., & Trevor, A.S. (2011). Knowledge management and organizational performance: a decomposed view. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(1), 156-171. Anthony, B.N.O. (2005). Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects. An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. St Clements University. Anthony,W. (2001). Culture, knowledge management and knowledge transfer. Knowledge and Management Process, 8(1), 1-12. Anvarri, A., Alipourian, G.A., Moghimi, R., & Baktash, L. (2011)Analysis of knowledge management within five key areas. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, 6, 354-377. Ardichvili, A., Maurer, M., Li, W., Wentling, T., & Stuedemann. (2006). Cultural influences on knowledge management sharing through online cummunities of practice. Journal of Knowledge Kanagement, 10(1), 94-107. Armstrong, J.S., & Overton, T.S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in Mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 396-402. Arunachalan, S., Ramaswani, S.N., Hermann, P., & Walker, D. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation. innovation and firm performance: Moderating role of marketing capabilities. American Marketing Association, 281-282. Asgharnezhard, L., Akbarlou, M., & Karkaj, E.S. (2013). Influences of grazing and enclosure on carbon sequestration puccenilla distans (Jacq) parl and soil carbon sequestration (case study: Gormishan wetlands). International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(8), 1936-1941. Arief, M., Thoyib, M., Sudiro, A,, & Rohman, F. (2013)The effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the firm performance through strategic flexibility. A study on the SMEs cluster in Malang. journal of Management Research, 5(3), 44-62. Arbaugh, J.B., Cox, L.W., & Camp, S.M. (2009). Is entrepreneurial orientation a Global construct? A multi- country study of entrepreneurial orientation, growth strategy, and performance. The Journal of Business Inquiry, 8(1), 12-25. Arshad, R., & Othman, R. (2012). Market orientation, firm performance, and the mediating effect of corporate social responsibility. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 28(5), 851-860. Asika, N. (1991). Research methodology in the behavioral sciences. Lagos: Longman Nigeria Plc. Asrawi,F. (2010). Assesing the business environment for small and medium size enterprise in Lebanon. International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 7(1), 103-116. Atowade, O.W., & Ojeka, S.N. (2012). Relationship between tax policy, growth of SMEs and the Nigerian Economy. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(13), 125-135. Au, A.K.M., & Tse, A.C.B. (1995) The effects of market orientation on company performance in the Service Sector: a comparative study in Hong Kong and New Zealand. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 8(2), 77-87. Awairitefe, O.D. (2005). Image difference between culture and nature destination visitors in tropical Africa: Case of Nigeria. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(5), 363-393. Awang, A., Khalid, S.A., Yusof, A., Kassim, K.M.. Isma'il, M., Zain, R.S.,& Madar, A.S. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance relations of Malaysian Bumiputera SMEs: The impact of some perceived environmental factors. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(9), 84-96. Awang, A., Isma'il, A., & Mansor, Z. (2014). Socioeconomic impact of Myanmar's Malay Muslim immigrant in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 10(4), 161-172. Aziz, N.A., & Yasin, M.Y. (2010). How will market orientation and external environment influence the performance among SMEs in the Agro-food sector in Malaysia? International Business Research, 3(3), 154-164. Babie, E.R. (2005). Survey research methods. Belmont. CA: Wadsworth. Balliet, D., & Ferris, D. L. (2013). Ostracism and prosocial behavior: a social dilemma perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 120, 298-308. Babatunde, B.O., & Adebisi, A.O. (2012). Strategic enviromental scaning and organizational performance in a competitive business environment. Economic Insights- Trends and Challenges, 64(1), 24-34. Barclay, R., Murray, F. (1997) What is knowledge management. Knowledge Praxis., available at http://www.media -access.com/whatis.html. Barney, J.R. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1),99-120. Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator- mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173. Becherer, R.C., Halstead, D., & Haynes, P. (2001). Marketing orientation in SMEs: effects on the internal environment. Journal of the Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 1-17. Berg, N. (2002). Non-response bias. www.utdallas. Edu/nberg/Berg.../BergNonresponse- Biasjuly2013.pdf. Benjamin, T.R. Eyas, S. & Friday, D. (2011). Mediating variables in the relationship between market orientation and supply chain performance. a theoretical approach. Asia Social Sciences, 8(1), 134-145. Ben Brik, A., Rettab, B., & Mellachi, K. (2011) Market orientation, corporate social responsibility, and business performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 99, 307-324. Berry, A.J. Sweeting, R. & Goto, J. (2006). The effect of business advisers on the performance of SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(1): 33-47. Berry, W.D., & Feildinan, S. (1985). Multiple regression in practice. Sage University Papers series. Berson, Y., Oreg, S., & Dvir, T. (2005). Organizational culture as a mediator of CEO values and organizational performance. Academy of Management, 1-9. Bichi, M.Y. (2004). Introduction to research method and statistics. Kano-Nigeria: Debis-co Press an Publication company. Beverly, K.B., Micheal, A.J., & Richad, C.B. (2012)Customer orientation and performance in small firms: examining influence of risk taking, innovativeness and opportunity focus. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(3), 429-446. Boumarafi, B., & Jabnoun, N. (2008). Knowledge management and performance in UAE business organizations. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 6, 233-238. Bourgeois, L. J. (1980). Performance and consensus. Strategic Management Journal, 1, 227-248. Boso, N., Story, V.M., Cadogan, J.W., Micevki, M., & Maglajilic, K. (2013). Firm innovativeness and export performance: environmental, networking, and structural contingencies. Journal of International Marketing, 21(4), 62-87. Brandy, M.K and Cronin, J.J. (2001). Effect on customer service perceptions and outcome behaviours. Journal of Services Research, 3, 241-51. Bratnicka, K., & Bratnicki, M. (2013). Linking Two Dimensions of the organizational creativity to film performance: the mediating role of corporate entrepreneurship and the moderating role of environment. Advance in Business Related Scientific Research Journal, 1(2), 153-163. Brachos, D., Kostopollos, K., Soderquist, K.E., & Prastacos, G. (2007) Knowledge effectiveness, social context and innovation. