Factors influencing green consumerism behavior among Penangites

Environmental apprehension has demanded greater responsibility and consciousness amongst individuals to be sustainable in their everyday activities. To synthesize business strategy, it is essential to identify the factors that influence green behavior among consumers. The main purpose of this resear...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Jayaeswari, Sangaralingam
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2014
Subjects:	HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior.
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/4973/1/s91999.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/4973/2/s91999_abstract.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.4973
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	Md Isa, Filzah
topic	HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior.
spellingShingle	HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior. Jayaeswari, Sangaralingam Factors influencing green consumerism behavior among Penangites
description	Environmental apprehension has demanded greater responsibility and consciousness amongst individuals to be sustainable in their everyday activities. To synthesize business strategy, it is essential to identify the factors that influence green behavior among consumers. The main purpose of this research is (1) to determine the factors that contribute to intention to green consumerism behavior; (2) to determine the mediating effect of intention on green consumerism behavior on factors contributing to green consumerism behavior and (3) to decide if there is a moderating effect of green advertisement on the relationship between intention to green consumerism and green consumerism behavior. This study consisted of six independent variables: moral norm, environmental concern, perceived knowledge, perceived environmental responsibility, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control, a mediator: intention to green consumerism, a dependent variable: green consumerism behavior i.e. purchase behavior, conservation behavior and recycle behavior and moderating variable, green advertisement. A total of 17 hypotheses were developed. Regression was used to analyze the mediation and moderation effect. The population was Malaysian consumers and a mall intercept survey using systematic random sampling yielded 387 respondents who had shopped in hypermarkets and supermarkets in Penang. The results showed 13 hypotheses being supported. Results showed moral norm, environmental concern, perceived knowledge, perceived environmental responsibility and subjective norm has a significant relationship to intention. Intention has a significant relationship to behavior however, intention did not mediate the relationship between the independent variables and behavior. It was also found that perceived behavioral control has a significant direct relationship with behavior. Moderating effect of green advertisement was significant, there was a quasi-moderation between intention and conservation behavior and intention and recycle behavior. The findings of this study while contributing to the body of knowledge, may also assist policy makers and marketers in their sustainability effort
format	Thesis
qualification_name	other
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Jayaeswari, Sangaralingam
author_facet	Jayaeswari, Sangaralingam
author_sort	Jayaeswari, Sangaralingam
title	Factors influencing green consumerism behavior among Penangites
title_short	Factors influencing green consumerism behavior among Penangites
title_full	Factors influencing green consumerism behavior among Penangites
title_fullStr	Factors influencing green consumerism behavior among Penangites
title_full_unstemmed	Factors influencing green consumerism behavior among Penangites
title_sort	factors influencing green consumerism behavior among penangites
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate	2014
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/4973/1/s91999.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/4973/2/s91999_abstract.pdf
_version_	1747827837978542080
spelling	my-uum-etd.49732022-05-23T01:54:49Z Factors influencing green consumerism behavior among Penangites 2014 Jayaeswari, Sangaralingam Md Isa, Filzah Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior. Environmental apprehension has demanded greater responsibility and consciousness amongst individuals to be sustainable in their everyday activities. To synthesize business strategy, it is essential to identify the factors that influence green behavior among consumers. The main purpose of this research is (1) to determine the factors that contribute to intention to green consumerism behavior; (2) to determine the mediating effect of intention on green consumerism behavior on factors contributing to green consumerism behavior and (3) to decide if there is a moderating effect of green advertisement on the relationship between intention to green consumerism and green consumerism behavior. This study consisted of six independent variables: moral norm, environmental concern, perceived knowledge, perceived environmental responsibility, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control, a mediator: intention to green consumerism, a dependent variable: green consumerism behavior i.e. purchase behavior, conservation behavior and recycle behavior and moderating variable, green advertisement. A total of 17 hypotheses were developed. Regression was used to analyze the mediation and moderation effect. The population was Malaysian consumers and a mall intercept survey using systematic random sampling yielded 387 respondents who had shopped in hypermarkets and supermarkets in Penang. The results showed 13 hypotheses being supported. Results showed moral norm, environmental concern, perceived knowledge, perceived environmental responsibility and subjective norm has a significant relationship to intention. Intention has a significant relationship to behavior however, intention did not mediate the relationship between the independent variables and behavior. It was also found that perceived behavioral control has a significant direct relationship with behavior. Moderating effect of green advertisement was significant, there was a quasi-moderation between intention and conservation behavior and intention and recycle behavior. The findings of this study while contributing to the body of knowledge, may also assist policy makers and marketers in their sustainability effort 2014 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/4973/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/4973/1/s91999.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/4973/2/s91999_abstract.pdf text eng public other doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Aaker, D., Stayman, D., & Hagerty, M. (1986). Warmth in advertising, measurement, impact and sequence effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (March), 365-381. Abdul-Muhmin, A. G. (2007). Explaining consumers’ willingness to be environmentally friendly. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31, 237-247. Abd Rahim, M. H., Ahmad Zukni, R. Z., Ahmad, F., & Lyndon, N. (2012). Green advertisement and environmentally responsible consumer behavior: The level of awareness and perception of Malaysian youth. Asian Social Science, 8 (5), 46-54. Abdul Wahid, N., Rahbar, E., & Tan, S. S. (2011). Factors influencing the green purchase behavior of Penang environmental volunteers. International Business Management, 5 (1), 38–49. Abraham, C. & Sheeran, P. (2000). Understanding and changing health behaviour: From health beliefs to self-regulation. In P. Norman, C. Abraham, and M. Conner (Eds.), Understanding and changing health behaviour (pp. 3-24). Amsterdam: Harwood. Abraham, C., Sheeran, P., Norman, N., Conner, P., de Vries, N., & Otten, W. (1999). When good intentions are not enough: Modeling post-intention cognitive correlates of condom use. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2591-2612. Adomssent, M., Godemann, J., & Michelsen, G. (2007). Transferability of approaches to sustainable development at universities as a challenge. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 8 (4), 385-402. Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32 (4), 665-683. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179– 211. Ajzen, I. (1985). From intention to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In Kuhl, J. and J. Beckman (eds) Action-Control: From Cognition to Behavior. Heidelberg: Springer, 11-39. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Alba, J. W., & Hutchinson, J.W. (1987). Dimensions of consumer expertise. