The mediating effect of job satisfaction on leadership style and competency to organization commitment of employees in Group Top Glove Sdn. Bhd.

This research is to identify the influence of leadership styles and competencies to the organization commitment of the employees in the glove manufacturing industry which are mediated by employees’ job satisfaction in the Klang’s Glove Manufacturing Industries. This study is based on samples collec...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Lam, Ka Hou
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2013
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/5023/1/s810930.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5023/2/s810930_abstract.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.5023
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Mohd Yunus, Jasmani
topic HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
spellingShingle HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Lam, Ka Hou
The mediating effect of job satisfaction on leadership style and competency to organization commitment of employees in Group Top Glove Sdn. Bhd.
description This research is to identify the influence of leadership styles and competencies to the organization commitment of the employees in the glove manufacturing industry which are mediated by employees’ job satisfaction in the Klang’s Glove Manufacturing Industries. This study is based on samples collected from Operation Staff & Officers of various departments in a glove manufacturing industry, based on samples collected from employee in the Top Glove Corporation Bhd. in Klang, Selangor. There are two (2) independent variable which are leadership style (transformational & transactional) and leadership competency. Moreover, it is found that a positive relationship between transformational leadership style and organization commitment. The result of this study shows that a positive relationship between transactional leadership style and organization commitment. Results also confirmed the previous study that found a positive relationship between leadership competencies and organization commitment. When we are study mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between leadership style and competencies with organization commitment. The results shown job satisfaction as being partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership styles on organizational commitment. The study also reports that the job satisfaction as being partially mediated the relationship between transactional leadership styles on organizational commitment. The results had states job satisfaction as being partially mediated the relationship between leadership competencies on organizational commitment
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Lam, Ka Hou
author_facet Lam, Ka Hou
author_sort Lam, Ka Hou
title The mediating effect of job satisfaction on leadership style and competency to organization commitment of employees in Group Top Glove Sdn. Bhd.
title_short The mediating effect of job satisfaction on leadership style and competency to organization commitment of employees in Group Top Glove Sdn. Bhd.
title_full The mediating effect of job satisfaction on leadership style and competency to organization commitment of employees in Group Top Glove Sdn. Bhd.
title_fullStr The mediating effect of job satisfaction on leadership style and competency to organization commitment of employees in Group Top Glove Sdn. Bhd.
title_full_unstemmed The mediating effect of job satisfaction on leadership style and competency to organization commitment of employees in Group Top Glove Sdn. Bhd.
title_sort mediating effect of job satisfaction on leadership style and competency to organization commitment of employees in group top glove sdn. bhd.
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2013
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/5023/1/s810930.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5023/2/s810930_abstract.pdf
_version_ 1747827847316111360
spelling my-uum-etd.50232016-04-18T00:17:25Z The mediating effect of job satisfaction on leadership style and competency to organization commitment of employees in Group Top Glove Sdn. Bhd. 2013 Lam, Ka Hou Mohd Yunus, Jasmani Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment This research is to identify the influence of leadership styles and competencies to the organization commitment of the employees in the glove manufacturing industry which are mediated by employees’ job satisfaction in the Klang’s Glove Manufacturing Industries. This study is based on samples collected from Operation Staff & Officers of various departments in a glove manufacturing industry, based on samples collected from employee in the Top Glove Corporation Bhd. in Klang, Selangor. There are two (2) independent variable which are leadership style (transformational & transactional) and leadership competency. Moreover, it is found that a positive relationship between transformational leadership style and organization commitment. The result of this study shows that a positive relationship between transactional leadership style and organization commitment. Results also confirmed the previous study that found a positive relationship between leadership competencies and organization commitment. When we are study mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between leadership style and competencies with organization commitment. The results shown job satisfaction as being partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership styles on organizational commitment. The study also reports that the job satisfaction as being partially mediated the relationship between transactional leadership styles on organizational commitment. The results had states job satisfaction as being partially mediated the relationship between leadership competencies on organizational commitment 2013 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5023/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5023/1/s810930.pdf text eng validuser https://etd.uum.edu.my/5023/2/s810930_abstract.