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(5), 31-44. Brooking,A. (1996). Intellectual capital- core asset for the third millennium enterprise. London: International Thompson Business Press. Bruton, G.D., Filatotchev, I., & Chahine, S. (2010). Governance, ownership structure, and performance of IPO: The impact of different types of private equity investors and institutional environments. Strategic Management Journal, 31, 491-509. Burns, T.E., & Stalker, G.M. (1961). The management of innovation. University of lllinois at Urban- Champaign's Academy for entrepreneurial leadership historical research reference in entrepreneship. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com. Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications and programming (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor and Francis group. Cameron, K.S., & Quinn, R.E., (2006). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: based on the competing values framework (2nd ed.). Addison: Wesley publishing company, inc. Cavana, R.Y., Dalahaye, B., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied research: Qualitative and quantitative Methods. Australia: John Willey and sons. Centre for Research and Documentation (2013, May 26). Over 20 indigenous tanneries in Kano are dormant. Daily trust newspaper. Pp.1. Chakravoti, S. (2013). Market orientation of firms in international market: A review. Third (3rd) international annual conference on Enterprise marketing and Globalization (EMG). Chen, W., Elnaghi, M., & Hartzakis, T. (2011). Investigating knowledge management factors affecting Chinese ICT firms performance: An integrated framework. Information Systems Management, 28, 19-29. Chin-Loy, C., & Mujtaba, B.G. (2007). The influence of organizational culture on the success of knowledge management practices with North American companies. International Business and Economic Research Journal, 6(3), 15-28. Chow, I.H. (2012). The roles of implementation and organizational culture in the HR- performance link. The international Journal of Human Resources Management, 23(15), 3114-3132. Clercq, D., Dimov, D., & Thongpanl, N. (2010). The moderating impact of internal exchange processes on the entrepreneurial orientation- performance relationship. Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 87-103. Cheung, S.O., Wong, P.S.P., & Lam, A.L. (3012). An investigation of the relationship between organizational culture and the performance of construction organizations. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 13(4), 685-704. Christene,C.M., & Overdorf, M. (2300). Metting the challenges of disruptive change. Harvard Business Review, 7, 67-75. Christene, C.M., & Bower, J.L. (1996) Customer power, strategic investment, and the failure of leading firms. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 197-218. Coakes. S.J., & Steed, L.G. (2003) SPSS: Analysis without anguish. Sydney: John Wiley & Sons. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral sciences, (2nd ed). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Comrey, A.L., & Lee, H.B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Conner, K.R. (1991) A historical comparison of the resource- based view and five school of thought within industrial organization economics: do I have a new theory of the firm. Journal of Management, 17(1), 121-154. Cosh, A., Fu, X., & Hughes, A (2012). Organizational structure and innovation performance in difference environment. Small Business and Economics, 39, 301-317. Covin. J., & Slevin. D.P. (1991). A conceptual mode of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneur Theory Practice, 16(1), 7-25. Covin. J., & Slevin. D. (1989) Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(11), 75-87. Covin, J. G., Green, K.M., & Slevin, D.P. (2006). Strategic process effects on the entrepreneurial orientation-sales growth rate relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 30(1), 57-81. Cramer, D. (2003). Advanced Quantitative Data Analysis. Open University Press Maidenhead, Ph. Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research: planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (4th ed.). Edward brothers, inc. Dalkir, K. (2005), Knowledge Management in theory and practice. U.S.A: Elsevier Inc. Dale-Olson, H. (201 2). The executive pay determination and firm performance- Empirical evidence from compressed wage environment. The Manchester School, 80(3), 355-379, Danes, S.M., Lee, J., Stafford, K., & Heck, R.K. (2008). The effects of ethnicity, families and culture on entrepreneurial experience: An extension of sustainable family business theory. Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, 13(3), 229-268. Darroch, J. (2005). Knowledge Management, Innovation and Firm Performance. Journal of Knowledge Management. 9(3), 101-115. Daud, S., & Yusoff, F.W. (2010). Knowledge management and firm performance in SMEs: The role of social capital as a mediating variable. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 15(2), 135-155. Dauda, Y.D., & Akingbade, W.A. (2010). Employee's Market orientation and Business performance in Nigerai: Analysis of small Business Entreprises in Lagos state. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(2), 134-143. Daud, W.W.W., Remli, N., & Muhammad, H. (2013). Market orientation and performance: A study of Takaful performance. Asian Social Science, 9(4), 240- 247. Davenport, T.H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working Knowledge: How Organization Manage What They Know. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Davood, G. & Morteza, M. (2012). Knowledge Management capabilities and SMEs organisational performance. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 35-44. De long, D.W., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. Academy of Management Executive, 14(4), 113-127. De luca, L.M., Verona, G., & Vicara, S. (2010). Market orientation and Research and Development effectiveness in the Biotechnology industry. Journal of Production Innovation Management, 27, 299-320. Demirbag, M., Lenny Koh, S.C., Tatoglu, K., & Zaim, S. (2006). TQM and Market orientations impact on SME's performance. Industrial Management and Data System, 106(8), 1206-1228. Denison, D.R. (1996). What is the difference between organizational culture and organizational climate? A native point of view on a decade of paradigm wars. Academy of Management Review, 21(3), 619-654. Deshpande, R.M., Jarley, U., & Webster, F. (1933)Corporate culture, customer orientation and innovativeness in Japanese firms: A quadrad analysis. Journal of Market, 57, 23-37. Devis, J.L., Bell, R.G., & Krieser, P.M. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: the Moderating Role of Managerial Power. American Journal of Business, 25(2), 41- 54. Doran, J., Healy, M., & Steve O'callagham, M. (2013)Knowledge of the business environment: Exploring engagement with and discrimination between business media among first-year and final year students. Irish Accounting Review, 16, 31-46. Douglas, C.D. (2004). Identifying Culture as a Threshold of shared knowledge: A consensus Analysis method. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4(3), 317- 333. Duke, J., & Edet, G.H.