The moderating effects of job demand between job resources, work-life enrichment, and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities

The moderating effects of job demand between job resources, work-life enrichment, and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between job resources (i.e. perceived organisational support, immediate superior support, colleague support, autonomy, recognition, job prestige, and perceived external prestige), work-life enrichment and core self-evaluations on work engag...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ng, Lee Peng
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2015
Subjects:
HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/5011/1/s90713.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5011/2/s90713_abstract.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.5011
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Ali, Hassan
topic HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
spellingShingle HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Ng, Lee Peng
The moderating effects of job demand between job resources, work-life enrichment, and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities
description The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between job resources (i.e. perceived organisational support, immediate superior support, colleague support, autonomy, recognition, job prestige, and perceived external prestige), work-life enrichment and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities. In addition, this study also examined the moderating effects of job demands on these relationships. The survey questionnaire was designed to elicit responses from the participants. A total of 756 questionnaires were distributed to the academics from 18 public universities in Peninsular Malaysia. Three hundred eighty five (385) usable questionnaires were returned, yielding a response rate of 50.9%. The data were analysed using multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that immediate superior support, perceived external prestige, work-to-personal life enrichment, personal life-to-work enrichment, and core self-evaluations were positively related to work engagement. On the other hand, colleague support was found to be negatively related to work engagement. Result from hierarchical regression analysis showed that job demands only moderate the relationship between work-to-personal life enrichment and work engagement. This means the effect of work- to-personal life enrichment and work engagement is strengthened when academic staff is confronted with high job demands. This study shows that systematic training programs are needed to enhance more supportive supervisory practices. To reduce the adverse impact of colleague support on work engagement, academics should be exposed to how communication content can have profound influence on both emotional and instrumental functions of different sources of support. The management should recruit and develop academics with positive core selfevaluation. Besides, efforts to promote prestige image of the universities is likely to bear fruitful results in enhancing the work engagement. In addition, the management should assist employees in achieving greater balance between their work and personal life through work life policies and programs. Last but not least, the limitations of the present study and some suggestions for future research are discussed as well
format Thesis
qualification_name Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
qualification_level Doctorate
author Ng, Lee Peng
author_facet Ng, Lee Peng
author_sort Ng, Lee Peng
title The moderating effects of job demand between job resources, work-life enrichment, and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities
title_short The moderating effects of job demand between job resources, work-life enrichment, and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities
title_full The moderating effects of job demand between job resources, work-life enrichment, and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities
title_fullStr The moderating effects of job demand between job resources, work-life enrichment, and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities
title_full_unstemmed The moderating effects of job demand between job resources, work-life enrichment, and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities
title_sort moderating effects of job demand between job resources, work-life enrichment, and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in malaysian public universities
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2015
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/5011/1/s90713.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5011/2/s90713_abstract.pdf
_version_ 1747827845488443392
spelling my-uum-etd.50112021-04-04T08:06:34Z The moderating effects of job demand between job resources, work-life enrichment, and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities 2015 Ng, Lee Peng Ali, Hassan Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between job resources (i.e. perceived organisational support, immediate superior support, colleague support, autonomy, recognition, job prestige, and perceived external prestige), work-life enrichment and core self-evaluations on work engagement among academics in Malaysian public universities. In addition, this study also examined the moderating effects of job demands on these relationships. The survey questionnaire was designed to elicit responses from the participants. A total of 756 questionnaires were distributed to the academics from 18 public universities in Peninsular Malaysia. Three hundred eighty five (385) usable questionnaires were returned, yielding a response rate of 50.9%. The data were analysed using multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that immediate superior support, perceived external prestige, work-to-personal life enrichment, personal life-to-work enrichment, and core self-evaluations were positively related to work engagement. On the other hand, colleague support was found to be negatively related to work engagement. Result from hierarchical regression analysis showed that job demands only moderate the relationship between work-to-personal life enrichment and work engagement. This means the effect of work- to-personal life enrichment and work engagement is strengthened when academic staff is confronted with high job demands. This study shows that systematic training programs are needed to enhance more supportive supervisory practices. To reduce the adverse impact of colleague support on work engagement, academics should be exposed to how communication content can have profound influence on both emotional and instrumental functions of different sources of support. The management should recruit and develop academics with positive core selfevaluation. Besides, efforts to promote prestige image of the universities is likely to bear fruitful results in enhancing the work engagement. In addition, the management should assist employees in achieving greater balance between their work and personal life through work life policies and programs. Last but not least, the limitations of the present study and some suggestions for future research are discussed as well 2015 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5011/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5011/1/s90713.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5011/2/s90713_abstract.pdf text eng public dba dba Universiti Utara Malaysia Abualrub, R. F., & Al-Zaru, I. M. (2008). Job stress, recognition, job performance and intention to stay at work among Jordanian hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(3), 227-236. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2007. 00810.x. Adams, D. (1998). Examining the fabric of academic life: An analysis of three decades of research on the perception of Australian academics about their roles. Higher Education, 36, 421-435. doi:10.1023/A:1003423628962. Agarwal, U. A. (2014). Linking justice, trust and innovative work behavior to work engagement. Personnel Review, 43 (1), 41–73. doi: 0.1108/PR-02-2012-0019. Aguinis, H., Henle, C.A., & Ostroff, C. (2001). Measurement in work in work and organisational psychology. In Anderson, N., Ones, D.S., Sinangil, H. K., & Viswesvaran,, C. (Eds.). Handbook of Industrial, Work & organizational psychology: Volume 1: Personnel psychology (pp. 10-26). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications Ahmad, A. R., & Farley, A. (2013). Federal government funding reforms: Issues and challenges facing Malaysian public universities. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(1), 282-298. Ahmad, A. R., Farley, A., & Naidoo, M. (2012). An examination of the implementation federal government strategic plans in Malaysian public universities. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(15), 290-301. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 549-562. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007. Ali Jolaee, Khalil Md Nor, Naser Khani, & Rosman Md Yusoff (2014). Factors affecting knowledge sharing intention among academic staff. International Journal of Educational Management, 28(4), 413-431. doi:10.1108/IJEM-03-2013-0041. Allis, P., & O‘Driscoll, M. (2008). Positive effects of non-work-to-work facilitation on well-being in work, family and personal domains. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(3), 273-291. doi:10.1108/02683940810861383. Aminuddin Hassan. Tymms, P. & Habsah Ismail (2008). Academic productivity as perceived by Malaysian academics. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30(3), 283-296. doi: 10.1080/13600800802155184. Anderson, D., Richard, J., & Saha, L. (2002). Changes in Academic Work: Implications for Universities of the Changing age Distribution and Work roles of Academic Staff. Retrieved from http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/1531 02143?q&versionId=166855630. Andreassi, J. K., & Thompson, C. A. (2008). Work-family culture: Current research and future direction. In Korabik, K., Lero, D. S. & Whitehead, D. L. (Eds.). Handbook of work-family integration: Research, theory, and best practices (pp. 331– 351). Amsterdam: Academic Press. Ang, S. H. (2014). Research design for business & management. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Anisah, S. (2014, 13 May). In latest rankings, Malaysian public varsities lose out to Singapore, Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com. Aon Hewitt (2012). Trends in global employee engagement. Retrieved from http://www.aon.com/attachments/ human-capital-consulting/2012_TrendsInGlobalEnga gement_Final_v11.pdf. Appelbaum, S. H., & Kamal, R. (2000). An analysis of the utilization and effectiveness of non-financial incentives in small business. The Journal of Management Development. 19(9/10), 733–763. doi:10.1108/02621710010378200. Arif Hassan & Ahmad, F. (2011). Authentic leadership, trust and work engagement. International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 6(3), 164-170. Arif Hassan & Junaidah Hashim (2011). Role of organizational justice in determining work outcomes of national and expatriate academic staff i n Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 21(1), 82-93. doi: 10.1108/10569211111111711. Arokiasamy, A. R. A. (2010). The impact of globalisation on higher education in Malaysia. Retrieved from www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/waoe/aroka.pdf. Arshadi, N. (2011). The relationships of perceived organizational support (POS) with organizational commitment, in-role performance, and turnover intention: Mediating role of felt obligation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1103–1108. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro. 2011.10.215. Aryee, S., Srinivas, E. S., & Tan, H. H. (2005). Rhythms of life: Antecedents and outcomes of work-family balance in employed parents. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 132-146. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.132. Asian Development Bank (2012). Access without Equity? Finding a better balance in higher education in Asia. Mandaluyong, Philipines: Asian Development Bank. Attree, M. (2005). Nursing agency and governance: Registered nurses‘ perceptions. Journal of Nursing Management, 13(5), 387-396. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2834.2005.00553.x. Aubert, B. A., & Kelsey, B. L. (2003). Further understanding of trust and performance in virtual teams. Small Group Research, 34(5), 575–618. doi:10.1177/104649640 3256011. Aubé, C., Rousseau, V., & Morin, E. M. (2007). Perceived organizational support and organizational commitment: The moderating effect of locus of control and work autonomy. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(5), 479-495. doi:1108/02683940710757209. Auerbach, S. M., Martelli, M. F., & Mercuri, L. G. (1983). Anxiety, information, interpersonal impacts, and adjustment to a stressful healthcare situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(6), 1284-1296. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.44.6.1284. Azeem, S. M., & Nazir, N. A. (2008). A study of job burnout among university teachers. Psychology and Developing Societies, 20(1), 51-64. doi:10.1177/ 097133360702000103. Aziz, S., & Zickar, M. J. (2006). A cluster analysis investigation of workaholism as a syndrome. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(1), 52-62. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.11.1.52. Babbie, E. (2007). The practice of social research (11th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Learning. Babcock-Roberson, M. E., & Strickland, O. J. (2010). The relationship between charismatic leadership, work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Psychology, 144(3), 313-326. doi: 10.1080/00223 981003648336. Babin, B. J., & Boles, J. S., (1996). The effects of perceived co-worker involvement and supervisor support on service provider job stress, performance and job satisfaction. Journal of Retailing, 72(1), 57-75. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(96)90005-6. Bakker, A. B. (2009). Building engagement in the workplace. In R.J. Burke & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), The peak performing organization (pp. 50 -72). Oxford: Routledge. Bakker, A. B., & Bal, P.M. (2010). Weekly work engagement and performance: A study among starting teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 189-206. doi: 10.1348/096317909X 402596. Bakker, A. B., Deremouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83-104. doi:10.1002/hrm. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). The crossover of burnout and work engagement among working couples. Human Relations, 58(5), 661-689. doi: 10.1177/0018726705055967. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209-223. doi: 10.1108/02683940910939313. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD-R Approach. The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. Doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413- 091235. Bakker, A. B., & Geurts, S. (2004). Toward a dual-process model of work–home interference. Work & Occupations, 31(3), 345−366. doi:10.1177/0730888404266349. Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job resources boost work engagement particularly when job demands are high. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 274-284. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.274. Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2010). Where to go from here: Integration and future research on work engagement, In Bakker, A. B. & Leiter, M. P. (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 181-196). New York: Psychology Press. Bakker, A.B., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2008). Positive organizational behaviour: Engaged employees in flourishing organisations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 147-154. doi:10.1002/job.515. Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187-200. doi:10.1108/13620430810870476. Bakker, A. B., Van Veldhoven, M., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2010). Beyond the demandcontrol model: Thriving on high job demands and resource. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9 (1), 3 -16. doi: 10.1027/1866-5888/a0006. Balducci, C., Fraccaroli, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Italian version Utrecht Work Engagement Scales (UWES-9): A cross-cultural analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 143-149. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000020. Balmforth, K., & Gardner, D. (2006). Conflict and facilitation between work and family: Realizing the outcomes for organizations. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 69-76. Baral, R., & Bhargava, S. (2010). Work-family enrichment as a mediator between organizational interventions for work-life balance and job outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(3), 274-300. doi:10.1108/02683941011023749. Baranik, L. E., Roling, E. S., & Eby, L. T. (2010). Why does mentoring work? The role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 366–373. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009. 