The normalization of the United States-Libya relations, 2003-2006

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the factors leading to the normalized relations between the United States (U.S.) and Libya in 2003–2006. The theoretical framework of this study was the rational actor model of foreign policy decision making, which held that the foreign policy deci...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Ahmeid, Ahmeid Mohamed
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2014
Subjects:	JZ International relations
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/4474/1/s91640.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/4474/7/s91640_abstract.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.4474
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	L. Taya, Shamsuddin Mohd Sani, Mohd. Azizuddin
topic	JZ International relations
spellingShingle	JZ International relations Ahmeid, Ahmeid Mohamed The normalization of the United States-Libya relations, 2003-2006
description	The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the factors leading to the normalized relations between the United States (U.S.) and Libya in 2003–2006. The theoretical framework of this study was the rational actor model of foreign policy decision making, which held that the foreign policy decisions were made in such a way as to maximize benefits while minimizing costs. The study was divided into three parts. The first part looked at the political factors leading to the normalized relations between the two countries. These factors include the diplomatic, leadership and media. The second part looked at the economic factors such as the oil and economic sanctions. The last part looked at the security factors including terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, and the Libya‘s attitudes towards Israel. The data for this study were collected mainly from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources included documents, agreements, and treaties that signed by Libya with the U.S. In addition, the researcher analyzed the outputs of the U.S. and Libyan policy- makers and institutions relating to the research topic, such as speeches, official correspondences, decrees, and decisions of both governments relating to each other. Interviews with knowledgeable people were also conducted. The secondary sources included books, journals, magazines and newspapers. Key findings over the period studied indicated the importance of the political, economic, and security factors in forwarding the U.S. policy options towards the normalization of the U.S. - Libya relations in 2006. Furthermore, this study also concluded that the success of the normalized relations was a product of intertwining of these factors together through their influences on policy- makers of both countries to take flexible attitudes to resolve outstanding issues between them.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Ph.D.
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Ahmeid, Ahmeid Mohamed
author_facet	Ahmeid, Ahmeid Mohamed
author_sort	Ahmeid, Ahmeid Mohamed
title	The normalization of the United States-Libya relations, 2003-2006
title_short	The normalization of the United States-Libya relations, 2003-2006
title_full	The normalization of the United States-Libya relations, 2003-2006
title_fullStr	The normalization of the United States-Libya relations, 2003-2006
title_full_unstemmed	The normalization of the United States-Libya relations, 2003-2006
title_sort	normalization of the united states-libya relations, 2003-2006
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government
publishDate	2014
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/4474/1/s91640.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/4474/7/s91640_abstract.pdf
_version_	1776103647049940992
spelling	my-uum-etd.44742023-04-02T00:34:46Z The normalization of the United States-Libya relations, 2003-2006 2014 Ahmeid, Ahmeid Mohamed L. Taya, Shamsuddin Mohd Sani, Mohd. Azizuddin Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government JZ International relations The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the factors leading to the normalized relations between the United States (U.S.) and Libya in 2003–2006. The theoretical framework of this study was the rational actor model of foreign policy decision making, which held that the foreign policy decisions were made in such a way as to maximize benefits while minimizing costs. The study was divided into three parts. The first part looked at the political factors leading to the normalized relations between the two countries. These factors include the diplomatic, leadership and media. The second part looked at the economic factors such as the oil and economic sanctions. The last part looked at the security factors including terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, and the Libya‘s attitudes towards Israel. The data for this study were collected mainly from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources included documents, agreements, and treaties that signed by Libya with the U.S. In addition, the researcher analyzed the outputs of the U.S. and Libyan policy- makers and institutions relating to the research topic, such as speeches, official correspondences, decrees, and decisions of both governments relating to each other. Interviews with knowledgeable people were also conducted. The secondary sources included books, journals, magazines and newspapers. Key findings over the period studied indicated the importance of the political, economic, and security factors in forwarding the U.S. policy options towards the normalization of the U.S. - Libya relations in 2006. Furthermore, this study also concluded that the success of the normalized relations was a product of intertwining of these factors together through their influences on policy- makers of both countries to take flexible attitudes to resolve outstanding issues between them. 2014 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/4474/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/4474/1/s91640.