(2012)Organizational culture as a determinant of non-governmental organization performance: Primer evidence from Nigeria. International Business and Management, 4(1), 66-75. Duncan, R.G. (1972)Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 313-327. Egbu, C.O., Hari, S., & Renukappa, S. (2005). Knowledge management for sustainable competitiveness in small and medium surveying practices. Structural Survey, 23(1), 7-21. Eker, M., & Eker, S. (2009). An empirical analysis of the association between organizational culture and performance measurement system in the Turkish Manufacturing sector. Journal of Economic and Social Research, 11(2), 43-76. Elem, S.(2012, December 27). Young entrepreneurs must experience failure before success. Punch Newspaper, pp. 1. Elmore, P.E., & Beggs, D.L. (1975). Silence of concept and commitment of extreme judgements in response pattern of teachers. Education, 95(4), 325-334. Emadzade, M.K., Mashayekhi, B., & Abdar, E. (2012). Knowledge management capabilities and organizational performance. Interdisciplinary Journal Contemporary Research in Business, 3(11), 781-790. Engle, R.L., Schlaegel, C., & Dalanoe, S. (2011). The role of social influence, culture and gender on entrepreneurial intent. Journal of small Business and Entrepreneurship, 24(4), 471-492. Eris, E.D., & Ozmen, O.N.T. (2012). The Effect of Market Orientation, Learning orientation and innovativeness on Firm Performance: A Research from Turkish logistics Sector. International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 5(1), 77-108. Essie, W. (2012). Business Environment and Competitiveness in Nigeriaconsiderations for Nigeria's Vision 2020. lnternational Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 97, 44-54. Ezirim, C.B., Nwebere, B.M., & Emecheta, B.C. (2010). Organizational culture and performance: The Nigerian experience. International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 7(1), 40-56. Fahy, J. (2000). The resource-based view of the firm: some stumbling blocks on the road to understanding sustainable competitive advantage. Journal European Industrial Training, 24(2), 94-104. DOI: 10.11080/03090590 010321061. Fahy, J., & Smithee, A. (1999). Strategic marketinq and resource based view of the firm. Academy of Management Review, 99(10), 94-104. Faizol, F.M., Haribuni, T., & Tanaka, Y. (2010) Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises of Hambantota district Sri Lanka. Asian Social Science, 6(3), 34-46. Fatoki, O. (2012)The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Access to Debt Finance and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in South Africa. Journal of Social Science, 32(2), 121-131. Fattahiyan, S., Hoveida, R., Siadat, S.A., & Tallabi, H. (2012). Study of relationship between knowledge management enablers and processes with organizational performance. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(4), 36-44. Fereidouni, H.G., Masron, T., Nikbin, D., & Amiri, R.E. (2010). Consequences of external environment on entrepreneurial motivation in Iran. Asia Academy of Management Journal, 15(2), 175-196. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Los Angel: Sage. Filser, M., & Eggers, F. (2014) Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: A comparative study of Austria, liechtenstien and Switzerland. South Africa Journal of Business Management, 45(1), 55-65. Ford, J.D., & Schellenberg, D.A. (1982). Conceptual issues of linkage in the assessment of organizational performance. Academy of Management Review, 7(1), 49-58. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variable and measurement error. journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. Frank, H., Kexsler. A., & Fink, M. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance- a replication study. Schmalenback Business Review, 62, 175-198. Frazier, P.A., Baron, K.E., & Tix, A. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling Psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134. Gay, L.R., Mills, G.E., & Airasian, P. (2006). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application (8th ed.). Uppersaddle River. New Jersey: Pearson Education International, Inc. Gaur, S.S., Vasudevan, H., & Gaur, A.S. (2009). Market orientation and manufacturing performance of Indian SMEs: Moderating role of firm resources and environmental factors. European Journal of Marketing, 45(7-8). 1172- 1193. Ge, G.L., & Ding, D.Z. (2005). Market orientation, competitive strategy and firm performance: An empirical study of Chinese firms. Journal of Global Marketing, 18(3-4), 115-142. Ghambarali, R., Alibaygi, G., Rasekhi, B., Pezeshki, V., Ghasemi, S., & Akbari, Z. (2013) Challenges of sustainable rural development from perspective villagers. lnternational Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 7(5), 253-258. Ghani, U., & Mahmood, Z. (2011). Factors influencing performance of Microfinance firms in Pakistan: Focus on market orientation. International Journal of Academy Research. 3(5), 125-132. Ghorbani, H., Branch, M., & Dimneh, S.M.A. (2012). An empirical investigation of the relationship between organizational culture and customer orientation: The mediating effect of knowledge management (An empirical study in the house hold appliance industry in Iran). International journal of marketing studies, 4(3), 58-67. Gleason, K.C., Mathur, L,K., & Mathur, I. (2000). Interrelationship between culture, capital structure and performance: Evidence from European retailers. Journal of Business Research. 50, 185-191. Gold, A.H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A.H. (2001) Knowledge management: an organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information System, 18(1), 185-214. Goaill, M.M., Perumal, S., & Noor, A.Z.M. (2014). The impact of retailers economic and social satisfaction on its commitment and moderating effect of manufacturer's brand strength. Asian Social Science, 10(8), 140-155. Grainer, B., Padanyi, P. (2005). The relationship between market-oriented activities and market- oriented culture: implications for the development of market orientation in nonprofit service organizations. Journal of Business Research, 58, 854-862. Gray, K.M., & Marshall, K.P. (1998)Kenyan and Korean Management orientations on Hofstede's cultural values. Multinational Business Review, 6(2), 79-88. Green, P., Tull, D., & Albaum, G. (1988). Research for marketing decisions. Eaglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Green, S.B., Salkind, N.J. (2008). Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and Understanding data (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River. NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Gupta, A.K., Iyer, G, & Aronson, V. (2000). Knowledge flows within multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 473-96. Gurbuz, G., & Aykol, S. (2009). Entrepreneurial management, entrepreneurial orientation and Turkish small firm growth. Management Research News, 32(4), 321-336. Hair, J.F., Andersen, R.E., & Tatham, R.L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NS: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hair, J.F., Black, Andersen, R.E., & Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (1998) Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). NJ: Pearson Education international, Inc. Hair, J.F., Wolfinbarger, M.F., & Ortinall, D.J. (2008). Essential of marketing Research. Boston: McGraw. Hill/Irwin. Hair, J.F., Money, A.H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research method for Business. West Susex, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Hanisch, B.. & Wald, A. (2012) A bibliometric view on the use of contingency theory in project management research. Project Management Journal, 43(3), 4- 23. Doi: 10.100/pmj.21267. Hansen, G.S., & Wernerfelt, B. (1989) Determinant of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organization factors. Strategic Management Journal, 10(5), 599-411, Harris, L.C., & Ogbonna, E. (2001). Strategic human resource management, market orientation, and organizational performance. Journal of Business Research, 51, 157-166. Hartano, A. (2013). Investigating market orientation to business performance relationship in the Yogyakarta (Indonesia) Batik-family firms. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(5), 31-40. Harriette, G.C., Spall, V., & Toren, M.A. (2007) Elegibility criteria of randomized control trials published in high impact general medical journal: A systematic sampling review. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(11). 1233-1240. Doi: l0.l001/jamg.29.11.123. Haris-Aslam, M.M., Shahzad, K., Syed, A.R., & Ramish, A. (2013). Societal capital and knowledge sharing as determinants of academic performance. Institute of Behavioral and Applied Management, 25-41. Haq, A.U. (2012). Satisfaction toward customer loyalty in Auto- Mobile industry in Pakistan. International Journal of Management and Business Research, 2(4), 363-371. Haugland, S.A., Myrtveit, T., & Nygard, A. (2007). Market orientation and performance in the service indusrry: A data envelopment analysis. Journal of Business Research, 60, 1191-1197. Herath, H.M.A,, & Mahmood, R. (2013). Strategic orientation based research model of SME performance for developing countries. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 2(1), 430-440. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D., & Hoskisson, R.E. (2001). Strategic management competitiveness and globalization. (4th (concept and cases) ed.) Singapore: South-western college publishing. Ho, F.N., Wang, H.D., & Vitell, S.J. (2012). A Global analysis of corporate social performance: The effects of cultural and geographic environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 107, 423-433. Hofstede, G. (1994). Management Scientist are Human. Management Science, 40(1). 4-13. Hofstede, G. (2005). Cultures and organizations: Software in the mind, (2nd ed.). New York: NY: McGraw-Hills. Hooley, G., Cox, T., Fahy, J., Shipley, D., Beracs, J., & Fonfara, K. (2000,). Market orientation in the transition economies of Central Europe: Tests of the Narver and Slater market orientations scales. Journal of Business Research, 50, 273-235. Horak, B.J. (2001). Dealing with human factors and managing change in knowledge management: A phased approach. Topics Health Information Management, 21, 8-17. PMID: 11234733. Hou, J., & Chien, Y. (2010). The effects of market knowledge management competence on business performance: A dynamic capabilities perspective. International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 8(2), 96-109. Huck, S.W. (2004). Reading statistics and research. Boston, MA: Pearson. Hughes M, Morgan RE (2007) Deconstructing the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance at the embryonic stage of firm growth. Industrial Marketing Management 36(5), 651-661. Hult, T.G., & Ketchen, D.J. (2001)Does market orientation matter? A test of the relationship between positional advantage and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 899-906. Huu Dan, N., Liu, Y., & Yu, S. (2014) An empirical study of the organizational culture, leadership and firm performance in a Vietnam family business. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 6(4), 109-121. Hutcheson, G., & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist. London: Sage. Ibru, G. (2013, April 25). Poor power supply affecting productivity, The Nation Newspaper, pp. 1. Idar, R., & Mahmood, R. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation relationship Performance: the SME perspective. Interdisciplinary Review of Economics and Management, l(2), 1-8. Ihinmoyan, T., & Akinyele, S.T. (2011). Relationship between market orientation, firm innovativeness and innovative performance. The Journal of Contemporary Management Research, 5(2), 42-54. Im, S., & Workman, J.P. (2004). Market orientation, creativity, and new product performance in High-Technology firms. Journal of Marketing, 68, 114-132. Information Week (2003), Ten Principles for Knowledge Management Success. Available at http://whitepapers.informa tionweek.com. Irefin, I.A., Abdul-azeez, I.A., & Tijani, A.A. (2012). An investigative study of the factors affecting the adoption of information and communication technology in small and medium scale enterprises Nigeria. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(2), 1-09. Ishengoma, E.K., & Kappel, R. (2011). Business environment and growth potential of micro and small manufacturing enterprises in Uganda. African Development Review, 23(3), 352-365. Ittner, C.D., & Lacker, D.F. (2003). Coming up short on non-financial measurement. Harvard Business Review, 1-10. Iyer, K.N., Srivastava, P., & Rawwas, M.Y.A. (2014) Aligning supply chain relational strategy with the market environment: Implications for operational performance. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 22(1), 53-72. Jain, S.J., & Bhatia, M. (2007). Market orientation and Business performance: The case of Indian manufacturing firms. The Journal of Business Perspective, 11(1), 15-33. Jaiyeoba, O.O. (2014) Performance outcome of market orientation behaviors among Bostwana's small service firms. Journal of Management Research, 6(1), 52-69. Jalali, S.H. (2012) Environmental Determinants Entrepreneurial orientation and Export performance: Empirical Evidence from Iran. Serbian Journal of Management, 7(2), 245-255. Janepuengporn, K., & Ussahawanitchakit, P. (2011). The impact of knowledge management strategy on organizational performance: an empirical study of clothing manufacturing business in Thailand. International Journal of Business Strategy, 11(1), 92-109. Jaworski, B., & Kohil, A. (1993). Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 57, 53-70. Jyoti, J., & Sharma, J. (2012) Impact of market orientation on business performance: Role of employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction. Vision, 16(4), 297-313. Jorgensen, B.N., Konchitchki, Y., Bugraozel, N., & Sadka, G. (2012). Legal environment and the differential perfbnnance of publicly traded and privately held firms. The International Journal of Finance, 24(4), 7463-7485. Ju, M., Fung, H.G., & Mano, H. (2013). Firm capabilities and performance-Institutional perspective of foreign and Local firms in China. The Chinese Economy, 46(5), 86-104. Junaidu, A.S. (2012). The Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation and export performance of SMEs in Nigerian Leather Industry. International Journal of Business Management and Tomorrow, 12(10), 872-881. Juntarung, N., & Ussahawanitchakit, P. (2008) Knowledge management capability, market intelligence and performance: An empirical investigation of Electrical business in Thailand. International Journal of Business Research, 8(3), 69-80, Kale, S.H. (1991). Culture- specific marketing communications: An analytical approach. International Marketing Review, 8, 18-30. Khandwalla, P.N. (1977). The design of organization. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Kheng, Y.K., June, S., & Mahmood, R. (2013). The determinants of innovativeness work behavior in the knowledge intensive business services sector in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 9(15), 47-59. Kalling, T. (2003). Knowledge Management and the Occasional Links with Performance. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(3), 67-81. Kamukama, N., Ahiauzu, A., & Ntayi, J.M. (2011) competitive advantage: Mediator of intellectual capital and performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital and Performance, 12(1), 152-164. DOI: 10.1108/14691931111097953. Kano State economic empowerment and development strategy (2004). Kanyabi, Y. & Devi, S. (2011). Accounting Outsourcing and Firm Performance in Iranian SMEs. International Journal of Economics and Finance. 3(4), 181-192. Kanyabi, Y.,& Devi, S (2011). Use of Professional Accountants' Advisory Services and its lmpact on SME Performance in an Emerging Economy: A Resource based view. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 1(1), 43-55. Kanyabi, Y.,& Devi, S. (2012) The impact of advisory services on Iranian SME performance: An empirical investigation of the role of professional accountants. African Journal Business Management, 43(2), 61-72. Kara, A., Spillan, J.E., & Deshidields, O.W. (2005) The effect of a market orientation on business performance: A study of small sized service retailers using Markor Scale. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(2), 105-118. Kaya, H., & Patton, J. (2011). The effects of knowledge based resources, market orientation and learning orientation on innovative performance: An empirical study of Turkish firms. Journal of International Development, 23, 204-219. Karyeija, G.K. (2012). The Impact of Culture on Performance Appraisal Reforms in Africa: The case of Uganda's Civil Service. Asian Social Science, 8(4), 159-174. Kean, A., Gaskill, L., Jasper, C., Shoop, B., Jolly, L., & Leisyritz, C. (1998) Effects of community characteristics, business environment and competitive strategies on rural retail business performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 36(2), 45-57. Keskin, H. (2006). Market orientation, learning orientation, and innovative capabilities in SMEs an extended model. European Journal of Innovation Management, 9(4), 396-417. Kelson, A.K. (2012). A quantitative study of market orientation and organizational performance listed companies: Evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 5(3), 101-114. Kelson, S.A. (2014). The moderating role of organizational capabilities and internal marketing in market orientation and business success. Review of Business and Finance Studies, 5(1), 1-17. Kirca, A.H., Jayachandran, S., & Bearden, W.O. (2005). Market orientation: A meta-Analytic Review and Assesssment of its Antecedents and Impact on Performance. Journal of Marketing, 69, 24-41. Khaldi, A,, Sr. Khatib, A. (2014). Student's perception of the learning environment in business education in Kuwait: A comparative study between private and public universities. Journal of Business Studies Quartely, 5(3), 59-68. Kharabsheh, R., Magableh, I., & Sawadha, S. (2012). Knowledge management practices and its impact on organizational performance in pharmaceutical firms. European Journal of Economic Finance und Administrative Sciences, 48. 6-15. Retrieved from http://www.eurojournals.com/EJEFAS.htm. Kimberly, J.R., & Evanisko, M.J. (1981). Organizational innovation: The influence of individual, organizational, and contextual facctors on Hospital adoption of techllological and administrative innovations. The Academy of Management Journal, 24(4), 689-713. Kohli, A.K., & Jaworski, B.J. (1990) Market orientation: The Construct, Research Propositions and management Implication. Journal of Marketing, 54, 1-18. Kohli, A.K., and Jaworski, B.J. (1996). Market orientation: Review, Refinement, and Roadmap. Journal of Marketing Focused Management, 1(2), 119-135. Koranka, C., Kessler, A.. Frank, H., & Lueger, M. (2010). Personal characteristics, resources, and environment as predictors of business survival. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 1025-1051. Kowalik, I. (2010). Market orientation and its antecedents in the Polish local governments. International Joournal of Public Sector Management, 24(1), 57-79. Kumar, V., Jones, E., Venkatesan, R., & Leone, R.P. (2011) Is market orientation a source of sustainable competitive advantage or simply the cost of competing? Journal of Marketing, 75, 16-30. Kumar, M., Abdul Talib, S., & Ramayah, T. (2013). Business research methods. New York: Oxford University press. Kurfi, A.K. (1997). Financing of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: A Critical look at tile Role of National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND). Unpublished M.Sc Dissertation, Bayero University, Kano. Kraus, S., Rigtering, J.P., Hughes, M, & Hosma, V. (2012) Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of SMEs: A quantitative study from the Netherland. Review of Management Science, 6, 161-182. Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W.(1970) Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 601-610. Kreiser PM, Marino LD, Weaver KM (2002) Assessing the psychometric properties of the entrepreneurial orientation scale: a multi-country analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory practice, 26(4), 71-95. Krosaick, J.A., & Fabrigar, L.R. (1997). Desingning rating scales for effective measurement in surveys. In L. Lyberg, P. Biemer, M. Collins, E. De Leeuw, C. Dippo, N. Schwars and D. Trewin (Eds.), Survey measurement and process quality. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kyriakos, K., Meulenberg, M., & Nilson, J. (2004)The impact of cooperative structure and firm culture on market orientation and performance. Agricbusiness, 20(4), 379-396. Laferty, B.A. and Hult, G.T.M. (2001). A synthesis of contemporary market orientation perspective. European Journal of Marketing, 1(2), 92-109. Lai, M.F., & Lee, G.G. (2007). Relationships of organizational culture toward knowledge activities. Business Process Management Journal, 13(2), 306-322. Lam, S.Y., Lee, V., Ooi, K.B., & Lin, B. (2011). The relationship between TQM, Learning orientation and market performance in service organizations : An empirical analysis. Total Quality Management, 22(12), 1277-1297. Lan, Q., & Wu, S. (2010) An empirical study of entrepreneurial orientation and degree of internationalization of small and medium-sized Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 53-62. Larry, I. (2011) Reactions to Labour Mobility in Small and Medium organizations in Nigeria. European Journal of Social Sciences. 