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 411-454. Albayrak, T., Caber, M., & Aksoy, S. (2010). Clustering consumers according to their environmental concerns and skepticisms. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 1(1). 84-88. Alwitt, L.F. & Pitts, R.E. (1996). Predicting purchase intentions for an environmentally sensitive product. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 5, 1, 49-64. Aman, A.H.L., Harun, A., & Hussein, Z. (2013). The influence of environmental knowledge and concern on green purchase intention the role of attitude as a mediating variable. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 7 (11), 145–167. Amireault, S., Godin,G., Vohl, M-C., & Pérusse, L. (2008). Moderators of the intention behaviour and perceived behavioural control-behaviour relationships for leisure-time physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(7), 1-11. Amyx, D.A., DeJong, P.F., Lin, Chakraborty, G., & Wiener, J.L. (1994). Influencers of purchase intentions for ecological safe products: an exploratory study. In Park, C.W. et al. AMA Winter Educators’ Conference Proceedings, American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL., 5, 341-347. Anderson, H. R., Atkinson, R. W., Peacock, J. L., Marston, L., & Konstantinou, K. (2004). Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of Particulate Matter (PM) and Ozone (O3). Report of a WHO task group. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Retrieved April 18, 2011, from http://www.euro.who.int/document/ e82792.pdf. Apaiwongse, T. S. (1994). The influence of green policies on a dual marketing center. An ecological marketing approach. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 9(2), 41-50. Arcury, T. A., & Johnson, T. P. (1987). Public environmental knowledge: a statewide survey. Journal of Environmenta1 Education, 18(3), 1-37. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Social cognitive determinants of blood donation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 1431-1457. Arvola, A., Vassallo, M., Dean, M., Lampila, P., Saba, A., Lähteenmäki, L., & Sheperd, R. (2008). Predicting intentions to purchase organic food: the role of affective and moral attitudes in the theory of planned behavior. Appetite, 50, 443-454. Babcock, H. M. (2009). Assuming personal responsibility for improving the environment: moving toward a new environmental norm. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 33, 117-175. Bagozzi, R.P., Wong, N., Abe, S., & Bergami, M. (2000). Cultural and situational contingencies and the theory of reasoned action: application to fast food restaurant consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9 (2), 97–106. Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y. & Baumgartner, J. (1990). The level of effort required for behaviour as a moderator of the attitude-behaviour relationship. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 45-59. Baldassare, M., & Katz, C. (1992). The personal threat of environmental problems as predictor of environmental practices. Environment and Behavior, 24 (5), 602-616. Balderjahn, I. (1988). Personality variables and environmental attitudes as predictors of ecologically responsible consumption patterns. Journal of Business Research, 17, 51-56. Baldwin, P. (1993). Advertisers beginning to see green. The Dallas Morning News, 1-11. Bamberg, S. (2003). How does environmental concern influence specific environmentally related behaviors? : a new answer to an old question. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 21-32. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. Bansal, P., & Roth, K. (2000). Why companies go green: A model of ecological responsiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (4), 717-736. Banerjee, S.B., Charles, S.G., & Easwar, I. (1995). Shades of green: a multidimensional analysis of environmental advertising. Journal of Advertising, 24 (2), 21-32. Baron. R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1173-1182. Barr, S., Gilg, A. W., & Ford, N. J. (2001). Differences between household waste reduction, reuse and recycling behavior: a study of reported behaviors, intentions and explanatory variable. Environment & Waste Management, 4 (2), 69-82. Bassili, J. N. (1996). Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measures of attitude strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 637–653. Batra, R., & Ray, M. (1986). Affective responses mediating acceptance of advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (September), 236-239. Beale, D. A., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1991). Predicting mothers’ intention to limit frequency of infants’ sugar intake: testing the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 409-431. Bearden, W.O., & Etzel, M.J. (1982). Reference group influence on product and brand purchase decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 9 (2), 183-194. Beck, L., & Ajzen, I. (1991). Predicting dishonest actions using the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 285-301. Bei, L.T., & Simpson, E.M. (1995). The determinants of consumers’ purchase decisions for recycled products: an application of acquisition-transaction utility theory in Kardes, F.R., & Sujan, M. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT, 22, 257–261. Bentler, P.M., & Speckart, G. (1979). Models of attitude–behaviour relations. Psychology Review, 86 (5), 452-464. Berger, I.E. (1997). The demographics of recycling and the structure of environmental behavior. Environment and Behavior, 29 (4), 515-531. Berger, I. E., & Corbin, R.M. (1992). Perceived consumer effectiveness in faith in others as moderators of environmentally responsible behaviors. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 11 (Fall), 79-89. Berry, W.D., & Feldman, S. (1985). Multiple Regression in Practice. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Bhaskaran, S. Polonsky, M., Cary, J., & Fernandez, S. (2006). Environmentally sustainable food production and marketing. Opportunity or hype? Sustainable food production and marketing, 108 (8), 677-690. Bhattacharya, S. (2011). Consumer Attitude towards Green Marketing in India. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, 62-70. Biswas, A., Licata, J. W., McKee, D., Pullig, C., & Daughtridge, C. (2000). The recycling cycle: an empirical examination of consumer waste recycling and recycling shopping behaviors. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 19 (1), 93-105. Bohrnstedt, G.W. (1970). Reliability and validity assessment in attitude measurement. Attitude Measurement, Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, 80-99. Boldero J. (1995). The prediction of household recycling of newspapers: the role of attitudes, intentions and situational factors. Journal of Application Social Psychology, 25 (5), 440-462. Bosnjak, M., Obermeier, D., & Tuten, T.L. (2006). Predicting and explaining the propensity to bid in online-auctions: A comparison of two action-theoretical models. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 5, 102-116. Boztepe, A. (2012). Green marketing and its impact on consumer buying behaviour. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 5 (1), 5-21. Bradley, J, Waliczek, T., & Zajicek, J. (1999). Relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental attitude of high school students. Journal of Environmental Education. 30 (3), 17-22. Brechnin, S.R., & Kempton, W. (1994). Global environmentalism: A challenge to the postmaterialism thesis? Social Science Quarterly, 75, 245-269. Brown, J., & Wahlers, R. (1998). The environmentally concerned consumer: An exploratory study. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 6 (2), 39–48. Brucks, M. (1985). The effects of product knowledge on information search behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (6), 1-16. Bush, A.J., & Hair, J.F. Jr. (1985). An assessment of the mall intercept as a data collection method. Journal of Market Research, 22 (2), 158–167. Carlson, L., Grove, S., & Kangun, N. (1993). A content analysis of environmental advertising claims: a matrix method approach. Journal of Advertising, 22 (3), 27-40. Carlson, L., Grove, S.J., Kangun, N. & Polonsky, M.J. (1996). An international comparison of environmental advertising: substantive versus associative claims. Journal of Macromarketing, 16 (2), 57-68. Carmines, E.G. & Zeller, R.A. (1979). Reliability and Validity Assessment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Carrete, L., Castaňo, R., Felix, R., Centeno, E., & González, E. (2012). Green consumer behavior in an emerging economy. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29 (7), 470–481. Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied Business Research, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. Australia: John Wiley & Sons. Chamorro, A., Sergio R. S., & Miranda, F. J. (2009). Characteristics of Research on Green Marketing. Business Strategy and the Environment, 18, 223–239. Chan, R. Y. K. (1998). Mass communication and proenvironmental behavior: waste recycling in Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Management, 52, 317-325. Chan, R. Y. K. (1999). Environmental attitudes and behavior of consumers in China: survey findings and implications. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 11(4), 25-52. Chan, R. Y. K. (2001). Determinants of Chinese consumers’ green purchasing behavior. Psychology and Marketing 18, 389-413. Chan, R.Y.K. (2004). Consumer responses to environmental advertising in China. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 22 (4), 427-437. Chan, R. Y. K., & Lau, L. B. Y. (2000). Antecedents of green purchases: A survey in China. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 17 (4), 338-357. Chan, R.Y.K., & Lau, L.B.Y. (2001). Explaining green purchase behavior: A crosscultural study. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 14 (2/3), 9-40. Chandravathani, S. (2006, February 9). Waste reduction: no longer an option but a necessity. Bernama. Retrieved February 9, 2011, from http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php? id=179384. Chang, Y. T. (2008). Solid waste management in Penang, Malaysia: on the brink of change. EU-Asia Solid Waste Management Conference, Ipoh, Malaysia, 29-30 October 2008. Chase, D. & Smith, T.K. (1992). Consumers keen on green but marketers don’t deliver. Advertising Age, 63, (June), 63-71. Chen, Y-S. (2011). Green organizational identity: sources and consequences. Management Decision, 49 (3), 384-404. Chen, C.C. (2005). Incorporating green purchasing into the frame of ISO 14000. Journal of Cleaner Production 13, 927–933. Chen-Yu, J.H. & Seock, Y.K. (2002). Adolescents’ clothing purchase motivations, information sources, and store selection criteria: a comparison of male/female and impulse/nonimpulse shoppers. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 31(1), 50-77. Cheng, J-H., Yeh, C-H., & Tu, C-W. (2008). Trust and knowledge sharing in green supply chains. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 13 (8), 283-295. Cheung, S.F., Chan, D.K., & Wong, Z.S. (1999). Reexamining the theory of planned behaviour in understanding waste paper recycling. Environment Behaviour, 31 (5), 587–617. Child, D. (1990). The essentials of factor analysis (2nd ed). London: Cassel Educational Limited. Childers, T.L., & Rao, A.R. (1992). The influence of familial and peer-based reference groups on consumer decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 19 (2), 198-212. Chi, H., Yeh, H-R., & Tsai, Y C. (2011). The Influences of Perceived Value on Consumer Purchase Intention: The Moderating Effect of Advertising Endorser. Journal of International Management Studies, 6 (1), 92-97. Chiou, J-S. (1998). The effects of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on consumers’ purchase intentions: The moderating effects of product knowledge and attention to social comparison information. Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC (C), 9 (2), 298-308. Chung, C.J., & Wee, H.M. (2008). Green-component life-cycle value on design and reverse manufacturing in semi-closed supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics 113, 528-545. Churchill, G.A. Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16 (February), 64-73. Cialdini, R.B. (2003). Crafting normative messages to protect the environment. American Psychological Society, 12 (4), 105-109. Cleveland, M., Kalamas, M., & Laroche, M. (2005). Shades of green: Linking environmental locus of control and pro-environmental behaviors. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(4), 198-212. Coakes, S.J., Steed, L. & Ong, C. (2009). SPSS Version 16.0 for Windows. Analysis Without Anguish, Australia: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Coatsworth, J.D., Sharp, E.H., Palen, L., Darlin, N., Cumsille, P., & Marta, E. (2005). Exploring adolescent self-defining leisure activities and identity experiences across three countries. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29 (4), 361-370. Conner, M., & Armitage, C.J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: a review and avenue for further research. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28 (15), 1429-1464. Conraud-Koellner, E., & Rivas-Tovar, L. A. (2009). Study of green behavior with a focus on Mexican individuals. iBusiness, 1, 124-131. Cooke, R., & Sheeran, P. (2004). Moderation of cognition-intention and cognitionbehavior relations: A meta-analysis of properties of variables from the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 159-186. Cope D. & Winward J. (1991). Information failures in green consumerism. Consumer Policy Review, 1 (2), 83–86. Crain, A. (2000). Facing the backlash: green marketing and strategic reorientation in the 1990s. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 8, 277-296. Cramer, J. (1991). The selling of the green. Times, 138 (September 16), 48. Dagnoli, J. (1990). Green buying takes root. Advertising Age, 60 (September), 14. Daneshvary, N., Daneshvary, R. & Schwer, R.K. (1998). Solid-waste recycling behavior and support for curbside textile recycling. Environment and Behavior, 30 (2), 144-161. Darby, L., & Obara, L. (2005). Household recycling behavior and attitudes towards the disposal of small electrical and electronic equipment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 44, 17–35. Davidson, D.J., & Freudenburg, W.R. (1996). Gender and environmental risk concerns: a review and analysis of available research. Environment and Behavior, 28 (3), 302–339. Davies, J., Foxall, G.R., & Pallister, J. (2002). Beyond the intention–behavior mythology: an integrated model of recycling. Market Theory, 2 (1), 29–113. Davis, J.J. (1993). Strategies for environmental advertising. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 10 (2), 19-36. D’Souza, C., Taghian, M., & Lamb, P. (2006a). An empirical study on the influence of environmental labels on consumers. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 11(2), 162-173. D’Souza, C., Taghian, M., Lamb, P., & Peretiatkos, R. (2006b). Green products and corporate strategy: an empirical investigation. Society and Business Review, 1 (2), 144-157. D’Souza, C., & Taghian, M. (2005). Green advertising effects on attitude and choice of advertising themes. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 17 (3), 51-66. Deci, E.C., & Ryan, R.M. (2000). The what and why of goal pursuit. Human needs and self determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. De Cannière, M. H., De Pelsmacker, P., & Geuens, M. (2009). Relationship quality and the theory of planned behavior models of behavioral intentions and purchase behavior. Journal of Business Research, 62, 82-89. De Young, R. (1986). Some psychological aspects of recycling. Environment and Behavior, 18 (4), 435-449. Dembkowski, S., & Hanmer-Llyod, S. (1994). The environmental attitude system model: A framework to guide the understanding of environmentally conscious consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing Management, 10 (7), 593-603. Department of Environment Malaysia. (2011, March 14). Malaysia Latest Air Pollutant Index. Retrieved on March 14, 2011, from http://www.doe.gov.my/ apims/index.php?gmap=load&date=2011-03-14. Diamantopoulos, A., Bohlen, G.M., & Schlegelmilch, B.B. (1994). Predicting green purchasing decisions from measures of environmental consciousness: a two sample comparison. Conference Proceedings Marketing Education Group, Coleraine, July, 252-261. Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B., & Grewal, D. (1991), Effect of price, brand and store information on buyers’ product evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28 (3), 307-319. Dono, J., Janine, W., & Ben, R. (2010). The relationship between environmental activism, pro-environmental behaviour and social identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30 (2), 178-186. do Paço, A., & Raposo, M. (2009). “Green” segmentation: an application to the Portuguese consumer market. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 27 (3), 364-379. Downs, D.S., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2005). The theories of reasoned action and planned behavior applied to exercise: a meta-analytic update. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2, 76-97. Dunlap, R. (1994). International attitudes towards environment and development, in Bergesen, H.O., & Parmann, G. (Eds), Green Globe Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development 1994, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 115-126. Dunlap, R., & van Liere, K. (1978). The new environmental paradigm: A proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results. Journal of Environmental Education, 9, 10-19. Easterling, D., Kenworthy, A. and Nemzoff, R. (1996). The greening of advertising: a twenty-five year look at environmental advertising. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 4 (1), 20-33. Edell, J., & Burke, M. (1987). The power of feelings in understanding advertising effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, (December), 421-433. Edwards-Jones, G., Plassmann, K., York, E.H., Hounsome, B., Jones, D.L., & Canals, C. L. (2009). Vulnerability of exporting nations to the development of a carbon label in the United Kingdom. Environmental Science & Policy 12, 479–490. Edwards, W., & Fasolo, B. (2001). Decision technology. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 581–606. Einsmann, H. (1992). The environment: An entrepreneurial approach. Long Range Planning, 25, (4), 22–24. Elkington, J. (1994). Towards the sustainable corporation: Win-win-win business strategies for sustainable development. California Management Review, 36, (2), 90-100. Ellen, P. S., Wiener, J., & Cobb-Walgren, C. (1991). The role of perceived consumer effectiveness in motivating environmentally conscious behaviors. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 10, 102-117. Elmer-Dewitt, P. (1992). Rich vs. poor: Summit to save the earth. Time, 1 (June), 42–58. Enviros. (2003). The potential for recycling small electrical and electronics wastes. Carried out by Enviros on behalf of DEFRA; December 2003. Eriksson, C. (2004). Can green consumerism replace environmental regulation?—A differentiated-products example. Resource and Energy Economics, 26 (3), 281-293. Erickson, A., & Kramer-Leblanc, C. (1996). Eco-labels: the link between environmental preferences and green practices? In J. Caswell & R. Cotterill (eds), strategy and policy in the food system. NE 165 conference proceedings, Washington, DC. Escalas, J.E., & Bettman, J.R. (2005). Self-construal, reference groups, and brand meaning. Journal of Consumer Research, 32 (December), 378-389. Fazio, R. H. (1995). Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 247–282). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Ferguson, K. E. (2011). Consumer perceptions of green. Are we expecting too much? SSRN Working Paper Series [DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1909604]. Fierman, J. (1991). The big muddle in green marketing. Fortune, 3 (June), 91–95. Fishbein, M. (2008). A reasoned action approach to health promotion. Medical Decision Making, 28, 834–844. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Follows, S. B., & Jobber, D. (2000). Environmentally responsible purchase behavior: A test of a consumer model. European Journal of Marketing, 34 (5/6), 723-746. Foxall, G. R. (1993). Situated consumer behavior: a behavioral interpretation of purchase and consumption. Research in Consumer Behavior, 6, 113-152. Fuller D.A., & Ottman, J. A. (2004). Moderating unintended pollution: the role of sustainable product design. Journal of Business Research, 57 (11), 1231-1238. Fraj, E., & Martinez, E. (2006). Environmental values and lifestyles as determining factors of ecological consumer behaviour: an empirical analysis. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23 (3), 133–144. Frame, B. (2004). The big clean up: social marketing for the Auckland region. Local Environment, 9, 507–526. Frame, B., & Newton, B. (2007). Promoting sustainability through social marketing: examples from New Zealand. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31, 571-581. Fredericks, A.J., & Dossett, D.L. (1983). Attitude–behaviour relations: a comparison of the Fishbein–Ajzen and Bentler–Speckart models. Journal of Personal Social Psychology, 45 (3), 501–512. Fryxell, G. E., & Lo, C. W. H. (2003). The influence of environmental knowledge and values on managerial behaviors on behalf of the environment: An empirical examination of managers in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 46 (1), 45-69. Gardner, M.P. (1985). Does attitude toward the ad affect brand attitude under a brand evaluation? Journal of Marketing Research, 22 (May), 192-198. Gatersleben, B., Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2002). Measurement and determinants of environmentally significant consumer behavior. Environment and Behavior, 34, 335-362. Gefen, D., & Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-graph: Tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16, 91-109. Geller, E. S. (1995). Actively caring for the environment: An integration of behaviorism and humanism. Environment and Behavior, 27 (4), 184-195. Geller, E. S. (1981). Evaluating energy conservation programs: Is verbal report enough? Journal of Consumer Research, 8, 331–335. Gerbing, D.W., & Anderson, J.C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25 (2), 186-192. Getzner, M., & Grabner-Kräuter, S. (2004). Consumer preferences and marketing strategies for “green shares”. Specifics of the Austrian market. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 22 (4), 260-278. Gilg, A., Barr, S & Ford, N. (2005). Green consumption or sustainable lifestyles? Identifying the sustainable consumer. Futures 37, 481-504. Gill, F. (2012). Practicing environmental responsibility: local and global dimensions. Social Responsibility Journal, 8 (1), 21-32. Ginsberg, J.M., & Bloom, P.N. (2004). Choosing the right green marketing strategy. MIT Sloan Management Review, 46 (1), 79-84. Glasman, L. R., & Albarracín, D. (2006). Forming attitudes that predict future behavior: A meta-analysis of the attitude-behavior relation. Psychological Bulletin, 132 (5), 778-822. Gliem, J. and Gliem, R. (2003). Calculating, Interpreting, and Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient for Likert-Type Scales. In 2003 Midwest Research to Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing and Community Education. olumbus, OH. Global Environment Center (2011). Solid waste in Malaysia: what is solid waste? Retrieved March 10, 2011, from http://www.gecnet.info/index.cfm? &menuid=83&parentid=30. Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11 (2), 87-98. Godin, G., Conner, M., & Sheeran, P. (2005). Bridging the intention-behavior “gap”. The role of moral norm. British Journal of Social Psychology 44, 497–512. Godin, G., Shephard, R. J., & Colantonio, A. (1986). The cognitive profile of those who intend to exercise but do not. Public Health Reports, 101 (5), 521-526. Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R.B., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 472-482. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstätter, V. (1997). Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 186-199. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 38, 69−119. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2009). Self-regulation of consumer decision making and behavior: The role of implementation intentions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 593−607. Gooch, G.D. (1996). Environmental concern and the Swedish press a case study of the effects of newspaper reporting, Personal experience and social interaction on the public's perception of environmental risks. European Journal of Communication, 11(1), 107-127. Gould, L.C., Gardner, G.T., DeLuca, D.R., Tiemann, A., Doob, L.W., & Stolwijk, J.A.J. (1988). Perceptions of technological risks and benefits. New York: Russel Sage Foundation. Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L-A. B. (2009). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA.: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Graziano, A. M., & Raulin, M. L. (1997). Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry. New York: Harper Collins. Green Purchasing Network India, 2009. Carbon Footprinting as a Strategy to Promote Green Purchasing in India. 99. Green Purchasing Network Malaysia, 2003. An Introductory Study on Green Purchasing Activities in Malaysia. 39. GreenTech Malaysia. (2010). National Goals. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from www.greentechmala ysia.my/index.php/green.../national-goals.html. Green, P.E., Tull, D.S., & Albaum, G. (1994). Research for Marketing Decision (5th ed.). New Delhi, India: Prentice-Hall. Green, P.E., & Krieger, A.M. (1991). Segmenting markets with conjoint analysis. Journal of Marketing, 55(4), 20–31. Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., & Van den Bergh, B. (2010). Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 392-404. Grunert, S. (1993). Everybody seems concern about the environment but is this concern reflected in Danish consumer’s food choice? European Advances in Consumer Research, 1, 428-433. Guerin, D., Crete, J., & Mercier, J. (2001). A multilevel analysis of the determinants of recycling behavior in the European Countries. Social Science Research, 30, 195-218. Gupta, S., & Ogden, D. T. (2009). To buy or not to buy? A social dilemma perspective on green buying. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26 (6), 376–391. Gurău, C., & Ranchhod, A. (2005). International green marketing. A comparative study of British and Romanian firms. International Marketing Review, 22 (5), 547-561. Haanpää, L. (2007). Consumers’ green commitment: indication of a postmodern lifestyle? International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31, 478-486. Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2002): A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, 3-32. Hair, J. F. Jr., Money, A.H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research Methods for Business. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Hair, J, F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall International. Hair, J, F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International. Hale, J. L., Householder, B. J. & Greene, K. L. (2003). The theory of reasoned action. In Dillard, J.P. & Pfau, M. (Eds.). The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Han, H., Hsu, LT., and Lee, JS. (2009). Empirical investigation of the roles of attitudes towards green behaviors, overall image, gender, and age in hotel customers' ecofriendly decision-making process. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 519-528. Harland, P., Staats, H., & Wilke, H.A.M. (2007). Situational and personality factors as direct or personal norm mediated predictors of pro-environmental behavior: Questions derived from norm-activation theory. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29 (4), 323–334. Haron, S.A., Paim, L., & Yahaya, N. (2005). Towards sustainable consumption: an examination of environmental knowledge among Malaysians. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 29, 673-680, Hartmann, P., & Ibáñez, V.A. (2006). Green value added. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 24, (7), 673-680. Hartmann, P., Ibáñez, V. A., & Sainz. F.J. (2005). Green branding effects on attitude: functional versus emotional positioning strategies. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 23 (1), 9-29. Hansla, A., Gamble, A., Juliusson, A. & Gärling, T. (2008). Psychological determinants of attitude towards and willingness to pay for green electricity. Energy Policy, 36 (2), 768-774. Haytko, D. L., & Matulich, E. (2008). Green advertising and environmentally responsible consumer behaviors: linkages examined. Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 1, 2–11. Hillhouse, J., Turrisi, R., & Kastner, M. (2000). Modeling tanning salon behavioral tendencies using appearance motivation, self-monitoring and the theory of planned behavior. Health Education Research, 15 (4), 405-414. Hines, J., Hungerford, H., & Tomera, A. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on environmental behavior: a meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 18, 1-8. Ho, L. W. P., Dickinson, N. M., & Chan, G. Y. S. (2010). Green procurement in the Asian public sector and the Hong Kong private sector. Natural Resources Forum 34, 24–38. Hopper, J.R., & Nielsen, J.M. (1991). Recycling as altruistic behavior: normative and behavioral strategies to expand participation in a community recycling programme. Environment and Behavior, 23 (2), 195-220. Hormuth, S. (1999). Social meaning and social context of environmentally-relevant behaviour: Shopping, wrapping, and disposing. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 277-286. Hoyer, W., & MacInnis, D. (2004). Consumer Behavior. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. Hungerford, H., & Volk, T. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. Journal of Environmental Education. 21 (3), 8-21. Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and post modernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 Societies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Inglehart, R. (1995). Public support for the environmental protection: Objective problems and subjective values in 43 societies. Political Science & Politics, 28, 57–72. Inglehart, R. (1992). Public support for environmental protection: objective problems and subjective values. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC. Retrieved November 14, 2011 from www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_synth esis_report.htm. International Energy Agency (2009). Key World Energy Statistics. Paris. Retrieved November 14, 2011 from http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key_ stats_2009.pdf. James, L.R., Mulaik, S.A., & Brett, J.M. (2006). A tale of two methods. Organizational Research Methods, 9, 233–244. Jansson, J., Marell, A. & Nordlund, A. (2010). Green consumer behavior: determinants of curtailment and ecoinnovation adoption. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27 (4), 358-370. Jin, B., & Kang, J.H. (2011). Purchase intention of Chinese consumers toward a US apparel brand: a test of a composite behavior intention model. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28 (3), 187-199. Joshi, P. (2003). Reasoned Action Versus Planned Behavior In Bus Use. (Electronic Thesis or Dissertation). Retrieved October 22, 2013 from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/. Judd C.M., & Kenny D.A. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5, 602–619. Kahn, P. (2007). The child who would be caged. Children, Youth and Environments, 17(4), 255-266. Kaiser, F.G., & Fuhrer, U. (2003). Ecological behavior’s dependency on different forms of knowledge. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52 (4), 598-613. Kaiser, F.G., Wolfing, S., & Fuhrer, U. (1999). Environmental attitude and ecological behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 1-19. Kaiser, F.G., Ranney, M., Hartig T., & Bowler, P. A. (1999). Ecological behavior, environmental attitude, and feelings of responsibility for the environment. European Psychologist, 4 (2), 59-74. Kalafatis, S.D., Pollard, M., East, R., & Tsogas, M.H. (1999). Green marketing and Ajzen's theory of planned behavior: a cross-market examination. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16 (5), 441-460. Kals, E., Schumacher, D., & Montada, L. (1999). Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature. Environment and Behavior. 31, 178–202. Kangun, N., & Polonsky, M.J. (1995). Regulation of environmental marketing claims: A comparative perspective. International Journal of Advertising, 14, 1–24. Kärnä, J., Hansen, E., & Juslin, H. (2003). Social responsibility in environmental marketing planning. European Journal of Marketing, 37 (5/6), 848-871. Karp, D.G. (1996) Values and their effect on proenvironmental behavior. Environment and Behavior, 28 (1), 111-133. Kaplan, K. J. (1972). On the ambivalence-indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement: A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 361–372. Kelley, K., & Abraham, C. (2004). RCT of a theory-based intervention promoting healthy eating and physical activity amongst out-patients older than 65 years. Social Science & Medicine, 59 (4), 787-797. Kerlinger, F.N. (1973). Foundations of Behavioral Research. (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Kilbourne, W.E. (2004) Sustainable communication and the dominant social paradigm: can they be integrated. Marketing Theory, 4(3), 187-208. Kim, H., & Damhorst, M. R. (1998). Environmental concern and apparel consumption. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 16 (3), 126-133. Kinnear, T.C., & Taylor, J.R. (1973). The effect of ecological concern on brand perceptions. Journal of Marketing Research, 10 (2), 191-197. Kinnear, T.C., Taylor, J.R., & Ahmed, S.A. (1974). Ecologically concerned consumers: who are they? Journal of Marketing, 38, April, 20-24. Khan, M. R. & Zia-ud-Din. (2010). Factors explaining green purchase intentions with moderating effect of environmental knowledge: Comparative evidence from Islamic perspective. Social Science Research Network Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1595188. Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford. Klöckner, C. A., & Matthies, E. (2004). How habits interfere with norm-directed behaviour: A normative decision-making model for travel mode choice. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 319-327. Kokkinaki, F., & Lunt, P. (1997). The relationship between involvement, attitude accessibility and attitude–behaviour consistency. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 497–509. Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to proenvironmental behavior? Environmental Educational Research, 8 (3), 239-260. Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurements, 30, 607-610. Krosnick, J. A., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Attitude strength: An overview. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 1–24). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Kuh, K.F. (2011). Capturing individual harms. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 35, 155-204. Lai, O.K. (2000). Greening of Hong Kong? Forms of manifestation of environmental movements in Chiu, S.W.K. and Lui, T.L. (Eds), The Dynamics of Social Movement in Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 259-296. Lamb, M.E., Easterbrooks, M.A., & Holden, G.W. (1980). Reinforcement and punishment among preschoolers: Characteristics, effects and correlates. Child Development, 51, 1230-1236. Lappé, F.M., & Perkins, J. (2004). You have the power: Choosing courage in a culture of fear. New York City, NY: Tarcher/Putnam. Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., & Barbaro-Forleo, G. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18 (6), 503-520. Lascu, D.N. & Zinkhan, G. (1999). Consumer conformity: review and applications for marketing theory and practice. Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice, 7 (3), 1-12. Lee, K. (2009). Gender differences in Hong Kong adolescent consumers' green purchasing behavior. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26 (2), 87–96. Lee, K. (2008) Opportunities for green marketing: young consumers. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 26 (6), 573-586. Leedy, P. D. (1997). Practical research: Planning and design (6th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Leonidou, L. C., Leonidou, C. N., & Kvasova, O. (2010). Antecedents and outcomes of consumer environmentally friendly attitudes and behavior. Journal of Marketing Management, 26, 1319-1344. Li, L., & Geiser, K. (2005). Environmentally responsible public procurement (ERPP) and its implications for integrated product policy (IPP). Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 705–715. Lim, G. E. (2009, June 5). Penang state government declares “No Plastic Bags Day” for every Monday in Penang [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.penang.gov.my/index.php/pusat-media/ koleksi-ucapan-yab-km/arkibkoleksi-ucapan-yab- km/497-press-statement-by-the-chief-minister-of- penang-yablim-guan-eng-on-5-june-2009world-environment-day-in-georgetown. Luszczynska, A., Cao, D. S., Mallach, N., Pietron, K., Mazurkiewicz, M., & Schwarzer, R. (2010). Intentions, planning, and self-efficacy predict physical activity in Chinese and Polish adolescents: Two moderated mediation analyses. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10 (2), 265-278. Lyon, D. W., Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2000). Enhancing entrepreneurial orientation research: operationalizing and measuring a key strategic decision making process. Journal of Management, 26, 1055-1085. Macey S. M., & Brown, M. A. (1983). Residential energy conservation: the role of past experience in repetitive household behaviour. Environment Behaviour, 15 (2), 123- 141. Mainieri, T., Barnett, E.G., Valdero, T.R., Unipan, J.B., & Oskamp, S. (1997). Green buying: the influence of environmental concern on consumer behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 137 (2), 189-204. Malaysia Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water. (2009). Malaysia 2020 Goals. http://www.kettha.gov.my/en /content/goals. Maloney, M., & Ward, M. (1973). Ecology: let’s hear from the people – an objective scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 28, 583-586. Manaktola, K., & Jauhari, V. (2007). Exploring consumer attitude and behavior towards green practices in the lodging industry in India. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19 (5), 364-377. Mannetti, L., Pierro, A., & Livi, S. (2004). Recycling: planned and self-expressive behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24 (2), 227-236. Manning, R.E. (2011). Defining and managing visitor capacity in national parks: a program of research in the U.S. national park system. Journal of Tourism and Leisure Studies, 17 (2), 183-214. Martin, B., & Simintiras, A.C. (1995). The impact of green product lines on the environment: does what they know affect how they feel? Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 13 (4), 16-23. Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice, 13(6), 522–525. Mathieu, J. E., & Taylor, S. R. (2006). Clarifying conditions and decision points for mediational type inferences in Organizational Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 1031-1056. Mathur, L.K., & Mathur, I. (2000). An analysis of the wealth effects of green market Strategies. Journal of Business Research 50, 193-200. Mat Said, A., Ahmadun, F.-R., Hj Paim, L., & Masud, J. (2003). Environmental concerns, knowledge and practices gap among Malaysian teachers. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 4 (4), 305-313. Mayer, F., & Frantz, C. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 503-515. McCarty, J.A., & Shrum, L.J. (2001). The influence of individualism, collectivism, and locus of control on environmental beliefs and behavior. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 20 (Spring), 93-104. McCarty, J.A., & Shrum, L.J. (1994). The recycling of solid wastes, personal values, value orientations and attitudes about recycling as antecedents of recycling behavior. Journal of Business Research, 30 (1), 53-62. McDaniel, S., & Rylander, D. (1993). Strategic green marketing. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 10 (3), 4-10. McKenzie-Mohr, D., Nemiroff, L., Beers, L., & Desmarais, S. (1995). Determinants of Responsible Environmental Behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 139–156. McKnight, D.H., Cummings, L.L., & Chervany, N.L. (1998). Initial trust formation in new organizational relationships. Academy of Management Review, 23 (3), 473-490. Menon, A., & Menon, A. (1997). Enviropreneurial marketing strategy: The emergence of corporate environmentalism as market strategy. Journal of Marketing, 61, 51–67. Miciak, A. R. & Shanklin, W. L. (1994). Choosing celebrity endorsers. Marketing Management, 3(3), 51-59. Milne, S., Orbell, S., & Sheeran, P. (2002). Combing Motivational and Volitional Interventions to Promote Exercise Participation: Protection Motivation Theory and Implementation Intentions. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 163-184. Millar, M., & Tesser, A. (1986). Effects of affective and cognitive focus on the attitudebehavior relation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51(2), 270-276. Min, H., & Galle, W. P. (1997). Green purchasing strategies: trends and implications. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, 33 (3), 10-17. Minton, A. P., & Rose, R. L. (1997). The effects of environmental concern on environmentally friendly consumer behavior: an exploratory study. Journal of Business Research, 40, 37–48. Mohammad Reza, I., Mohammad Sadeghi, Z., Amirreza, F., Norsida, S., & Hamidreza, M. (2012). Study of factors affecting young consumers to choose green products. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2 (6), 5534-5544. Mohd Helmi, A. R., Ros Zayanah, J. A. Z., Fauziah, A., & Lyndon, N. (2012). Green advertising and environmentally responsible consumer behavior: The level of awareness and perception of Malaysian youth. Asian Social Science, 8 (5), 46-54. Mohd. Suki, N. (2013). Green awareness effects on consumers’ purchasing decision: some insights from Malaysia. IJAPS, 9 (2), 49-63. Mohd. Yusof, J., Bariam Singh, G. K., & Abdul Razak, R. (2013). Purchase intention of environment friendly automobile. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 85, 400-410. Mohamed, B., & Yusof, Y. (2012). Malaysian domestic travellers: characteristic and behaviour. Retrieved November 14, 2013 from http:/eprints.usm.my/8601/1/Malaysian_Domestic_ Travelers_Characteristic_and_Behavior_(PPPB%26P) .pdf. Moisander, J., & Pesonen, S. (2002). Narratives of sustainable ways of living: constructing the self and the other as a green consumer. Management Decision, 40(4), 329-342. Moisander, J. (1996).Attitudes and Ecologically Responsible Consumption. Statistics Finland. Research Report, 218. Moss, S., Prosser, H., & Costello, H. (1998) Reliability and validity of the PAS–ADD Checklist for detecting psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 173–183. Mostafa, M. M. (2006). Antecedents of Egyptian consumers’ green purchase intentions: a hierarchical multivariate regression model. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 19 (2), 97-126. Mostafa, M. M. (2007). A hierarchical analysis of the green consciousness of the Egyptian consumer. Psychology & Marketing, 24 (5), 445-473. Murray, K.B., & Schlacter, J.L (1990). The impact of services versus goods on consumer’s assessment of perceived risk and variability. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 18 (1), 51-65. Najib returns after attending climate change summit. (2009, December 20). Bernama. Retrieved on January 31, 2011, from http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/ news_lite.php?id=463435. Nanere, M., D’Souza, C., Quazi, A., & Rugimbana, R. (2008). An empirical study on how green product lines stack up. Conference proceedings, ANZMAC 2008 Marketing: Shifting the Focus from Mainstream to Offbeat, 1-3 December, pp. 1-8. Nataraajan, R., & Bagozzi, R. (1999). The year 2000: Looking back. Psychology & Marketing, 16, 631–642. Neff, J., & Halliday, J. (2000). It’s not trendy being green. Advertising Age, 71(15), New Economics Foundation (NEF) (2006). The Happy Planet Index 2.0. Why good lives don’t have to cost the earth. London: NEF. Ng, S., & Paladino, A. (2009). Examining the influences of intentions to purchase green mobile phones among young consumers: an empirical analysis. Conference proceedings, ANZMAC 2009, 1-8. Nicolaides, A. (2006). The implementation of environmental management towards sustainable universities and education for sustainable development as an ethical imperative. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 7 (4), 414-424. Nik Abdul Rashid, N. R. (2009). Awareness of eco-label in Malaysia's green marketing initiative. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(8), 132-141. Nordlund, A. M., & Garvil, J. (2002). Value structures behind pro-environmental behavior. Environment and Behavior, 34(6), 740-756. Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill. Ohtomo, S., & Hirose, Y. (2007). The dual-process of reactive and intentional decision making involved in ecofriendly behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(2), 117-125. Oliver J. D., & Lee S-H. (2010). Hybrid car purchase intentions: a cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27 (2), 96–103. Ong, D., & Phau, I. (2007). An investigation of effects of environmental claims in promotional message for clothing brands. Marketing Intelligence & Planning 25, 772-788. Osbaldiston, R. & Schott, J. P. (2012). Environment sustainability and behavioral science: Meta-analysis of proenvironmental behavior experiment. Environment and Behavior, 44, 257-299. Ouellette, J.A., & Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: the multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 54–74. Our Green World. (2008). How green is our world? Research Report, TNS. Retrieved January 15, 2011, from http://www.wpp.com/NR/ rdonlyres/ECB351C9-A00D-4BC7-8CAF-CF925121E0B7/ 0/TNS_Market_Research_Our_Green_World.pdf. Ottman, J. (1995). Today’s consumers turning lean and green. Marketing News, 29 (23), 12–14. Ottman, J. (1993). Green Marketing: Challenges and Opportunities for the New Marketing Age. McGraw-Hill, New York. Ottman, J. A., Stafford, E. R., & Hartman, C. L. (2006). Avoiding green marketing myopia: ways to improve consumer appeal for environmentally preferable products. Environment, 48 (5), 22-36. Page, C., & Luding, Y. (2003). Bank managers’ direct marketing dilemmas-customers’ attitudes and purchase intention. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 21 (3), 113-123. Pandey, K. D., Wheeler, D. R., Ostro, B., Deichmann, U., Hamilton, K. E., & Bolt, K. (2006). Ambient Particulate Matter Concentrations in Residential and Pollution Hotspot areas of World Cities: New Estimates based on the Global Model of Ambient Particulate (GMAPS). The World Bank Development Economics Research Group and the Environment Department Working Paper, The World Bank, Washington DC. Park, C.W., & Lessig, V.P. (1977). Students and housewives: differences in susceptibility to reference group. Influence. Journal of Consumer Research, 4 (June), 102-110. Parker, D., Manstead, A., & Stradling, S. (1995). Extending the theory of planned behaviour: The role of personal norm. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 127– 137. Pastor, M., Sadd, J. L. & Morello-Frosch, R. (2002). Who’s minding the kids? Pollution, public schools, & environmental justice in Los Angeles. Social Science Quarterly, 83, 263–280. Peattie, K., & Crane, A. (2005).Green marketing: legend, myth, farce or prophesy? Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 8 (4), 357-370. Peattie, K. (2001). Towards sustainability: The third age of green marketing. The Marketing Review, 2 (2), 129–146. Peattie, K. (1999). Trappings versus substance in the greening of marketing planning. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 7 (2), 131-148. Peattie, K. (1995). Environmental Marketing Management: Meeting the Green Challenge. London: Pitman. Periathamby, A., Hamid, F. S., & Khidzir, K. (2009). Evolution of solid waste management in Malaysia: impacts and implications of the solid waste bill, 2007. Journal of Material Cycles Waste Management, 11, 96-103. Peter, P.J., & Olson, J.C. (1999). Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy, 5th ed., Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA. Phillips P. S, Holley K, Bates M, & Fresstone N. (2002). Corby waste not: an appraisal of the UKs largest holistic waste minimisation project. Resource Conservation Recycling, 36, 1–31. Pickett-Baker, J., & Ozaki, R. (2008). Pro-environmental products: marketing influence on consumer purchase decision. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25 (5), 281-293. Polonsky, M. J. (2011). Transformative green marketing: Impediments and opportunities. Journal of Business Research, 64 (12), 1311-1319. Poortinga, W., Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2004). Values, environmental concern and environmental behavior: A study into household energy use. Environment and Behavior, 36 (1), 70-93. Pujari, D., & Wright, G (1996). Developing environmentally conscious product strategies: a qualitative study of selected companies in Germany and Britain. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 14 (1), 19-28. Rahbar, E. & Abdul Wahid, N. (2011). Investigation of green marketing tools’ effect on consumers’ purchase behavior. Business Strategy Series, 12 (2), 73-83. Ramayah, T., Lee, J.W.C., & Mohamad, O. (2010). Green product purchase intention: Some insights from a developing country. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54, 1419-1427. Ramlogan, R. (1997). Environment and human health: A threat to all. Environmental Management and Health, 8, 51-66. Rashid, N.R. N. A. (2009). Awareness of eco-label in Malaysia’s green marketing initiative. International Journal of Business Management, 4, 132-141. Reser, J.P., & Bentrupperbaumer, J.M. (2005). What and where are environmental values? Assessing the impacts of current diversity of use of environmental and World Heritage values. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25 (2), 125-146. Roberts J. (1993). Sex differences in socially responsible consumers’ behavior, Psychological Reports, 73, 139–148. Roberts, J.A., & Bacon, D.R. (1997). Exploring the subtle relationships between environmental concern and ecologically conscious consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 40 (1), 79-89. Robinson, R., & Smith, C. (2002). Psychosocial and demographic variables associated with consumer intention to purchase sustainably produced foods as defined by the midwest food alliance. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 34 (6), 316-325. Robinson, T., & Doss, F. (2011). Pre-purchase alternative evaluation: prestige and imitation fashion products. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 15 (3), 278-290. Røpke, I. (2009). Theories of practice: New inspiration for ecological economic studies on consumption. Ecological Economics, 68(10), 2490–2497. Røpke, I. (1999). The dynamics of willingness to consume. Ecological Economics, 28, 399-420. Roscoe, J. T. (1975). Fundamental Research Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Rowntree, D. (1981). Statistics without Tears: A Primer for Non-mathematicians (1st ed.). USA: MacMillan Publishing Company. Sagotsky, G., & Lepper, M.R. (1982). Generalization of changes in children’s preferences for easy or difficult goals induced through peer modeling. Child Development, 53 (2), 372-375. Said, A. M., Ahmadun, F.R., Paim, L.H., & Masud, J. (2003). Environmental concerns, knowledge and practices gap among Malaysian teachers. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 4, 305-313. Salequzzman, M. D., & Stocker, L. (2001). The context and prospects for environmental education and environmental career in Bangladesh. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 2 (2), 104-121. Salzman, J. (1997). Informing the green consumer: The debate over the use and abuse of environmental labels. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1 (2), 11-21. Samuelson, P. A. (1938). A note on the pure theory of consumer's behavior. Economica 5, 61-71. Saphores, J-D. M., Nixon, H., Ogunseitan, O.A., & Shapiro, A. A. (2006). Household willingness to recycle electronic waste: An application to California. Environment and Behavior, Sage Publications, 1-30. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students, (4th ed.), Prentice Hall Financial Times, Harlow. Schahn, J., & Holzer, E. (1990). Studies of individual environmental concern: the role of knowledge, gender and background variables. Environment and Behavior, 22 (6), 767-786. Schiffman, L. G. & Kanuk, L. L. (2000). Consumer Behavior (7th ed.). Wisconsin: Prentice Hall. Schlegel, R. P., d’Averna, J. R., Zanna, M. P., DeCourville, N. H., & Manske, S. R. (1992). Problem drinking: a problem for the theory of reasoned action? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 358-385. Schlegelmilch, B.B., Bohlen, G.M., & Diamantopoulos, A. (1996). The link between green purchasing decisions and measures of environmental consciousness. European Journal of Marketing, 30 (5), 35–55. Scholz, U., Nagy, G., Göhner, W., Luszczynska, A., & Kliegel, M. (2009). Changes in self regulatory cognitions as predictors of changes in smoking and nutrition behaviour. Psychology and Health, 24, 545-561. Scholz, U., Schüz, B., Ziegelmann, J. P., Lippke, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2008). Beyond behavioural intentions: Planning mediates between intentions and physical activity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(3), 479-494. Schor, J. (2004). Born to buy: The commercialized child and the new consumer culture. New York: Scribner. Schrum, L. J., McCarty, J.A., & Lowrey, T.M. (1995). Buyer characteristics of the green consumer and their implications for advertising tool. Journal of Advertising, 24 (2), 71-82. Schultz, P.W., Oskamp, S., & Mainieri, T. (1995). Who recycles and when? A review of personal and situational factors. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 105-121. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1–65. Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 221–279). New York: Academic Press. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (4th Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Sekaran, U. (2000). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (3rd Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Seligman, C.M., Kriss, M., Darley, J.M., Fazio, R.H., Becker, L.J., & Pryor, J.B. (1979). Predicting summer energy consumption from householders’ attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1, 70-90. Selman, P. (1996). Local Sustainability: Managing and Planning Ecologically Sound Places. Chapman, London. Sexton, S. E., & Sexton, A. L. (2011). Conspicuous conservation: The Prius halo and willingness to pay for environmental bona fides. (Unpublished working paper). UC Center for Energy and Environmental Economics, the University of Berkeley, California. Shaffer, D.R. (1994). Social and Personality Development (3rd Edition). Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Shamdasani, P., Chon-Lin, G., & Richmond, D. (1993). Exploring green consumers in an oriental culture: role of personal and marketing mix. Advances in Consumer Research, 20, 488-493. Sharma, S., Durand, R.M., & Gur-Arie, O. (1981). Identification and analysis of moderator variables. Journal of Marketing Research, XVIII (August), 291-300. Sharp, E.H., Coatsworth, J.D., Darlin, N., Cumsille, P., & Ranieri, S. (2007). Gender differences in the self-defining activities and identity experiences of adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Adolescence, 30 (2), 251-269. Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention–behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. In W. Stroebe, & M. Hewstone (Eds.). European review of social psychology, 12, 1−36 Hove: Psychology Press. Sheeran, P., & Abraham. C. (2003). Mediator of moderators: temporal stability of intention and the intention–behavior relation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29 (2), 205–215. Sheeran, P., Trafimow, D., & Armitage, C. J. (2003). Predicting behaviour from perceived behavioural control: Tests of the accuracy assumption of the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 393–410. Sheeran, P., Orbell, S., & Trafimow, D. (1999). Does the temporal stability of behavioral intentions moderate intention-behavior and past behavior-future behavior relations? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 721–730. Sheth, J.N., Mittal, B., & Newman, B. (1999). Customer Behavior: Consumer Behavior and Beyond, Dryden, New York, NY. Shove, E. (2003). Comfort, cleanliness, and convenience: The social organization of normality. New York: Berg. Shur, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? Statistics and Data Analysis 31. Retrieved November 21, 2013, from http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi311200 131.pdf. Siegenthaler, J. P. (2010). How Green Are Your Customers? Supply House Times, 41-42. Silverman, R. A., Ito, K., Freese, J., Kaufman, B. J., De Claro, D., Braun, J., & Prezant, D. J. (2010). Association of ambient fine particles with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in New York City. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172 (8), 917-923. Smith, S., Haugtvedt, C., & Petty, R. (1994). Attitudes and recycling: does the measurement of affect enhance behavioral prediction? Psychology & Marketing, 11, 359-374. Smith, N. (1998a) Nature at the Millennium: Production and Re-Enchantment. In Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium. B.B.a.N. Castree, ed. pp. 271-286. London and New York: Routledge. Smith, T.M. (1998b) The Myth of Green Marketing: Tending Our Goats at the Edge of Apocalypse. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, Inc. Sobel, D. (1999). Beyond Ecophobia. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from YES! Magazine: Education for Life: http://www.yesmagazine.org/article.asp?ID=803. Solomon, M., Bamossy, G. & Askegaard, S. & Hogg, M.K. (2006). Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective, (3rd Ed), UK: Pearson. Sparks, P., & Shepherd, R. (1992).Self-identity and the theory of planned behavior: assessing the role of identification with ‘green consumerism’. Social Psychology Quarterly, 1992, 55 (4), 388-399. Speth, J. (2008). The bridge at the edge of the world: Capitalism, the environment, and crossing from crisis to sustainability. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Steg, L., van den Berg, A. E., & de Groot, J. I. M. (2012). Environmental Psychology: An introduction. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Stets, J.E., & Biga, C.F. (2003). Bringing identity theory into environmental sociology. Sociological Theory, 21 (4), 398-423. Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 224–237. Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change. New York: Cambridge University Press. Stern, P. C. (2005). Understanding individuals’ environmentally significant behaviors. ELR News and Analysis, 35, 10785-10790. Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56 (3), 407-424. Stern, P. C. (1999). Information, incentives, and pro-environmental consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Policy, 22 (4), 461-478. Stern, P. C., Dietz, T. Abel, T. Guagnano, G. A. & Kalof, L. (1999). A Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Support for Social Movements: The Case of Environmentalism, Human Ecology Review, 6 (2), 81- 97. Stern, P., & Deitz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of Social Issues. 50 (3), 65-84. Stern, P., Dietz, T., & Guagnano, G.A. (1995). The new ecological paradigm in socialpsychological context. Environment and Behavior, 27, 723-743. Stern, P., Dietz, T., Kalof, L., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). Values, beliefs, and proenvironmental action: Attitude formation toward emergent attitude objects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1611-1636 Straughan, R. D., & Roberts, J. A. (1999). Environmental segmentation alternatives: A look at green consumer behavior in the new millennium. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16 (6), 558-575

Factors influencing green consumerism behavior among Penangites

Similar Items