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/4474/7/s91640_abstract.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abraham, E. (2011). The Impact of Oil in Global Politics, suite101.com. Retrieved April 24, 2013 from http://suite101.com/a/the-impact-of- oil-in-globalpolitics-a366135. AFP. (2008). "Libyan Nuclear File Should Be Example for Syria, Iran: U.S.," Retrieved September 24, 2009, from http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g Cp3_gjzWlTmYIN9YPCyUcBfejw. African Development Bank. (2009). Libya, Country Engagement Note, Regional Department North I (ORNA). Retrieved January 22, 2011 from http://www.afdb.org/file admin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-andOperati ons/LIBYA_COUNTRY%20ENGAGEMENT%20NOTE_01.pdf. African Union. (2009). Transformation of the African Union Commission (AUC) into the African Union Authority (AUA), Libya.15-16 April, 2009, [Press release]. Retrieved May 15, 2013 from http://www.africaunion.org/root/UA/actualites/ 2009/avr/cp%20conseil%20excecutif%20%20tripoli% 20%20eng%2015%20o4%2008.doc. Afrol News. (2009). Libyan oil sector already revitalizing. Retrieved May 15, 2013 from http://www.afrol.com/articles/10756. Ahmed, N. M. (2005). The war on truth: 9/11, disinformation, and the anatomy of terrorism. Arris. Al-Ahram. (2010). (Egypt), May 7, 2010. Saif al-Islam Qadhafi, in a dialogue with the leaders of the Al-Ahram, (in Arabic) Retrieved April 24, 2011 from, http://digital.ahram.org.eg/articles.aspx?Serial =130357&eid=1198. Al-Jamahiriya. (2003). (Libya), December 21, 2003. Aljazeera. (2004). Interview with Abdul Rahman Shalgam. Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/ex eres/5E6CFF3B-662E-47DB-8950-743B3902FDEC.htm. Allen, M., & Gellman, B. (2002). Preemptive strikes part of US strategic doctrine. Washington Post, 11, A1. Allison, G. (1971). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little Brown. Allison, G. & Zelikow, P. (1999). Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2, New York: Longman. Almahdi, M. (1999). Libya-United States Relations, 1969-1986 (Master thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia). Al–Qadhafi, S. A. (2003). Libyan–American relations. Middle East Policy, 10(1), 35-44. Al Qadhafi Speaks. (2003). The Leader’s Analysis of the Current Crisis of Terrorism in the World, Retrieved August 12, 2012 from http://rcmlibya.wordpress. com/2012/08/12/the-leaders-analysis-of-thecurre nt-crisis-of-terrorism-in-the-world/. Al-Shams. (2003). (Libya), December 21, 2003. Al-Sharq Al-Awsat. (2003). (London), December 24, 2003. -----------. (2009). "interview with Alsharq AL-Awsat with Saif Al Islam Al Qadhafi, Retrieved February 4, 2009 from http://aawsat.com/default.asp?myday=4&mymonth=2&myyear=2009&I2.x=11&I2.y=9. Alteer, A. (2005). Changes in the international system and its impact on the Libyan Foreign Policy (Master thesis, Academy of postgraduate studies, Tripoli). Alterman, J. B. (2006). Libya and the US: The Unique Libyan Case. Middle East Quarterly, 13 (1), 21-29. Al-Zahf Al-Akhdhar. (2003). (Libya), December 21, 2003. Anderson, L. (2006). Rogue Libya‘s long road. Middle East Report, (241), 42-47. Art, R. J. (2000). Geopolitics Updated: The Strategy of Selective Engagement. In Strategy and Force Planning, ed. Strategy and Force Planning Faculty, 184-213. Newport, RI: Naval War College Press. Ashiurakis, A. M. (1984). Guide to the Libyan Jamahiriya Tripoli: Dar Al-Fergiani. Badr, H. S. (2001). Libya’s policy towards Africa in the nineties, digital Ahram, (in Arabic) Retrieved May 11,2012 from http://digital.ahram.org.eg/ articles.aspx?Serial=219811&eid=4561. Bahgat, G. (2006). Libya looks to a bright future post-sanctions. Mediterranean Yearbook. BBC News. (2003a). Full transcript: Blair's Libya statement, Retrieved June 7, 2012 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3336073.stm. -----------. (2003b). Libyan WMD: Tripoli's statement in full, Retrieved June 7, 2012 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3336 139.stm. -----------. (2004). Saif al Islam Qadhafi's vision for Libya‖ Retrieved June 7, 2012 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4014 147.stm. ----------- . (2007a). BP returns to Libya in $900m deal, May 29, 2007 Retrieved June 7, 2012 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/bus iness/6700255.stm. -----------. (2007b). Libya 'may sign US nuclear deal, Retrieved June 7, 2012 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6444 831.stm. -----------. (2008). US-Libya compensation deal sealed, Retrieved June 7, 2012 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/ 7561271.stm. Bearman, J. (1986). Qadhafi's Libya London: Zed Books. Begin, M. (1977). Who is Menachem Begin?: A documentary sketch. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies. Bianco, M. (1975). Qadhafi: Voice from the Desert, Margaret Lyie (Trans.). Blake, C., & Abu-Osba, S. K. (1982). Libya: Terrorist or Terrorized: an Inquiry into Politics, Ideology and Communication. Jerusalem International Publishing House. Blakely, K. R. (2010). The Libyan conversion in three acts why Qadhafi gave up his weapons of mass destruction program (Doctoral dissertation, Monterey, California, Naval Postgraduate School). Blanchard, C. M. (2008). Libya: Background and US Relations. Library of Congress Washington DC Congressional Research Service. -----------. (2009). Libya: Background and US Relations. DIANE Publishing Bolton, J. R. (2000). United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on Near Eastern, & South Asian Affairs. (2000). US foreign policy toward Libya (Vol. 4). May 4, 2000; Retrieved July 5, 2013 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-106shrg 67394/html/CHRG-106shrg67394.htm. -----------. (2002). "Beyond the Axis of Evil: Additional Threats from Weapons of Mass Destruction," remarks to the Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C., May 6, 2002. Retrieved June 7, 2012 from http://20012009.state.gov/t/us/rm/9962.htm. -----------. (2003). Testimony before the House International Relations Committee: US Efforts to Stop the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction. June 4, 2003; Retrieved June 6, 2012 from http://www.state.gov/t/us/rm/21247.htm Boucek, C. (2004). Libya‘s Return to the Fold? Strategic Insights, 3(3), 1-9. Bowen, W.Q. (2006). Libya and Nuclear Proliferation: Stepping Back from the Brink. London: the International Institute for Strategic Studies Brinkerhoff, N., Wallechinsky, D. (2011). Qadhafi Invested Heavily in Wall Street and U.S. Bonds. Allgov. Com Retrieved January 3, 2013 from http://www.allgov.com/news/us-and-the world/gaddafi-invested-heavily-inwall-street-and -us-bonds?news=842723. Burns, W. J. (2002). "Challenges and Opportunities for the United States in the Middle East and North Africa," remarks to the Hannibal Club at the Meridian International Center, Washington, D.C., January 30, 2002, Retrieved January 3, 2013 from http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/2002/7776.htm. Bush, G. W. (2001). Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People. Washington DC, September 20, 2001. Transcript Retrieved January 3, 2013 from, http://edition.cnn.com/ 2001/US/09/20/gen.bush.transcript/. -----------. (2002a). State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2013 from, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ wpsrv/onpolitics/transcripts/sou012902.htm. -----------. (2002b). The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: White House, September 2002). An excerpt from the President’s speech dated September17. Retrieved January 3, 2013 from, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/ 63562.pdf. -----------. (2003). Libya pledges to dismantle WMD programs. Speech, The James S. Brady Briefing Room, The White House, Washington, DC, 19.. Transcript Retrieved January 3, 2013 from http://www.fas.org/nuke/ guide/libya/wh121903.html. -----------. (2004). State of the Union address, January 20, 2004, Retrieved January 3, 2013 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/politics/transcripts/bushtext_012004.html. Bushashia, F. (2008). Public diplomacy between the U.S and Libya, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Research Paper for Ambassador Rugh‘s DHP D204 April 23, 2008, Tuft University United States Calabrese, J. A. (2004). Carrots or sticks? Libya and US efforts to influence rogue states (Master thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School). Carter, J. (1980). The State of the Union Address Delivered Before a Joint Session of the Congress. Washington, DC, January, 23. Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism. (2004). Libya, 2004. The Peterson Institute for International Economics, Retrieved September 8, 2013 from http://www.piie.com/research/topics/sanctions/ libya.cfm. Cecil, C. (2008). Libya’s Relation with Africa and the West. Paper presented at the first conference on the Libyan Affairs and the West, organized by Middle East Institute and the Green Book Researcher Canter on 31st March 2008, Washington: US. Center, D. N. (2000). Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions, 1 January through 30 June 1999. Attachment to SSCI, 425. Chirac, J. (2012). My Life in Politics. Macmillan. CNN, C., & Live, L. K. (2009). Transcripts: September 28, 2009: Retrieved September 8, 2013 from http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0909/28/ lkl.01.html. Cohen, D. B., & Dolan, C. J. (2005). Revisiting El Dorado Canyon: Terrorism, the Reagan Administration, and the 1986 bombing of Libya. White House Studies, 5, 153-174. Cohen, S., & Cohen, D. (2000).Pan Am 103: The Bombing, the Betrayals, and a Bereaved Family's Search for Justice. New American Library. Conoco Phillips. (2005). ConocoPhillips to Return to Libya, Retrieved September 8, 2013 from http://www.conocophillips.com/EN/newsroom/ news_releases/2005news/Pages/12-29-2005.aspx. Cooley, J. K. (1981). Qadhafi's Nervous Neighbor. Middle East International no.157 (September 4, 1981): 2-3. Cordesman, A. H. (2005). The Changing Balance of US and Global Dependence on Middle Eastern Energy Exports. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Corera, G. (2006). Shopping for Bombs: Nuclear Proliferation, Global Insecurity, and the Rise and Fall of the AQ Khan Network. Oxford University Press. Cretz, G. A. (2010). U.S.- Libyan Relations: The Second Year of Normalization." Remarks by Ambassador Gene A. Cretz at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Friday, June 4, 2010, Washington, D.C. Retrieved December 9, 2012 from http://photos.state.gov/libraries/libya/19452/ public/TP%20-%20Carnegie%20Foundation%20100604. pdf. Crocker, C. A., & Nelson, C. R. (2003). U.S.- Libyan Relations: Toward Cautious Reengagement, Policy Paper, April 2003, Atlantic Council Published, USA. DeSutter, P. A. (2004). Testimony of Assistant Secretary of State for Verification and Compliance Senate Foreign Relations Committee February 26, 2004; Retrieved December 9, 2012 from http://www.forei gn.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/DeSutterTestimony040 226.pdf. Djaziri, M. (1999). La Libye: les élites politiques, la stratégie de sortie de crise et la réinsertion dans le système international: Libye. Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord, 38, 171-184. Dunne, T. & Schmidt, B. C. (2010). "Realism" in Baylis, J. & Smith, S. (ed.). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. (5th edition) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Echeverr a Jes s, C. (2004). Radical Islam in the Maghreb. Orbis, 48(2), 351-364. Ehteshami, A., & Hinnebusch, R. A. (Eds.). (2002). The foreign policies of Middle East states. Lynne Rienner Publishers. EIA, D. (2002). Country Analysis Briefs: Libya. Retrieved December 9, 2012 from http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/108E14. htm. El-Khawas, M. A. (1986). Qaddafi: His Ideology in Theory and Practice. Brattleboro: Amana Books. Essayed, O. (1994). Libyan-American Relations, 1940-1992 Cairo:civilization centre, (in Arabic). Fergiani, M. B. (1976). The Libyan Jamahiriya. Tripoli: Dar AL-Fergiani. Fidler, S., Huband, M., & Khalaf, R. (2004). Return to the Fold: How Qadhafi was persuaded to give up his nuclear goals. The Financial Times. First, R. (1974). Libya: the elusive revolution. Fox news. (2003). Raw Data: Libya‘s WMD Agreement, Published December 19, 2003. FoxNews.com, Retrieved December 9, 2012 from http://www.foxnews.com/story/2003/12/19/raw-data -libya-wmd-agreement/. Franssen, H. T. (2002). US Sanctions against Libya. Middle East Economic Survey, MEES. Vol. XLV No 8, Retrieved December 9, 2012 from http://www.mafhoum.com/ press3/87E11.htm. Ghanmi, L. (2006). Security dominates US push into North Africa. Daily News, Retrieved December 9, 2012 from http://www.hurri yetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=secur itydominates-us-push-into-north-africa-2006-02- 19. Gardiner, N., Philips, J., & Brookes, P. (2003). Don‘t Lift Sanctions against Libya‘. The Heritage Foundation. Gebril, M. (1985). U.S Policy toward Libya, 1969-1982 The role of image. (Doctoral dissertation) University of Pittsburgh. -----------. (1988). Imagery and Ideology in US Policy toward Libya 1969–1982. University of Pittsburgh Pre. General, D. (2008). Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement of the Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (p. 5). GOV/2008/39. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://www.iaea.org/Publi cations/Documents/Board/2008/gov200839.pdf. George, A. L., & George, J. (1964). Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study. (Vol. 1144). DoverPublications.com. Gosa, K. L. (2011). The Normalization of United States-Libya Relations (1990-2006) Paper Prepared for the 2011 International Studies Association Convention (March 16-19, 2011) Montreal, Quebec, Canada. -----------. (2013). From Normalization of Relations to War: United States-Libya Relations 2001-2011 (Master thesis, DePaul University Chicago, IL). Gowing, N. (1994). Real-time television coverage of armed conflicts and diplomatic crises: Does it pressure or distort foreign policy decisions? Joan Shorenstein Barone Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Habib, H. D. (1979). Libya: Past and Present. Malta: Aedam Publishing House. Hagger, N. (2009). The Libyan Revolution: Its Origins and Legacy: a Memoir and Assessment. John Hunt Publishing. Haley, P. E. (1984). Qadhafi and the United States since 1969. New York: Praeger. Hamill, J., & Lee, D. (2001). A middle power paradox? South African diplomacy in the post-apartheid era. International Relations, 15(4), 33-59. Haridi, H. (2004). The initiatives to develop the Arab League. BBC Arabic, Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/arabic/middle_east_news/newsid_3528000/3528701.stm. Harris, L. C. (1986). Libya: Qadhafi's revolution and the modern state. Boulder: West view Press. Herald, S. M. (1986) Rebels to get US Stinger missiles, Libya Lists 35 US targets, CIA say, The Sydney Morning Herald. Hertzberg, H. (2003). Axis Praxis. New Yorker, 13. Heymann, P. B. (2000). Terrorism and America: A commonsense strategy for a democratic society. MIT press. Hirsh, M. (2005). Bolton's British Problem. Newsweek, May, 2. Hitimana, B. (2008). Rwanda/Uganda: Oil pipeline to cut down costs. East African Business Week, Uganda: Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/16525. html. Hochman, D. (2009) Going Legit: Qadhafi's