25(3), 291-304. Lawrence, P.K., & Lursch, J.W. (1967). Organization and environment: Managing differentiation and integration. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press. Lechner, C., & Gudmundson, S.V. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation, firm strategy, and small firm performance. International Small Business Journal, 32(1), 36-60. Lee, S.M., Lim, S.B., & Pathak, R.D. (2011) Culture and entrepreneurial orientation: a multi-country study. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 7, 1-15. Lee, R.P. (2010). Extending the environment- strategy-performance frame work: The roles of multinational corporation network strength, market responsiveness, and product innovation. Journal of International Market, 18(4), 58-73. Lee, S., Yoon, S.J., Kim, S., & Kang, J.W. (2006). The integrated effects of market-oriented culture and marketing strategy on firm performance. Journal of Strategic Marketing. 14, 245-261. Leea, K.C., Sangjae, L., & Kang, W. (2005). KMPI: measuring knowledge management performance. Information and Management, 42, 469-482. Li, Y., Liu, Y. and Zhao, Y.B. (2006). The role of market and entrepreneurship orientation and internal control in the new product development activities of Chinese firms. Industrial Marketing Management, 35, 336-47. Li, Y., Wei, Z.,& Liu, Y. (2010). Strategic orientation, knowledge Acquisition and firm performance: The perspective of the vendor in cross-border outsourcing. Journal of Management Studies, 47(8), 1457-1482. Li, Y., Yongbin, Z., Justin, T., & Liu, Y. (2008). Moderating effects of Entrepreneurial orientation on market orientation- performance linkages: Evidence from Chinese small firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(1), 113-133. Liebowitz, J. (2008). Think of others in knowledge management: Making culture work for you. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 6, 47-51. Lindsay, D.H., Tan, B., & Campbell, A. (2009). Candidate performance on the business environment and concepts section of the CPA Exam. American Journal of Business Education, 2(7), 35-41. Lindsay, N.J. (2005). Toward a cultural model of Indigenous entrepreneurial attitude. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 5, Retrieved from http://www.ansreview. Lin, I.F., & Schaeffer, N.C. (1995). Using survey participant to estimate the impact of nonparticipation. Public Opinion Quartely. 59(2), 236-258. Lings, I.N., & Greenley, G.E. (2009). The impact of internal and external market orientations on firm performance. Journal of strategic management, 17(1), 41-53. Little, A.C., Apicella, C., & Marlowe, F.W. (2007)Preference for symmetry in human faces in two cultures: Data from the UK and the Hadza, an isolated group of hunter-gathers. Proceeding the Royal Society B274, 3113-3117. Doi: 10.1098/rspb. Liu, S. (2009). Organizational culture and new service development performance: Insight from knowledge intensive business service. International Journal of Innovation Management, 13(3), 371-392. Long, D., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to Knowledge Management. The Academy of Management Executive, 14(4), 113-127. Lopez, S.P., Manuel, J., & Ordas, C.J.V. (2004). Managing knowledge the link between culture and organizational learning. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(6), 93-104. Lucas, L.M., & Ogilvie, I.N. (2006) The role of culture on knowledge transfer. the case of the multinational corporation. The Learning Organization, 13(2/3), 257-275. Lucas, L.M. (2006). Things are not always what they seem: How reputation, culture, and incentives influence knowledge transfer. The Learning Organization, 13(1), 7-24. Lucky, E.O.I., & Minai, M.S, (2011). Re-investigating the effect of individual determinant, external factor and firm characteristics on small firm performance during economic downturn. African Journal of Business Management, 5(26), 10846-10854. Luczak, C., Moham, S., & Hills, G. (2010). National culture, market orientation and network derived benefits: conceptual model for service SMEs. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 16(2), 1-20. Lumpkin, G.T., & Dess, G.G. (1996) Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172. Lumpkin, G.T., Cogliser, C., & Schneider, D. (2009) Understanding and measuring autonomy: An entrepreneurial orientation perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33(3), 47-69. Luthans, F., & Stewart, T.I. (1977). A general contingency theory of management. Academy of Management Review, 2, 181-195. Madichie, N.O., Nkamnebe, A.D., & Idemobi, E.I. (2008) Cultural determinants of entrepreneurial emergence in a typical Sub-Sahara African context. Journal of Entreprising Community: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2(4), 285-299. Mahmood, R., & Abdul Wahid, R. (2012). Applying corporate entrepreneurship to bank performance in Malaysia. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 68-82. Mahmood, R. & Hanafi, N. (2013) Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of women-owned small and medium enterprises in Malaysia: Competitive Advantage as a Mediator. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(1), 82-90. Mahmood, M.A. (2011). Market orientation and business performance among SMEs in Ghana. International Business Research, 4(1), 241-251. Malhotra, N.K. (2008). Essentials of marketing: An applied orientation (2nd ed.) Australia: Pearson Education. Mandy, M.K. (2009). The Relationship between Innovativeness and the Performance of small and Medium-size Enterprises (SMEs) of Malaysian manufacturing sector. International Journal of Management and Innovation, 1(2), 1-14. Margues, S., Simon, S.C.L. (2007). The adoption of e-business and knowledge management in SMEs. Benchmarking. International Journal, 14, 37-58. Matear, S., Osborne, P., Garrett, T., & Gray, B.J. (2002). How does market orientation contribute to service firm performance. An examination of alternative mechanisms. European Journal of Marketing. 36, 1058-1075. Martins, E.C., St Terblanche, F. (2003). Building organizational culture that stimulate creativity and innovation. European Journal of innovation Management, 6(1), 64-74. Martins, I., & Rai, A. (2013) Entrepreneurial orientation, environmental hostility and SME profitability: A contingency approach. Business Administration, 13(2), 67-88 Mbath, A. (2013). Exploring the potential electronic commerce tools in South African SME tourism service providers. Information Development, 29(1), 10-23. Mciver, D., & Lengnick-Hall, C.A. (2011). Knowledge management process and firm performance: A contingency perspective. Academy of Management review, 32(4), 597-620. Mckay, R.B., & Chung, E.O. (2005). Benchmarking for entrepreneurial survival: Pursuing cohesive and imperfectly imitable culture. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 12(3), 207-218. Mclarty, R., Pichanic, M., & Srpova, J. (2012). Factors influencing the performance of SMEs: An empirical study in the Czech Republic. lnternational Journal of Management. 