07.004. Barkhuizen, N., & Rothmann, S. (2006). Work engagement of academic staff in South African higher education institutions. Management Dynamics, 15(1), 38-46. doi: 10.1002/smi.2520. Barnes, L. L. B., Agago, M. O., & Coombs, W. T. (1998). Effects of job-related stress on faculty intention to leave academia. Research in Higher Education, 39(4), 457-469. doi:10.1023/A:1018741404199. Barnett, R. C. (2008). On multiple roles: Past, present and future. In K. Korabik, D. S. Lero, & D. L. Whitehead (Eds.), Handbook of work-family integration: Research, theory, and best practices (pp.75-93). London: Elsevier. Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work and family: An expansionist theory. The American Psychologist, 56(10), 781−796. doi:10.1037/0003066X56.10.781. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.86.5.452. Bartels, J., Douwes, R., De Jong, M., & Pruyn, A. (2006). Organizational identification during a merger: Determinants of employees‘ expected identification with the new organization. British Journal of Management, 17(S1), s49–s67. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006. 00478.x. Bartels, J., Pruyn, A., De Jong, M., & Joustra, I. (2007). Multiple organizational identification levels and the impact of perceived external prestige and communication climate. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(2), 173-190. doi:10.1002/job.420. Beehr, T. A. (1976). Perceived situational moderators of the relationship between subjective role ambiguity and roles strain. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(1), 35-40. doi:10.1037//0021-9010 .61.1.35. Beehr, T. A., Bowling, N. A., & Bennet, M. M. (2010). Occupational stress and failures of social support: When helping hurts. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(1), 45-49. doi:10.1037/a0018234. Beehr, T. A., Farmer, S. J., Glazer, S., Gudanowski, D. M. & Nair, V. N. (2003). The enigma of social support and occupational stress: Source congruence and gender role effects. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8(3), 220-231. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.8.3.220. Beehr, T. A., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1990). Social support and occupational stress: Talking to supervisors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36, 61–81. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(90)90015-T. Bentley, P., Coates, H., Dobson, I., Goedegebuure, L. & Meek, V. L. (2013). Factors associated with job satisfaction amongst Australian university academics and future workforce implications. In P. J. Bently, H. Coates, I. Dobson, L. Goedegebuure, & V. L. Meek (Eds.), Job satisfaction around the academic world (pp. 29-54). Retrieved from http://www.lhmartininstitute.edu.au/documents/ publications/prepublicationintlacademicjob satisfactionchapter3australia.pdf. Beri, G. C. (2010). Business statistics (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. Best, R. G., Stapleton, L. M. & Downey, R. G. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job burnout: The test of alternative models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(4), 441-451. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.441. Beutell, N. J. (2010). Work schedule, work schedule control and satisfaction in relation to work-family conflict, work-family synergy, and domain satisfaction. Career Development International, 15(5), 501-518. doi:10.1108/13620431011075358. Beutell, N. J., & Wittig-Berman, U. (2008). Work-family conflict and work-family synergy for generation X, baby boomers, and matures: Generational differences, predictors, and satisfaction outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(5), 507-523. doi: 10.1108/026839 40810884513. Bilgin, N., & Demirer, H. (2012). The examination of the relationship among organizational support, affective commitment and job satisfaction of hotel employees. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 51, 470–473. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.191. Bhargava, S., & Baral, R. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of work–family enrichment among Indian Managers. Psychological Studies, 54, 213–225. Blackmore, P., & Kandiko, C. B. (2011): Motivation in academic life: A prestige economy. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 16(4), 399-411. doi:10.1080/13596748.2011.626971 Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley. Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L., & Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationship of workaholism with work-life conflict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(4), 467-477. doi:10.1O37//0022-0167.47.4.469. Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Core self-evaluations: A review of the trait and its role in job satisfaction and job performance. European Journal of Personality, 17(S1), S5-S18. doi:10.1002/per.481. Boyar, S. L., & Mosley, D. C. Jr. (2007). The relationship between core self-evaluations and work and family satisfaction: The mediating role of work-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(2), 265-281. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.06.001. Boz, M., Martínez, I., & Munduate, L. (2009). Breaking negative consequences of relationship conflicts at work: The moderating role of work family enrichment and supervisor support. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(2), 113-121. doi:10.4321/S1576-59622009000200002. Brake, T. H., Bouman, A. M., Gorter, R., Hoogstraten, J. & Eijkman, M. (2007). Professional burnout and work engagement among dentists. European Journal of Oral Science, 115 (3), 180-185. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007. 00439.x. Bryman, A. & Bell, E. (2007). Business research methods (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, S. P. (1996). A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 120(2), 235-255. Brun, J. P. & Dugas, N. (2008). An analysis of employee recognition: Perspectives on human resources practices. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(4), 716–730. doi:10.1080/095851 90801953723. Brunborg, G. S. (2008). Core self-evaluations: A predictor variable for job stress. European Psychologist, 13(2), 96-102. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.13.2.96. Brunetto, Y., Teo, S. T. T., Shacklock, K., & Farr-Wharton, R. (2012). Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, well-being and engagement: Explaining organisational commitment and turnover intentions in policing. Human Resource Management Journal, 22(4), 428-441. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-8583.2012.00198.x. Burke, M. J., Borucki, C. C., & Hurley, A. E. (1992). Reconceptualizing psychological climate in a retail service environment: A multiple-stakeholder perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5): 717-729. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.5.717. Burke, R. J., & El-Kot, G. (2010). Work engagement among managers and professionals in Egypt: Potential antecedents and consequences. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 1(1), 42-60. doi:10.1108/20400701011028158. Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (1997). The practice of nursing research conduct, critique & utilization (3rd ed.). Philadeplphia: W.B. Byrne, Z.S. (2005). Fairness reduces the negative effects of organizational politics on turnover intentions, citizenship behavior and job performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 20(2), 175-200. doi: 10.1007/s10869- 005-8258-0. Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., van Harrison, R., & Pinneau, S. R. (1975). Job demands and worker health. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research. Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Wayne, J. H., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2006). Measuring the positive side of the work-family interface: Development and validation of a workfamily enrichment scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(1), 131-164. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.02.002. Carlson, D. S., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2008). Reflections and future directions on measurement in work-family research. In K. Korabik, D. S. Lero, & D. L. Whitehead, (ed.), Handbook of work-family integration: Research, theory, and best practices (pp.57-73). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Carmeli, A. (2004). The link between organizational elements, perceived external prestige and performance. Corporate Reputation Review, 6(4), 314-331. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.crr .1540002. Carmeli, A. (2005). Perceived external prestige, affective commitment, and citizenship behaviours. Organization Studies, 26(3), 443-464. doi:10.1177/0170840605050875. Carmeli, A., & Freund, A. (2004). Work commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 7(3), 289-309. Casper, W. J., Martin, J. A., Buffardi, L. C., & Erdwins, C. J. (2002). Work-family conflict, perceived organizational support and organizational commitment among employed mothers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(2), 99-108. doi:10.1037/ 1076-8998.7.2.99. Cattell, R. B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioral and life sciences. New York: Plenum. Chang, C. H., Ferris, D. L., Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Tan, J. A. (2012). Core selfevaluations: A review and evaluation of the literature. Journal of Management, 38(1), 81-128. doi:10.1177/0149206311419661. Chapman, K. (2014a, October 5). Varsities not among top 400. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my. Chapman, K. (2014b, March 9). Local unis not among top 100. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my. Chen, J. C., & Silverthorne, C. (2008). The impact of locus of control on job stress, job performance and job satisfaction in Taiwan. Leadership & Organization Development, 29 (7), 572-582. doi:10.1108/01437730810906326. Chen, P. Y., Popovich, P. M., & Kogan, M. (1999). Let's talk: Patterns and correlates of social support among temporary employee. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(1), 55-62. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.4.1.55. Chen, S. H., Yang, C. C., Shiau, J. Y., & Wang, H. H. (2006). The development of an employee satisfaction model for higher education. The TQM Magazine, 18(5), 484-500. doi: 10.1108/09544780610685467. Chew, Y. T., & Wong, S. K. (2008). Effects of career mentoring experience and perceived organisational support on employee commitment and intention to leave: A study among hotel workers in Malaysia. International Journal of Management, 25(3), 692-700. Chiaburu, D.S., & Harrison, D.A. (2008). Do peers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of coworker effects on perceptions, attitudes, OCBs, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1082–1103. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.5. 1082. Child, D. (2006). The essential of factor analysis (3rd ed.). New York: Continum International Publishing Group. Chin, C. (2004, May 18). Overworked and underpaid USM specialists leaving for greener pastures. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my. Choi, H. J., & Kim, Y.T. (2012). Work-family conflict, work-family facilitation, and job outcomes in the Korean hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24 (7), 1011-1028. doi:10.1108/09596111211258892. Choi, S. L., Lee, Y., Wan Khairuzzaman Wan Ismail & Ahmad Jusoh (2012). Leadership styles and employees turnover: Exploratory study of academic staff in a Malaysian college. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(4), 575-581. Chong, C. W., Yuen, Y. Y., Gan, G. C. (2014). Knowledge sharing of academic staff. Library Review, 63 (3), 203–223. doi:10.1108/LR-08-2013- 0109. Christian, M. S., Garza A. S., & Slaughter J. E. (2011). Work engagement: a quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64:89–136. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570. 2010.01203.x. Christian, M. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2007). Work engagement: A meta-analytic review and directions for research in an emerging area. Academy of Management Proceedings, Philadelphia, 1, 1-6. doi: 10.5465/ AMBPP.2007.26536346. Chung, N.G. & Angeline, T. (2010). Does work engagement mediate the relationship between job resources and job performance of employees? African Journal of Business Management, 4(9), 1837-1843. Chughtai, A. A., & Buckley, F. (2008). Work engagement and its relationship with state and trait trust: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 10(1), 47-71. Retrieved from: http://www.ibam.com/pubs/ jbam/articles/vol10/no1/JBAM_10_1_3.pdf. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioural sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (1984). Social support, stress, and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. In A. Baum, J. E. Singer, & S. E. Taylor (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and health, Volume IV (pp. 253-267). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Comrey, A. L. (1988). Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(5), 754-761. Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147-168. doi:10.1177/1094428103251541. Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J., & O‘Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review and critique of theory, research, and applications. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. Retrieved from: http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=10&n=7. Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834-848. doi:10.1037/a0019364. Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., & Byrne, Z. S. (2003). The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 160-169. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160. Crossman, A. & Abou-Zaki, B. (2003). Job satisfaction and employee performance of Lebanese banking staff. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4): 368-376. doi: 10.1108/0268394 0310473118. Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process. London: SAGE Publications. Crouter, A. C. (1984). Spillover from family to work: The neglected side of the workfamily interface. Human Relations, 37(6), 425-441. Crowther, D. & Lancaster, G. (2008). Research methods: A concise introduction to research in management and business consultancy. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Cuyper, N. D., Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., Witte, H. D., Mäkikangas, A., & Nätti, J. (2010). Autonomy and workload in relation to temporary and permanent workers‘ job involvement: A test in Belgium and Finland. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(1), 40–49. doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000004. Da, W. C. (2007). Public and private higher education institutions in Malaysia: Competing, complementary or crossbreeds as education providers. Kajian Malaysia, 25(1), 1-14. Danish, R. Q., & Usman, A. (2010). Impact of reward and recognition on job satisfaction and motivation: An empirical study from Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Managemnet, 5(2), 159-167. Dawley, D. D., Andrews, M. C. & Bucklew, N. S. (2008). Mentoring, supervisor support, and perceived organizational support: What matter most? Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 29(3), 235-247. doi:10.1108/01437730810861290. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands–resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499. Demerouti E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The job demands-rsources model: Challenges for future research. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1- 9. doi: 10.4102/sajip.v37/974. Denton, D. A., Newton, J. T., & Bower, E. J. (2008). Occupational burnout and work engagement: a national survey of dentists in the United Kingdom. British Dental Journal, 205(7), 382-383. doi:10.1038/sj. bdj.2008.890. DeVellis, B. M., & Blalock, S. J. (1992). Illness attributions and hopelessness depression: The role of hopelessness expectancy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(2), 257-264. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.101.2.257 DeVellis, R. F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review Psychology, 41, 417-440. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps. 41.020190.002221. DiLalla, D., & Dollinger, S. J. (2006). Cleaning up data and running preliminary analysis. In F. T. L. Leong & J. T. Austin (Eds.), The psychology research handbook: A guide for graduate students and research assistants (pp. 241-253). London: SAGE Publications. Don: Many of us left because we feel unappreciated (2014, May 20). The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my Dorio, J. M., Bryant, R. H., & Allen, T. D. (2008). Work related outcomes of the workfamily interface: Why organizations should care. In K. Korabik, D. S. Lero, & D. L. Whitehead (Eds.), Handbook of work-family integration: Research, theory, and best practices (pp. 157-176). London: Elsevier. Doyle, C., & Hind, P. (2002). Occupational stress, burnout and job status in female academics. Gender, Work & Organization, 5(2), 67-82. doi:10.1111/1468-0432.00047. Ducharme, L. J., & Martin, J. K. (2000). Unrewarding work, co-worker support, and job satisfaction. Work and Occupation, 27(2), 223-243. doi:10.1177/0730888400027002005. Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 239-263. Dwyer, D. J., Schwartz, R. H., & Fox, M. L. (1992). Decision-making autonomy in nursing. Journal of Nursing Administration, 22(2), 17–23. Eby, L. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brindley, A. (2005). Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980-2002). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 124-97. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11. 003. Eder, P., & Eisenberger, R. (2008). Perceived organizational support: Reducing the negative influence of coworker withdrawal behavior. Journal of Management, 34(1), 55-68. doi:10.1177/0149206307309259. Edmondson, D. R., & Boyer, S. L. (2013). The moderating effect of the boundary spanning role on perceived supervisory support: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2186-2192. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.01.010. Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli., S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 812-820. Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D., (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507. doi:10.1037/0021- 9010.71.3.500. Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 565–573. doi: 10.1037//0021-9010.87.3.565. Elizabeth, Z. (2014, March 6). Malaysian varsities again fail to be placed in global higher education survey. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/ article/malaysian-varsities-again-failto-enter- global-higher-education-survey#sthash.IuLTX0xi. dpuf. Endres, G. M., & Mancheno-Smoak, L. (2008). The human resource craze: Human performance improvement and employee engagement. Organization Development Journal, 26(1), 69-78. Erez, A., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1270-1279. doi: 10.1037//0021-9010.86.6.1270. Ethington, C. A., Thomas, S. L., & Pike, G. R. (2002). Back to the basics: Regression as it should be. In J. C. Smart (Eds.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research, (Vol. XVII, pp. 263-294). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher. Everitt, B. S. (1975). Multivariate analysis: The need for data, and other problems. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 237-240. Eyupoglua, S. Z., & Saner, T. (2009). The relationship between job satisfaction and academic rank: A study of academicians in Northern Cyprus. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 686–691. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.120. Fauziah Noordin & Kamaruzaman Jusoff (2009). Levels of job satisfaction amongst Malaysian academic staff. Asian Social Science, 5(5), 122-128. Ferguson, E. & Cox, T. (1993). Exploratory factor analysis: A user‘s guide. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 1(2), 84–94. Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D.C., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W.A., Kacmar, C.J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D.D. (2005). Development and validation of the political skill inventory. Journal of Management, 31(1), 126-152. doi:10.1177/0149206304271386. Finn, C.P. (2001) Autonomy: An important component for nurses‘ job satisfaction. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38(3), 349–357. Fisher, G. G., Bulger, C. A., & Smith, C. S. (2009). Beyond work and family: A measure of work/non-work interference and enhancement. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(4), 441–456. doi:10.1037/a0016737. Fowler, G. (2005). An analysis of higher education staff attitudes in a dynamic environment. Tertiary Education and Management, 11, 183-197. doi: 10.1007/s11233-005-0367-9. Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115. Frese, M. (1999). Social support as a moderator of the relationship between work stressors and psychological dysfunctioning: A longitudinal study with objective measures. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(3), 179–192. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.4.3.179. Friedman, S. D., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2000). Work and family – allies or enemies? What happens when business professionals confront life choices. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:o so/9780195112757.001.0001. Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetric (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143-162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65–78. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.1.65. Fu, C.K., & Shaffer, M.A. (2001). The tug of work and family: Direct and indirect domain-specific determinants of work-family conflict. Personnel Review, 30 (5), 502-522. doi: 10.1108/EUM0000000005936. Fuller, J.B., Hester, K., Barnett, T., Frey, L. & Relyea, L.F.C. (2006). Perceived organizational support and perceived external prestige: Predicting organizational attachment for university faculty, staff, and administrators. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(3), 327-34. Furr, R. M. & Bacharach, V. R. (2014). Psychometrics: An introduction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication. Gallup (2013). State of the American workplace: Employee engagement insights for U.S. Business Leaders. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/strategic consulting/163007 /state-american-workplace.aspx Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E., & Mayers, B. T. (1991). The nomological validity of the type A personality among employed adults. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 143-168. Gardner, D. G., & Pierce, J. L. (2010). The core self-evaluation scale: Further construct validation evidence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(2), 291–304. doi:10.1177/0013164409344505. Gassman-Pines, A. (2007). The relationship between maternal job characteristics, maternal mood, mother-child interaction, and child behaviour in low income families: A daily diary study (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis database. (UMI No. 3283354). George, J. M., Reed, T. F., Ballard, K. A. Collin, J., & Feiding, J. (1993). Contact with AIDS patients as a source of work-related distress: Effects of organizational and social support. Academy of Management Journal, 36(1), 157-171. Ghorpade, J., Lackritz, J., & Singh, G. (2007). Burnout and personality: Evidence from academia. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(2), 240-256. doi:10.1177/1069072706298156. Gilbert, A. C. (2001). Work absorption: Causes among highly educated workers and consequences for their families (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of California, Berkeley. Gini, A. (1998). Working ourselves to death: Workaholism, stress, and fatigue. Business and Society Review, 100/101, 45-56. Givon, M. M., & Shapira, Z. (1984). Response to rating scales: A theoretical model and its application to the number of categories problem. Journal of Marketing Research, 21, 410–419. Gmelch, W. H., Wilke, P. K., & Lovrich, N. P. (1986). Dimensions of stress among university faculty: Factor-analytic results from a national study. Research in Higher Education, 24(3), 266-286. doi:10.1007/BF00992075. Goode, W. J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483−496. Gomez, J. (2014, June 19). Malaysian public varsities fail to make top 100 Asian universities ranking. The Malaysian Insider Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/ article/malaysian-public-varsitiesfail-to-make- top-100-asian-universities-ranking#sthash.I4boy 8rU.dpuf. Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdales, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gorter, R. C. & Freeman, R. (2011). Burnout and engagement in relation with job demands and resources among dental staff in Northern Ireland. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 39(1), 87-95. Gorgievski, M.J., & Hobfoll, S.E. (2008). Work can burn us out or fire us up: Conservation of resources in burnout and engagement. In Halbesleben, J.R.B. (Eds.) Handbook of stress and burnout in health care (pp.7-22). New York: Nova Science Publishers. Grant-Vallone, E. J., & Ensher, E. A. (2001). An examination of work and personal life conflict, organizational support, and employee health among international expatriates. Inernational Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 261-278. Gray, D. E. (2014). Doing research in the real world. London: SAGE Publications. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88. doi:10.5465/ AMR.1985.4277352. Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72-91. doi:10.5465/AMR .2006.19379625. Gursoy, D., Uysal, M., Sirakaya-Turk, E., Ekinci, Y., & Baloglu, S. (2014). Handbook of scales in tourism and hospitality research. Oxfordshire: CABI. Grzywacz, J. G. (2000). Work-family spillower and health during midlife: Is managing conflict everything? American Journal of Health Promotion, 14, 236-243. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171- 14.4.236. Grzywacz, J. G., & Bass, B. L. (2003). Work, family, and mental health: Testing different models of work-family fit. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(1), 248–261. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00248.x. Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work- family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(4), 560-568. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.76.4.560. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170. doi:10.1037/h0076546. Hair, J., Money, A., Page, M., & Samouel, P. (2007). Research methods for business. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. Hair, J. F. Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hairuddin Mohd Ali & Musah, M. B. (2012). Investigation of Malaysian higher education quality culture and workforce performance. Quality Assurance in Education, 20(3), 289–309. doi:10.1108/09684881211240330. Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2005). How dentists cope with their job demands and stay engaged: The moderating role of job resources. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 113(6), 495-513. doi:10.1111/j.1600- 0722.2005.00250.x. Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 495-513. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2005 .11.001. Hakanen, J. J., & Lindbohm, M. L. (2008). Work engagement among breast cancer survivors and their referents: The importance of optimism and social resources at work. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 2, 283-295. doi:10.1007/s11764-008-0071-0. Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008a). Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 78-91. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.003. Hakanen, J. J., & Roodt, G. (2010). Using the job demands-resources model to predict engagement: Analysing a conceptual model. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp.85-101). New York: Psychology Press. Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Ahola, K. (2008b). The job demands-resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work & Stress, 22(3), 224-241. doi:10.1080/02678370802379432. Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources and consequences. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.). Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp.103-117). New York: Psychology Press. Hall, A. T., Royle, M. T., Brymer, B. A., Perrewe´, P. L., Ferris, G. R., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2006). Relationships between felt accountability as a stressor and strain reactions: The neutralizing role of autonomy across two studies. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(1), 87–99. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.11.1.87. Hallberg, U. E., Johansson, G., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). Type A behavior and work situation: Associations with burnout and work engagement. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 48, 135-142. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00584.x Hallberg, U. E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Same same‖ but different? Can work engagement be discriminated from job involvement and organizational commitment. European Psychologist, 11(2), 119-127. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.11.2.119. Hamzah, B. A. (2015, January 4). The need for quality education. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my. Hanson, G. C., Hammer, L. B., & Colton, C. L. (2006). Development and validation of a multidimenstional scale of perceived work-family positive spillover. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 249-265. Hargreaves, L. (2009). The status and prestige of teachers and teaching. In L. J. Saha & A. G. Dworkin (Eds.), International Handbook of Research on Teachers and Teaching (Vol. 1, pp. 217–229). New York: Springer. Hariati Azizan, Lim, R., & Loh, J. (2012, November 30). The KPI dilemma, The Star Online. Retrieved from http://thestar.com.my. Harkness, J. A., Villar, A., & Edwards, B. (2010). Translation, adaptation, and design. In J. A. Harkness, M. Braun, B. Edwards, T. P. Johnson, L. E. Lyberg, P. Ph. Mohler, B-E. Pennell & T. W. Smith (Eds.), Survey methods in multinational, multicultural and, multiregional contexts (pp. 117-140). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Harman, G. (2001). Academics and institutional differentiation in Australian higher education. Higher Education Policy, 14, 325-342. doi:10.1016/S0952-8733(01)00023-X. Harman, G. (2003). Australian academics and prospective academics: Adjustment to a more commercial environment. Higher Education Management and Policy, 15(3), 105-177. doi:10.1787/hemp-v15-3-en. Harris, K. J., Harvey, P. & Kacmar, K. M. (2009). Do social stressors impact everyone equally? An examination of the moderating impact of core self-evaluations. Journal of Business Psychology, 24(2), 153-164. doi:10.1007/s10869- 009-9096-2. Harrington, D. (2008). Confirmatory factory analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. Hart, C. (1998). Dong literature review: Releasing the social science research imagination. London: SAGE Publications. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. I. (2002). Business-unit relationship beween employee satisfaction, employee engagement and business outcomes: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279. doi:10.1037//0021- 9010.87.2.268. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2003). Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies. Retrieved from http://media.gallup.com/DOCUMENTS/whitePaper--Well-BeingInTheWorkplace.pdf. Haynes, C. E., Wall, T. D., Bolden, R. I., Stride, C., & Rick, J. E. (1999). Measures of perceived work characteristics for health services research: Test of a measurement model and normative data. British Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 257–275. Hecht, T. D., & Boies, K. (2009). Structure and correlates of spillover from non-work to work: An examination of non-work activities, well-being, and work outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(4), 414-426. doi:10.1037/a0015981 Henkel, M. (2005). Academic identity and autonomy in a changing policy environment. Higher Education, 49, 155–176. doi:10.1007/s10734-004-2919-1. Henny, J., Anita, A.R., Hayati, K. S., & Rampal, L. (2014). Prevalence of burnout and its associated factors among faculty academicians. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 10(1), 51-59. Herrbach, O., Mignonac, K. & Gatignon, A. (2004). Exploring the role of perceived external prestige in managers‘ turnover intentions. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(8), 1390-1407. doi:10.1080/0958519042000257995. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524. doi: 10.1037/0003- 066X.44.3.513. Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337–370. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00062. Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307-324. doi:10.1037/1089- 2680.6.4.307. Hobfoll, S. E. (2010). Conservation of resources theory: Its implication for stress, health, and resilience. In S. Folkman & P. E. Nathan (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 127–147). New York: Oxford. Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 116–122. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02016.x. Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 632-643. doi:10.1037/0022-3514. 84.3.632. Holman, D., Martinez-Iñdigo, D., & Totterdell, P. (2008). Emotional labor, well-being, and performance. In C. L. Cooper & S. Cartwright (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of organizational well-being (pp. 331–355). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Hopwood, C.J., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). How shouldthe internalstructure of personality inventories be evaluated? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 332–346. doi: 10.1177/1088868310 361240. Houston, D., Meyer, L. H., & Paewai, S. (2006). Academic staff workloads and job satisfaction: Expectations and values in academe. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 28(1), 17-30. doi:10.1080/136008005 00283734. HrmAsia (2012, November 12). Malaysia helping graduates to get job. Retrieved from http://www.hrmasia.com. Huang, E., & Chen, F. (2011). Electronic payment use and legal protection use and legal protection. In Ariwa, E. & El-Qawasmeh, E. (Eds), Proceedings in Digital Enterprises and Information Systems: International Conference, DEIS 2011, London, UK July 20-22, 2011. London: Springer. Hunter, E. M., Perry, S. J., Carlson, D. S., & Smith, S. A. (2010). Linking team resources to work-family enrichment and satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 304-312. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.05.009. Hurley, A. E., Scandura, T. A., Schriesheim, C. A., Brannick, M. T., Seers, A.,…Williams, L. J.(1997). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Guidelines, issues, and alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 667-683. Ismail Hussein Amzat & Abdul Rahman Idris (2012).Structural equation models of management and decision-making styles with job satisfaction of academic staff in Malaysian research university. International Journal of Educational Management, 26 (7), 616–645. doi:10.1108/09513541211263700. Jaga, A., Bagraim, J., & Williams, Z. (2013). Work-family enrichment and psychological health. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(2), 1143-1153. doi:10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1143. James, J.B., Mckechnie, S., & Swanberg, J. (2011). Predicting employee engagement in an age-diverse retail workforce. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(2), 173–196. doi: 10.1002/job.681. Javed, M., Rafiq, M., Ahmed, M., & Khan, K. (2012). Impact of HR practices on employee job satisfaction in public sector organizations of Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(1), 348-363. doi: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.16.01.11638. Ji, Y. (2013, July 13). Close to half of Malaysian graduates either jobless or employed in mismatched fields. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/. Johnsrud, L. K. & Heck, R. H. (1998). Faculty worklife: Establishing benchmarks across groups. Research in Higher Education, 39(5), 539-555. doi:10.1023/A:1018749606017. Joo, B.-K., Jeung, C.-W., & Yoon, H. J. (2010). Investigating the influences of core selfevaluations, job autonomy, and intrinsic motivation on in-role job performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(4), 353-371. doi:10.1002/hrdq.20053. Judge, T. A. & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits-selfesteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability-with job satisfaction and job performance: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80-92. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.86.1.80. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., & Locke, E. A. (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), 237-249. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.85.2.237. Judge, A. J., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self- concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257-268. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.257. Judge, T. A., Erez, A., & Bono, J. E. (1998). The power of being positive: The relation between positive self-concept and job performance. Human Performance, 11, 167-187. doi:10.1080/08959285. 1998.9668030. Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2002). Are measures of selfesteem, neuroticism, locus of control and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 693-710. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.62.4.446. Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2003). The core self-evaluation scale: Development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56, 303-313. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00152.x. Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluation approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151-188. Judge, T. A., Van Vianen, A. E. M., & De Pater, I. E. (2004). Emotional stability, core self-evaluations, and job outcomes: A review of the evidence and an agenda for future research. Human Performance, 17(3), 325-346. doi:10.1207/ s15327043hup1703_4. Kacmar, K. M., Collins, B. J., Harris, K. J., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Core self-evaluations and job performance: The role of the perceived work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1572-1580. doi:10.1037/a0017498. Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Judge, T. A. & Scott, B .A. (2009). The role of core selfevaluations in the coping process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 177-195. doi: 10.1037/a0013214. Kang, B., Twigg, N. W., & Hertzman, J. (2010). An examination of social support and social identify factors and their relationship to certified chefs‘ burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 168-176. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.08.004. Kanste, O. (2011). Work engagement, work commitment and their association with wellbeing in health care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Studies, 25(4), 754-761. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2011. 00888.x. Karasek, R., Baker, D., Marxer, F., Ahlbom, A., & Theorell, T. (1981). Job decision latitude, job demands, and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study of Swedish men. American Journal of Public Health, 71(7), 694-705. doi:10.2105/AJPH.71.7.694. Karatepe, O. M. (2012). The effects of coworker and perceived organizational support on hotel employee outcomes: The moderating role of job embeddedness. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36, 495-516. doi:10.1177/1096348011413 592. Karatepe, O. M., & Olugbade, O. A. (2009). The effects of job and personal resources on hotel employees work engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 504-512. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.02.003. Katz, M. H. (2006). Multivariable analysis: A practical guide for clinicians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kaur, S. (2009, September 6). Playing a numbers game. The Star Online, retrieved from http://thestar.com.my. Kay-Eccles, R. (2012). Meta-Analysis of the relationship between coworker social support and burnout using a two-level hierarchical linear model. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 34(8), 1062-1063. doi: 10.1177/019394 5912453684. Keeney, J., Boyd, E. M., Sinha, R., Westring, A., & Ryan, A. M. (2013). From "workfamily" to "work-life": Broadening our conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 221-237. doi:10.1016/j/jvb.2013.01.005. Koen, C. (2003). Academics. Human Resource Development Review, 501-517. Retrieved from www.http://hrdwarehouse. hrsc.ac.za/hrd/academics/academics.pdf. Khairunneezam Mohd Noor (2011). Work-life balance and intention to leave among academics in Malaysian public higher education institutions. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(11), 240-248. Khowaja, K., Merchant, R. J., & Hirani, D. (2005). Registered nurses perception of work satisfaction at a Tertiary Care Univervisity Hospital. Journal of Nursing Management, 13(1), 32-39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2004.00507.x. Kidd, J. M., & Smewing, C. (2001). The role of supervisor in career and organizational commitment. European Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology, 10(1), 25-40. doi:10.1080/13594320042000016. Kim, H. J., Shin, K. H., & Swanger, N. (2009). Burnout and engagement: A comparative analysis using the Big Five personality dimensions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 96-104. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.06.001. Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. R. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1),12-25. doi: 10.1177/00472875103 85467. King, W. R., & Teo, T. S. H. (1996). Key dimensions of facilitators and inhibitors for the strategic use of information technology. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(4), 35-53. Retrieved from http://www.bschool. nus.edu.sg/staff/bizteosh/KingTeoJMIS1996.pdf. Kirchemeyer, C. (1992). Perceptions of non-work-to-work spillover: Challenging the common view of conflict-ridden domain relationships. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 13, 231-249. Kline, P. (1979). Psychometrics and psychology. London: Academic Press. Koay, L. S. (2010). HRM practices and employees turnover intention of private higher education institutions (PHEIs) in Penang: The mediating roles of workplace wellbeing (Master‘s thesis). Retrieved from http://eprints.usm.my/23982/1/HRM_PRACTICES_AND _EMPLOYEES_TURNOVER_INTENTION_OF_PRIVATE_HIGHER_EDUCATION_INSTITUTES_PHEIs_IN_PENANG_THE_MEDIATING_ROLES_OF_WORKPLACE_WELL_BEING.pdf. Kopelman, R. E., Greenhaus, J. H., & Connolly, T. F. (1983). A model of work, family, and interrole conflict: A construct validation study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 198–215. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(83)90147-2. Korunka, C., Kubicek, B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hoonakker, P. (2009). Work engagement and burnout: Testing the robustness of the job demands-resources model. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(3), 243-255. doi:10.1080/17439760902879976. Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (1999). Encouraging the heart: A leader’s guide to rewarding and recognizing others. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Koyuncu, M., Burke, R. J., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2006). Work engagement among women managers and professionals in a Turkish bank: Potential antecedents and consequences. Equal Opportunities International, 25(4), 299-310. doi:10.1108/02610150610706276. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610. Krosnick, J. A., & Presser, S. (2010). Question and questionnaire design. In J. D. Wright & P. V. Marsden (Eds.), Handbook of survey research (2nd ed.). Wagon Lane, Bingley: Emerald Group. Lackritz, J. R. (2004). Exploring burnout among university faculty: Incidence, performance, and demographic issues. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20, 713-729. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2004.07.002. Lacy, F. J., & Sheehan, B. A. (1997). Job Satisfaction among academic staff: An international perspective. Higher Education, 34(3), 305-322. Lafferty, G., & Fleming, J. (2000). The restructuring of academic work in Australia: Power, management and gender. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 21(2), 257-267. doi:10.1080/713655344 Lait, J., & Wallace, J. E. (2002). Stress at work: A study of organizational-professional conflict and unmet expectations. Industrial Relations, 57(3), 463-487. Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 202-220. doi:10.1177/10944281052 84919. Langelaan, S., Bakker, A. B., Van Doornen, I. J. P., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement: Do individual differences make a difference? Personality and Individual Differneces, 40, 521-532. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.009. Langford, C. P., Bowsher, J., Maloney, J. P., & Lillis, P. P. (1997). Social support: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(1), 95-100. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.19970250 95.x. Langford, P. H. (2010). Benchmarking work practices and outcomes in Australian universities using an employee survey. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32(1), 41–53. doi:10.1080/13600800903440543. Langfred, C. W., & Moye, N. A. (2004). Effects of task autonomy on performance: An extended model considering motivational, informational, and structural mechanisms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 934–945. doi:10.1037/0021- 9010.89.6.934. Lee, M. N. N. (2000). The impacts of globalization on education in Malaysia. In N. P. Stromquist, & K. Monkman (Eds.), Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures (pp. 315-332). Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. Lee, M. N. N. (2003). The academic profession in Malaysia and Singapore: Between bureaucratic and corporate culture. In Altbach, P. G. (Eds.), The decline of the guru: The academic profession in developing and middle-income countries (pp.135-166). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Lee, M. N. N. (2004). Global trends, national policies and institutional responses: Restructuring higher education in Malaysia. Educational Research for Policy and Practice (2004), 3(1), 31–46. doi: 10.1007/s10671-004- 6034-y. Lee, M. N. N. (2015). Educational reforms in Malaysia: Towards equity, quality and efficiency. In Weiss, M. L. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia (pp. 302- 311). Oxon: Routledge. Lee, P. C. B. (2004). Social support and leaving intention among computer professionals. Information & Management, 41(3), 323–334. doi:10.1016/S0378- 7206(03)00077-6. Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1993). A further examination of managerial burnout: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 3-20. Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123–133. Leiter, M. P., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Work engagement: Introduction. In A. B. Bakker, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp.1-9). New York: Psychology Press. Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2004). Areas of worklife: A structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout. In P. L. Perrewe & D. C. Ganster (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well-being, (Vol. 3, pp. 91-134). Oxford: Elsevier. Leon, A. C., Davis, L. L., & Kraemer, H. C. (2011). The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(5), 626-629. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010. 10.008. Leuty, M. E. & Hansen, J. C. (2011). Evidence of construct validity for work values, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 379–390. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.04.008. Lew, T. Y. (2011). Understanding the antecedents of affective organizational commitment and turnover intention of academics in Malaysia: The organizational support theory perspectives. African Journal of Business Management, 5(7), 2551-2562. Lewig, K. A., Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Dollard, M. F., & Metzer, J. C. (2007). Burnout and connectedness among Australian volunteers: A test of job demandsresources model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(3), 429-445. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007 .07.003. Lewis, S. (1997). Family friendly employment policies: a route to changing organizational culture or playing about at the margins? Gender, Work and Organization, 4 (1), 13-23. Liao, H., Joshi, A., & Chuang, A. (2004). Sticking out like a sore thumb: Employee dissimilarity and deviance at work. Personnel Psychology, 57, 969–1000. doi:10.1111/j.1744- 6570.2004.00012.x. Lim, D. H., Choi, M., & Song, J. H. (2012). Work-family enrichment in Korea: Construct validation and status. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 33(3), 282-299. doi:10.1108/01437731211216470. Llorens, S., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). Testing the robustness of the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 13, 378-391. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.3.378. Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297-1349). Chicago: Rand-McNally. Lockwood, N. R. (2007). Leveraging employee engagement for competitive advantage: HR's strategic role. SHRM Research Quarterly. Retrieved from http://www.shrm.org/Research/ Articles/Articles/Documents/07MarResearchQuarter ly.pdf. Lodahl, T. M., & Kejner, M. (1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 24-33. Loher, B. T., Noe, R. A., Moeller, N. L., & Fitzgerald, M. P. (1985). A meta-analysis of the relation of job characteristics to job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 280–289. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.70.2.280. Loehr, J. (2005). Become fully engaged. Leadership Excellence, 22(2), 14. Lu, C. Q., Siu, O. L., Chen, W. Q., & Wang, H. J. (2011). Family mastery enhances work engagement in Chinese nurses: A cross lagged analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78, 100-109. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.07.005. Lu, L. (2011). A Chinese longitudinal study on work/family enrichment. Career Development International, 16(4), 385-400. doi: 10.1108/13620431111158797. Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior (POB): Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-72. doi: 10.1177/0149206307 300814. Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33(3), 321-49. doi:10.1177/0149206307300814. Luxmi & Yodav, V. (2011). Perceived organizational support as a predictor of organizational commitment and role stress. Paradigm (Institute of Management Technology), 15 (1/2), 39. Lynch, P. D., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (1999). Perceived organizational support: Inferior versus superior perfromance by wary employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 467-483. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.467. Lyons, S. T. (2003). An exploration of generational values in life and at work (Doctoral thesis, Carleton University). Retrieved from http://disexpress. umi.com Catalogue#:AAT NQ94206. Lyons, S. T., Higgins, C. A., & Duxbury, L. (2010). Work values: Development of a new three-dimensional structure based on confirmatiory smallest space analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 969-1002. doi:10.1002/job.658. Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 103-123. doi:10.1002/job.4030130202.

Similar Items