Neo-Institutionalism. Yale J. Int'l Aff., 4, 27. Hoffman, B., & Kasupski, A. B. (2007). The Victims of Terrorism: An Assessment of Their Influence and Growing Role in Policy, Legislation, and the Private Sector. Rand Corporation. Huliaras, A. (2001). Qadhafi's comeback: Libya and sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s. African Affairs, 100(398), 5-25. Hulme, S. J. (2001). The modern media: the impact on foreign policy. (Master thesis, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas). Husseiny, M. (1990). Violence in international relations, Rabat Morocco: Elwhda publishing. (In Arabic). Imam, G. (2005). The Arab National Security and the Iranian bomb, Alsharq Alawsat Newspaper, No.9660, London (in Arabic). International Energy Agency. (2005). World Energy Outlook 2005: Middle East and North Africa Insights. OECD. International Monetary Fund. (2005). Country Report, Libya, 2005, Retrieved December 13, 2012 from http://www.imf.org/exter nal/np/sec/pn/2005/pn0528.htm. ------------. (2009). Libya 2009.Article IV, Consultation Preliminary Conclusions of the IMF Mission I. Retrieved December 13, 2012 from http://www.imf. org/external/np/ms/2009/060109a.htm. Jackson, R. H., & Sorensen, G. (2007). Introduction to international relations: theories and approaches. Oxford University Press. Japer, F. (1974). Nuclear Weapons and Strategic of Israel, Beirut: Arab Studies Institute (in Arabic). Jentleson, B. W. (1991). The Reagan administration and coercive diplomacy: restraining more than remaking governments. Political Science Quarterly, 106(1), 57-82. -----------. (2006). Coercive Diplomacy: Scope and Limits in the Contemporary World. The Stanley Foundation. Jentleson, B. W., & Whytock, C. A. (2005). Who" Won" Libya? The Force-Diplomacy Debate and Its Implications for Theory and Policy. International Security, 30(3), 47-86. Joffe, G. (2004). Who Blinked, and Why, Current History, 103 (673), 222-225 Joseph, R. G. (2009). Countering WMD: The Libyan Experience. National Institute Press. Kandil, H. (1997).Transcript: Interview of Col. Muammar Al-Qadhafi: By Libyan Television, August 29. 1997. Sirte Conference Center, Retrieved December 24, 2012 from http://southmovement.alphalink.com.au/countries/ Libya/Qadhafi-ATV.htm. Katzman, K. (2003). US-Libyan Relations: An Analytic Compendium of US Policies Laws & Regulations. Atlantic Council of the United States. Kerr, P. (2004). IAEA praises Libya for disarmament efforts. Arms Control Today, 28, 51. Khaldun, I. (1967). The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history (Vol. 2). Princeton University Press (Princeton, NJ). Kohlmann, E. F., & Lefkowitz, J. (2007). Dossier: Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG). The Nine Eleven Finding Answers (NEFA) Foundation: October. Kosnik, M. E. (1999). An analysis of the United States use of military force against terrorism (Doctoral dissertation, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University). Labott, E. (2002). Libya, Lockerbie families reach $2.7 billion settlement, CNN.COM, October 29, 2002 Retrieved February 7, 2012 from http://edition.cnn.com/2002/LAW/10/29/lockerbie. agreement/. Lacqueur, W. (2001). "Reflections on Terrorism," in the Global Agenda: Issues and Perspectives, (Ed) Kegley, C. W., & Wittkopf, E. R., McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Limited. Lahwej, Y. A. (1998). Ideology and power in Libyan foreign policy with reference to Libyan-American relations from the revolution to the Lockerbie affair. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Reading). Lancaster, J. (1999). US Moves Toward Better Ties to Libya: Administration Cites Moderation by Qadhafi, Washington Post A, 9. Lawless, R. I., (2007). "Libya: History", the Middle East and North Africa 53rd Edition, Routledge, London and New York. Le Figaro. (2004)."Muammar Qadhafi: 'Que fait l'armee francaise en Afrique?'" Retrieved February 7, 2012 from http://www.voltairenet.org/article155 99.html. Lepgold, J. (1998). Hypothesis on Vulnerability: Are Terrorists and Drug Traffickers Coercible? Strategic Coercion, 131-150. Leverett, F. (2004). Why Libya gave up on the bomb. New York Times, 23, A23. Library of Congress. (nd).Country Profile: Libya, April 2005. Retrieved February 7, 2012 from http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Libya.pdf Libya: Africa Investment Portfolio: (2007). The LAP active in Funding Diverse Projects, Particularly if they add Value to Raw Commodities. African Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series, (2007). 44 (9), 17559A-17559B. Libyan Times. (2010). Retrieved from http://libyantimes.ly/web /index2.phpoption=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=123. Libyan, W. M. D. (2003). Tripoli’s Statement in Full. December 20, 2003 Retrieved February 7, 2012 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3336 139.stm. Litwak, R. (2007). Regime change: US strategy through the prism of 9/11. JHU Press. Livingston, S. (1997). Clarifying the CNN Effect. An Examination of Media Effects According to Type of Military Intervention. The Joan Shorenstein Center, Research Paper R-18. LPM Decision. (2006). The Decision of Libyan Prime Minister No.15 (2006) For the Establishment of Libya Africa Investment portfolio, Tripoli. February 6th, 2006. Lynch, M. (2002). Using and Abusing the UN, Redux. Middle East Report, 32(4; ISSU 225), 8-13. Mack, D. (2011) The US and Libya: Normalization of a Stormy Relationship. Foreign Service Journal, 88(1), 26-29. Mady, A. M. (2005). Roles and Effects of Media in the Middle East and the United States. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Martinez, L. (2007). The Libyan Paradox. London: Hurst. Matar, K. I., & Thabit, R. W. (2004). Lockerbie and Libya: a study in international relations. McFarland. Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel lobby and US foreign policy. Macmillan. MEED. (2010). Libya Plans $94 bn of Housing and Infrastructure Projects, Retrieved February 7, 2012 from http://www.meed.com/sectors/construc tion/infrastructure/libyaplans-94bn-ofhousing- and-infrastructure-projects/3006026.article. Metz, H. C. (Ed.). (2004). Libya. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. Mhadbi, M. (2007). Lessons from Libya: How to Make Friends with Arabs arabinsight Vol. 1, No. 2. Migdalovitz, C. (2008). CRS report for Congress—Israel: Background and relations with the United States. In Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Report RL33476. Miles, A. (2013). US Foreign Policy and the Rogue State Doctrine, Routledge Published. Miller, J. (2004). Libya Halts Military Trade with North Korea, Syria and Iran. The New York Times, 14. Mobbs, P. M. (2005). The mineral industry of Libya. US Geol Surv Minerals Yearbook. Retrieved February 7, 2012 from, http://minerals .usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2005/lymyb05.pdf Monti-Belkaoui, J., & Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (1996) Qaddafi: The man and his policies. Avebury. Moss, D. (2010). Reforming the Rogue, Lessons from the U.S.- Libya Rapprochement, Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Moussa, M. S. A. (2009). An eclectic approach to the determinants of foreign direct investment inflows to the Libyan oil and gas sector (Doctoral dissertation, Northumbria University). Muller, H. (1987). A European non-proliferation policy: prospects and problems, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Murphy, Sean D, (2006). U.S Practice in International Law, Volume 2: 2002- 2004, Cambridge University Press. Naor, A. (1999) The security argument in the territorial debate in Israel: Rhetoric and policy. Israel Studies, 4(2), 150-177. Neumann, R. (1999). Testimony before the House International Relations Africa Sub-committee, 106 Congress 1st Sess Tuesday, July 22, 1999. Retrieved February 7, 2012 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ pkg/CHRG-106hhrg63272/pdf/CHRG-106hhrg63272.pdf Newsom, D. (1970). Statement, Subcommittee on U.S. Security Agreements and Commitments A broad, Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate, 91st Cong, 2d Sess, July 20, 1970. Nguyen, M. (2006). UK offers Libya security assurances. Arms Control Today. Niblock, T. (2002). ”Pariah States” and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Obeidi, A. (2001). Political culture in Libya. Psychology Press. O‘Brien, L. B. (2011). The Evolution of Terrorism since 9/11. Retrieved February 7, 2012 from http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcementbulletin/ september-2011/September-2011-leb.pdf. Ojo, O. J., Orwa, D. K., & Utete, C. M. B. (1985). African international relations. Longman. OilPrice.com. (2009). The Oil Industry and Its Effect on Global, Retrieved November 2, 2013 from http://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/ The-Oil-Industry-And-Its-Effect-On-Global-Politi cs.html. Oren, M. B. (2011). Remembering Six Days in 1967, foreign policy magazine. O'Sullivan, M. L. (2003). Shrewd Sanctions: Economic Statecraft in an Age of Global Terrorism. Brookings Institution. Otman, W. A., & Karlberg, E. (2007). The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification and International Repositioning. Springer. Pagnamenta, R. (2009). Vast oil and gas reserves help to warm relations with Libya" The Times, August 14, 2009 Pasha, A. K. (1984). Libya and the United States: Qadhafi's Response to Reagan's Challenge. Detente Publications. Pfundstein, D. R. (2011). Reining in a “Rogue” State: Instrument Selection in the US Campaign to Confront Libya. Paper prepared for the ISA Annual Convention March16, 2011, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Plachta, M. (2001). The Lockerbie Case: the role of the Security Council in enforcing the principle aut dedere aut judicare. European Journal of International Law, 12(1), 125-140. Porter, G. D. (2010). Testimony of Senate Foreign Relations Committee “The al-Megrahi Release: One Year Later. September 29, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2013 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ pkg/CHRG-111shrg63235/pdf/CHRG-111shrg63235.pdf Post, T. (2009). Qadhafi Meets Obama at G8 Summit in Italy. Tripoli Post Online, 260. Qadhafi, M. (1981). Presented on the occasion of the 12th anniversary of the Libyan revolution September 1, 1981, Libya TV, Tripoli, Libya. -----------. (1981a). Interview with Time Magazine, Retrieved November 2, 2013 from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/arti cle/0,9171,922551-1,00.html. -----------. (1982). Speech presented on the People's Congress, March 2, 1982, Libya TV, Tripoli, Libya March 5, 1982. -----------. (2003). The White Book (ISRATIN): Tripoli. The green book centre studies publisher. -----------. (2010) Speech presented on the occasion of the 24th