29(3), 36-47. McManus, D., & Loughridge, B. (2002). Corporate information, institutional culture and knowledge management: A Uk university library perspective. New Library World, 103(9), 320-327. Retrieved from http://www.emaralinsight .com/researchregisters. Mehrdad, M., Abdolrahim, S., & Hamidreza., D. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The mediating role of knowledge management. Asian Journal of Business Management, 3(4), 310-316. Merlo, O., & Auh, S. (2009). The effect of entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation and marketing subunit influence on firm performance. Market let, 20, 295-311. Micheal, R. Y (2010). A Quantitative Correlational Study of the relationship between Knowledge Management maturity and firm performance. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Phoenix. Micheels, E.T., & Gow, H.R. (2011). The moderating effects of trust and commitment on market orientation. value discipline clarity, and firm Performance. Agricbusiness, 27(3), 3611-378. Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management, Science, 29, 770-791. Miller, D., & Friesen, P. (1983). Strategy- making and environment: The third link. Strategic Management Journal, 4, 2, 221-235. Miller, K.E., & Smith, L.E. (1983). Handling non- response bias. Journal of Extention, 45-50. Mills, J., Platts, K., & Bourne, M. (2003) Applying resource based theory: methods, outcomes and utility for managers. International Journal of Operations and Productions Management, 23(2), 148-166. Minai, M.S., & Lucky, E.O.I. (2011). The moderating effect of location on small firm perfomance: Empirical Evidence. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(l0), 178-192. Mithas, S., Tafti, A., & Mitchell, W. (2013). How a firms competitive environment and digital strategies posture influence digital business strategy. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 511-536. Moffets, S., McAdam, R., & Parkinson, S. (2002) Developing a model for Technology and cultural factors in knowledge management: A factor Analysis. Knowledge and Process Management, 9(4), 237-254. Mohammad, 0., Ramaya, T., Puspowarsitu, H., & Saerang, D.P.E. (2011). Corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance: The role of business environment as a moderator. The IUP Journal of Management Research, 10(3), 7-27. Morgan, N.A., Douglas, W., Vorhies, W. (2009). Market orientation, market capabilities, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30, 909-920. Mokhtar, S.S.M., Yusoff, R.Z., & Ahmad, A. (2014). Key elements of market orientation on Malaysian SMEs performance. International Journal of Business and Society, 15(1), 49-64. Morgan, R.E., & Strong, C.A. (1998). Market orientation and dimensions of strategic orientations. European Journal of Marketing, 32(11/12i, 1061-1073. Morris, M. H., & Paul, G. W. (1987). The relationship between entrepreneurship and marketing in established firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 2, 247- 259. Morris, M.H, Kuratko, D.F., & Covin, J.G. (2008) Corporate entrepreneurship and innovation (2nd ed). Thomson Higher Education, Mason. Mudili, A. (2011). Performance based reward and National culture: An empirical evidence from Indian culture. Synergy, 9(1), 1-13. Mujeeb, E., Ahmad, M.S. (2011). Impact of organizational culture on performance management practices in Pakistan. International Management Review, 7(2), 52-57. Murphy, G.B., Trailer, J.W., & Hill, R.C. (1996) Measuring Research Performance in Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 36, 15-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(95)00159-X. Murray, P. (2002), Knowledge management as a sustained competitive advantage. Ivey Business Journal. 66(4), 7-16. Musa, D., Abd Ghani, A.H., & Ahmad, S. (2011). The role of market orientation as a moderating variable in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm perfomance. IPBJ, 3(2), 15-31. Mwobobia, F.M. (2012a). Role of business management to the success and survival of businesses: The case of star learning centre in Bostwana. International Journal of Business Administration, 3(1), 93-112. Mwobobia, F. M. (2012b). The challenges facing small scale women entrepreneurs: a case of Kenya. International Journal of Business Administration, 3(1). 112-121. Nadada, M. (2013, May 6). Women and economic development. Daily trust newspaper, pp. 1. Nafie, R. M. E. (2012). Culture and the prevalence of knowledge transfer: A case study of Egypt. Advance in Management and Applied Economics. 2(1), 139-161. Naipinit, T., Kojchavivong, S., Kowittayakorn, V., & Sakolnakorn, T.P.N. (2014). McKinssey 7s model for supply chain management of local SMEs construction business in Northeast region of Thailand. Asian Social Science, 10(8), 35-41. Naman, J.L., & Slevin, D.P. (1993) Entrepreneurship and the concept of fit: A model and empirical test. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 137-153. Nandakumar, M. K., Ghobadian, A., & Regan, N.O. (2010). Business- level strategy and performance: The moderating aeffect of environment and structure. Management Decision, 48(6), 907-939. Naor, M., Goldstein, S.M., & Schroeder R.G. (2008). The role of culture as driver of quality management and performance: Infrastructure versus core quality practices. Decision Science, 39(4), 671-702. Narver, J.C., & Slater, S.F. (199C). The effect of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing, 5, 30-35. Navarro, J.G., & Moya, R. (2007). Learning culture as a mediator of the influence of an individual's knowledge on market orientation. The Service Industries Journal, 27(5), 653-669. Nejatian, M., Nejatin, M., Zarei, M.H., & Soltani, S. (2013). Critical enablers of knowledge creation process: Synthesizing the literature. Global Business and Management: An International Journal, 5(2-3), 105-119. Neuman, W., & Robson, K. (2008). Basics of social research- Qualitative and Quantitative approaches. Pearson Canada, Toronto. Ndubisi, N.O., & Iftikhar, K. (2012). Relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and performance comparing small and medium-size enterprises. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 214-236. Ngo, H., Loi, R. (2008) Human resources flexibility, organizational culture and firm performance: An investigztion of multinational firms in Hong Kong. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9), 1654-1666. Nik Muhammad, N.M., Jantan, M., & Md Taib, F. (2010) Moderating effect of information processing capacity to investment decision making and environmental scaning. Business Management Quarterly Review, 1(1), 9-22. Njanja, W.L., Ogutu, M., & Pellisier, R. (2012). The Effects of the External Environment on Internal Management Strategies within Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises; Kenyan Case. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(3), 195- 204. Nkechi, N. (2013, May 6). Women and economic development. Daily trust newspaper, pp. 1. Noor, N.A.M., & Muhammad, A. (2085). Individual factors that predict customer orientation behavior of Malaysian life insurance agents. Journal Pengurusan, 24, 125- 149. Noor, N.A.M. (2012). Trust and commitment: Do they influence e- customer relationship performance? International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, 13(2), 281-296. Noruzy, A., Dalfard, V.M., Azhdari, B., Nazari Shirkouhi, S.N., & Rezazadeh, A. (2013). Relations between transformational leadership, organizational learning, knowledge management, organizational innovation, and organizational performance: An empirical investigation of Manufacturing firms. International Journal of Advance Manufacturing Technology, 64, 1073-1085. Nunnally, J.C. (1967). Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Nunnally, I.C. (1978). Psychomectric Theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Nurach, P. Thawesaengskulthai D., & Chandrachai, A. (2012). Factors that improve the quality of information technology and knowledge management system for SME(s) in Thailand. China-USA Business Review, 11(3), 359-367. Nwibere, B.M. (2013). Tlie influence of corporate culture on managerial leadership style: The Nigerian experience. International Journal of Business and Public Administration. 10(2), 166-187. Obamuyi, T.M. (2007). An exploratory of loan delinquency among SMEs in Ondo State Nigeria. Labour and Management in Development Journal, 8, 1-10. Ogbonna, B.U., & Ogwo, 0.E. (2013). Market orientation and corporate performance of Insurance firms in Nigeria. international Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(3), 104-116. Ogunsiji, A.S., & Kayode, L.W. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation as a panacea for the ebbing Productivity in Nigerian small and medium enterprises: A theoretical perspective. International Business Research, 3(4), 192-199. Oguntuga, D. (2013). Nigerian Manufacturers needs more encouragement from government. Tribune Newspaper, pp. 5. Okoli, B. E. (2011). Evaluation of the accounting systems used by small scale entreprises in Nigeria: A case of Enugu- south east Nigeria. Asian Journal of Business Management, 3(4), 235-240. Okpara, J.O., & Kabonga, J.D. (2009). An Empirical Evaluation of Barriers hindering the growth of sinallanci medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in a developing Economy. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 4(10), 7-21. Okpara, J.O. (2011). Factors constraining the growth and survival of SMEs in Nigeria implications for poverty alleviation. Management Research Review. 34(2), 156-171. Okpukpara, B. (20CIF)). Strategies for effective loan delivery to small scale enterprises in rural Nigeria. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economic, 1(2), 041-048. Olavarrieta, S., & Friedmann, R. (2008). Market orientation, knowledge-related resources and firm performance. Journal of Business Research. 61, 623-630. Oluboba, 0. (2003). Career Crisis and Financial Distress: The Way Out. Business day Media Ltd, Lagos. Oluntola, G.T., & Obamuyi, T.M. (2008). An empirical analysis of factors associated with the profitability of Small and medium- enterprises in Nigeria. African Journal of Business Management, 2(x), 195-200. Olusola, 0.A. (2011). Accounting Skill as a Performance Factor for Small Businesses in Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(5), 372-378. Onu, M.E., & Ekine, D.I. (2009). Critical Challenges to Small-scale Rural Business Firms: A Case Study of Poultry Farm Enterprise in Ido LGA, Oyo State. Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development, 19(2), 143-166. Oppenheim, A.N. (1966). Questionnaire design and attitude measurement. New York: Basic Books, inc. Osman, M.H., Rashid, M.A., Ahmad, F.S., & Hussaian, G. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation: An overview of theory and insinuations for Women owned SMBs to Model Business performance in Developing Countries. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(3), 329- 340. Oyedijo, A., Idris, A.A., & Aiiu, A.A (2012). Impact of Marketing Practices on the performance of Small Business Enterprises: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 46, 130-146. 0zturan, P., Ozsomer, A., & Pieters, R. (2014). The role of market orientation in advertising spending during economic collape: The case of Turkey in 2001. Journal of Marketing Research, 51,139-152. Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (3rd ed.). England: McGraw Hill open University Press. Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival manual: A step- by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (version 15). Australia: Allan and Urwin. Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (4th ed.). England: McGraw Hill open University Press. Panilos, M., & Reyes, L. (2011). Relationship between individualist- collective culture and entrepreneurial activities: Evidence from Global entrepreneurship monitor data. Small Business Economics, 37, 23-37. Doi: 10.1007/s11187-009-9230-6. Pearl, D.K., & Fairly, D. (1985). Testing for the potential for non-response bias in sample survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49(4): 553-560. Doi: 10.1086/268950. Pederson, E.R.G., & Sudzina, F. (2012). Which firm use measure'? Internal and external factors shaping the adoption of performance measurement system in Danish firms. International Journal of Operation and production Management, 32(1), 4-27. Pelham, A.M., & Wilscn, D.T. (2001). A longitudinal study on the impact of market structure, firm structure, strategy, and market orientation culture on dimensions of small- firm performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(1), 27-43. Pham, N.T.P., Segars, M.S.R., & Gijselaers. W.H. (2012). Effects of work environment on transfer of training: Empirical evidence from Master of Business Administration Programs in Vietnam. International Journal of Training and Development, 17(1), 1-19. Phatak, A.V. (1989). International dimensions of management (2nd ed.). The Kent international dimensions of business series, Kent publishing company. Pleshko, L.P., & Heins, R.A. (2011). A contingency theory approach to market orientation and related marketing strategy concepts: Does fit relate to share performance? Academy of banking studies journal, 10(1), 119-133. Polat, I., & Mutlu, M.H. (2012). The impact of market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, environmental uncertainty and internationalization speed of firm performance. European Researchers, 27(8/2), 1248-1254. Prato, A., Wee, T.C., Syahchari, D.H., Tyaznugraha, A., Mat, N.K.N., & Hadiatifitri. (2013). The direct effect of entrepreneurial orientation and innovation success on firm performance. American journal of Economics, 3(l), 1-6. Punch, K.F. (2005). Introduction to sosial research- Quantitative and Qualitative approaches. London: Sage Publications. Qian, C., Cao, Q., and Takeuchi, R. (2012). Top management team functional diversity and organizational innovation in China: The moderating effects of environment. Strategic Management Journal, 34, 110-120. Quee, L.L., Shahrim, M., Othman, M., Adzaham, N.M., Ramachandram, L. (2010) Relationship between food image, tourist satisfaction and behavioral intention. World Applied Science Journal, 10, 164-171. Rahnama, A., Mousavian, S.J., & Eshghi, D. (2011). The role of industrial incentives in the development of small and medium industries. International Journal of Business Administration, 42(4), 25-32 |