anniversary of the U.S. raid on Tripoli and Benghazi on April 15, 2010, Libya TV, Tripoli, Libya April 15, 2010. Qadri, A. (2006). Libyan relations with Western countries, Retrieved from http://www.alwatan-libya.com/print.asp?News ID= 6611(Arabic). Radia, K. (2006). Libya Is Off U.S. Terrorist List.ABCNews.go.com. Retrieved November 2, 2013 from http://abcnews.go.com/ International/story?id=1965753. Rice, C. (2011). No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington. Random House Digital, Inc. Roberts, J. (2003). Bush: Follow Libya‘s Lead, CBSNEWS. Retrieved November 2, 2013 from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bush-follow-libyas-lead/. Ronen, Y. (2008). Qaddafi's Libya in world politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Ronzitti, N. (2009). The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for Cooperation in the Mediterranean? Bulletin of Italian Politics, 1(1), 125-133. Saikaly, R. (2009). Decision Making in US Foreign Policy: Applying Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model to the 2003 Iraq Crisis (Doctoral dissertation, Kent State University). Saleem, N. (2007). Global Economic and Public Policy Framework.Lulu.com. Sanders, A. & Lau, S. (2012). Al Qaeda and the African Arc of Instability, Civil Military Fusion Centre, Retrieved May 16, 2013 from https://www.cimicweb .org/cmo/medbasin/Holder/Documents/r025%20CFC%20 Monthly%20Thematic%20Report%20(03-JAN-13).pdf. Schelling, T. C. (1960). The strategy of conflict. Cambridge, Mass. Schifferes, S. (2003). US names' coalition of the willing'. BBC news Retrieved May 16, 2013 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/americas/286234 3.stm. Schmemann, S., & Attacked, U. S. (2001). President Vows to Exact Punishment for 'Evil.‘. The New York Times, A1. Schweitzer, Y. (2004). Neutralizing Terrorism-Sponsoring States: The Libyan 'Model,‘ Strategic Assessment (Tel Aviv), 7(1). Sears, D. O., Huddy, L. E., & Jervis, R. E. (2003). Oxford handbook of political psychology. Oxford University Press. Shalgam, A. (2007). Statement, Libyan foreign policy and the regional changes, Tripoli: Green Book Center. (In Arabic). Sharp, J. M. (2008). Specialist in Middle East Affairs, Congressional Research Service Report "US Foreign Aid to Israel," updated January 2, 2008, Table 5. Recent US Aid to Israel. Shufani, E. (1977). Menachem Begin: From Terrorism to Power. Palestine: Institute for Palestine studies. (In Arabic). Simons, G. L. (1996). Libya: the struggle for survival. New York: St. Martin's Press. Sinnar, S. (2000). Beyong" Whodunit": The Political Road to the Lockerbie Trial. WASHINGTON REPORT ON MIDDLE EAST AFFAIRS, 19(6), 27-27. Slavin, B. (2004). Libya‘s Rehabilitation in the Works since Early '90s. USA Today, 26. State Sponsors of Terrorism. (n.d.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism#cite_note-2. St John, R. B. (1987). Qaddafi's world design: Libyan foreign policy, 1969-1987. London: Saqi Books. -----------. (2002). Libya and the United States, Two Centuries of Strife. Univ of Pennsylvania Press. -----------. (2004). Libya is not Iraq: preemptive strikes, WMD and diplomacy. The Middle East Journal, 58(3), 386-402. -----------. (2008a). Libya: from colony to independence. Oneworld. -----------. (2008b). Libya and the United States: A faustian pact? Middle East Policy, 15(1), 133- 148. Suskind, R. (2006). The Tyrant Who Came in from the Cold Gadhafi gave up his WMDs not because we scared him, but because we talked to him. Washington Monthly, 38(10), 19. Taheri, A. (2003). Libya’s Future: Talking to Muammar Kaddafi's Son. National Review Online. Retrieved May 16, 2013 from http://www.national review.com/articles/205375/libyas-future/amir-taheri. Takeyh, R. (2001). The rogue who came in from the cold. Foreign Affairs, 62-72. Tenet, G. (2007). At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA. HarperCollins UK. Times, W. (2009). Libya‘s Qadhafi storms out of Arab summit in Qatar. March 30, 2009. Retrieved May 16, 2013 from http://www.washingtontimes.com/ news/2009/mar/30/libyas-gadhafi-stormsout-of- arab-summit-in-qatar/. Travis, R. (2000). The promotion of democracy at the end of the twentieth century: A new polestar for American foreign policy. After the End: Making US Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World, Durham (NC)/London, 251-276. Tucker, J. B. (2009). The Rollback of Libya‘s Chemical Weapons Program Nonproliferation Review, 16(3), 363-384. Tyler, P. E., & Risen, J. (2003). Secret diplomacy won Libyan pledge on arms. The New York Times, 1. Tyler, P. E. (2004). Congressman Says U.S. Should Lift Its Ban on Travel to Libya. New York Times, 8, A3. United Nations. (2005). Office for Outer Space Affairs, International Astronautical Federation, & International Institute of Space Law. (2006). Highlights in Space 2005: Progress in Space Science, Technology and Applications, International Cooperation and Space Law. United Nations Publications. USA Today. (2003). U.S advises weapons inspectors to leave Iraq, Retrieved October 20, 2013, from http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/ 2003-03-17-inspectorsiraq_x.htm. U.S. Department of state. (1997). Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1997 Retrieved October 20, 2013, from http://www.higginsctc.org/patternsof globalterrorism/1997pogt.pdf. ----------. (2002). Patterns of Global Terrorism: 2002 Retrieved October 20, 2013, from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/ 20177.pdf. -----------. (2004a). Country Reports on Terrorism 2004 Retrieved April 9, 2013 from http://www.state.gov/documents/organi zation/45313.pdf. -----------. (2004b). Powell Says Iraq Will Need to Cede Some Sovereignty Retrieved April 9, 2013 from http://iipdigital. usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2004/04/2004 0427173541esnamfuak0.8106348.html#axzz2jNTJkNar. -----------. (2006). U.S. Diplomatic Relations with Libya Retrieved April 9, 2013 from http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2006/ 66235.htm. -----------. (2008a). U.S. Statement on Libya Claims Settlement Agreement Retrieved April 3, 2013 from http://iipdigital.usembassy. gov/st/english/texttrans/2008/08/20080814150458 eaifas0.3271601.html#axzz2jNTJkNar. -----------. (2008b). Libya (01/09) Retrieved April 8, 2013 from http://www.state.gov/outof date/bgn/libya/116092.htm. -----------. (2009). Libya (08/06) Retrieved April 8, 2013 from http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/libya/ 74188.htm. -----------. (2010). Libya (03/09) Retrieved April 9, 2013 from http://www.state. gov/outofdate/bgn/libya/120759.htm Vakhshouri, S. (2011). Measuring the Effect of Political Instability in the Middle East and North Africa on Global Energy, Independent Consultant, Washington DC. Vandewalle, D. (2006). A history of modern Libya. Cambridge University Press. Viorst, M (1999). The Colonel in his Labyrinth. Foreign Affairs, 60-75. Volman, D. (2010). AFRICOM: what is it and what will it do. US Strategy in Africa: AFRICOM, Terrorism and Security Challenges. London and New York City: Routledge, 59. Waldie, P. (2011). Libyan investments, connections turn toxic. Globe and Mail. Wallerstein, I. (2011). The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century, With a New Prologue (Vol. 1). University of California Pr. Wall Street Journal. (2002). September 11 helps Libya try to improve US relations, Retrieved April 17, 2013 from http://www.libyawatanona.com/news/n16jan2a.htm Waltz, K. N. (1981). The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better: Introduction. The Adelphi Papers (21) 171. Watson, R. (Ed.). (2007). White House studies compendium (Vol. 5). Nova Publishers. White House. (2002). 'Fact Sheet: The President’s National Security Strategy to Combat WMD: Retrieved April 17, 2013 from, http://www.state.gov/documents/ organization/16092.pdf. -----------. (2003). Fact Sheet “The President's National Security Strategy to Combat. WMD, Libya’s Announcement‖ Retrieved April 21, 2013 from, http://2001-2009. state.gov/p/nea/rls/27462.htm. -----------. (2004a). United States Lifts Travel Ban on Libya Seeks to improved political, economic and social relations. Retrieved April 9, 2013 from, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/text trans/2004/02/20040226130914ndyblehs0.8357813. html#axzz2jNTJkNar. -----------. (2004b). U.S. Eases Economic Embargo Against Libya." 23 April 2004. Retrieved April 2, 2013 from http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/31773.htm Wightman, S. (2004). Deputy Chief of mission, Embassy of the United Kingdom (Rome, Italy), address to the Atlantic Council Conference, "The Libyan Model," Rome, Italy, December 13, 2004. Wihbey, P. M., & Schutz, B. (2002). African oil: A priority for US national security and African development. Research Papers in Strategy, Washington, DC, The Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies. Wills, D. C. (2003). The First War on Terrorism: Counter-Terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration. Rowman & Littlefield. Winner, A. C. (2005). The Proliferation Security Initiative: The New Face of Interdiction. Washington Quarterly, 28(2), 129-143. WMD Commission. (2005). The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. March 31, 2005. US Government, 374. World Investment News Top Reports. (2003). Top reports on Libya, The new gateway to Africa, open for business. Retrieved April 9, 2013 from http://www.winne.com/mena/libya/report/2004/ libya_pdf.php. World of maps. (2011). Map of Africa: political map, Retrieved April 12, 2013 from http://www.worldofmaps.net/en/africa/africa/political-africa-map.htm. -----------. (2011). Map of Libya: Relief Map, Retrieved April 9, 2013 from http://www.worldofmaps.net/en/africa/ map-libya/relief-map-libya.htm. Wright, J. (1982). Libya: A Modern History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Yetiv, S. A. (2004). Explaining Foreign Policy: US Decision-making in the Gulf Wars. JHU Press. Zafar, S. S. (2009). 'EU-Libya Relations. Journal of European Studies, 25(1), 125-141. Zenbou, T. (2010). The Strategic Importance of Africa to Arab National Security From the Perspective of Libyan Foreign Policy. (Doctoral dissertation, Durham University). Zimmerman, T. (1994). Coercive Diplomacy and Libya: The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy, 2, 201-228. Zoubir, Y. H. (2002). Libya in US foreign policy: from rogue state to good fellow? Third World Quarterly, 23(1), 31-53. -----------. (2006a). The United States and Libya: from confrontation to normalization. Middle East Policy, 13(2), 48-70. -----------. (2006b). American Policy in the Maghreb: The Conquest of a New Region? International and Strategic Studies.

The normalization of the United States-Libya relations, 2003-2006

Similar Items