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Adams, J. S. (1963). Towards understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 422-436. Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange: Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press. Beard, I., Holden., & Claydon, T,. 2004, pp 508. Alimo-Metcalfe, B., Alban-Metcalfe, J., Bradley, M., Mariathasan, J., & Samele, C. (2008). The Impact Of Engaging Leadership On Performance, Attitudes To Work And Wellbeing At Work: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of health organization and management, 22(6), 586-598. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The Measurement and Antecedents Of Affective, Continuance And Normative Commitment To The Organization. Journal of Occupational psychology. 63. 1-81. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective, Continuance, And Normative Commitment to the Organization: An Examination of Construct Validity. Journal of vocational behavior. AL-Hussami, M. (2008). A study of nurses' job satisfaction: the relationship to organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and level of education. European Journal of Scientific Research, 22(2), 286-295. Alves, J. C., Lovelace, K. J., Manz, C. C., Matsypura, D., Toyasaki, F., & Ke, K. G. (2006). A cross-cultural perspective of self-leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(4), 338-359. Armandi, B., Oppedisano, J., & Sherman, H. (2003). Leadership theory and practice: a “case” in point. Management Decision, 41(10), 1076-1088. Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 421-449. Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational Leadership And Organizational Commitment: Mediating Role Of Psychological Empowerment And Moderating Role Of Structural Distance. Journal of organizational behavior, 25(8), 951-968. Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2002). Developing potential across a full range of leadership: Cases on transactional and transformational leadership. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Babbie, E.R. (2006). The basics of social research. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. Bagozzi, R. P., Bergami, M., & Leone, L. (2003). Hierarchical representation of motives in goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 915-944. Bartram, T., & Casimir G. (2007). The relationship between leadership and follower in-role performance and satisfaction with the leader: The mediating effects of empowerment and trust in the leader. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 28(1), 4-19. Bartolo, K., & Furlonger, B. (2000). Leadership and job satisfaction among aviation fire fighters in Australia. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(1), 87-97. Baruch, Y. (1998). The Rise and Fall of Organizational Commitment and Human System Management. 17, 135-144. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership And Performance Beyond Expectations: Free Press New York. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Transformational leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire: Consulting Psychologists Press Palo Alto, CA. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993)..(1993). Transformational Leadership: A Response to Critiques. Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions, 49, 88. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership Sage Publications Inc. Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181-217. Benkhoff, B. (1997) Disentangling organizational commitment: the changes of OCQ for research and policy. Personnel Review, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp 114- 20. Bernal, E. (2009). Designing Transformational Leadership Development Programmes. Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-Concordance at Work: Toward Understanding the Motivational Effects of Transformational Leaders. Academy of Management Journal. Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311. Burns, J. M. G. (1978). Leadership: Harper & Row New York. Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(8), 788-813. Charles R. Emery, K. J. B. (2007). The effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of customer contact personnel, Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict. Chen, G., & Bliese, P. D. (2002). The role of different levels of leadership in predicting self-and collective efficacy: Evidence for discontinuity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 549. Chen, L. Y. (2004). Examining the effect of organization culture and leadership behaviors on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance at small and middle-sized firms of Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business, 5(1/2), 432-438. Chew, J., & Chan, C. C. A. (2008). Human resource practices, organizational commitment and intention to stay. International journal of manpower, 29(6), 503-522. Christie, P. (2002). Learning about leadership: Recent perpective from education. (Review of the books: the making of education leaders by Peter Groonn & changing leadership for changing times by Leithwood, K., jantzi. D & Steinbach, R), 23, 129-135. Coetzee, M. (2005). Is there an optimal leadership style for the directors of South Africa’s non-profit organisations?. Cohen, A. (2007). Commitment before and after: An evaluation and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 17(3), 336-354. Conger, J. A., Kanungo, R. N., & Menon, S. T. (2000). Charismatic leadership and follower effects. Journal of organizational behavior, 21(7), 747-767. Cooper, K. (2000). Effective competency modeling and reporting. New York, NY: AMACOM. D’ Andrade, R. G. (1992). Schemas and motivation, human motives and cultural models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Davis, D., & Cosenza, R. M. (2nd Ed). (1998). Business research for decision making. Boston: PWS-Kent Publishing House. Dumdum, U. R., Lowe, K. B., & Avolio, B. J. (2002). A meta-analysis of transformational and transactional leadership correlates of effectiveness and satisfaction: An update and extension. Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead, 2, 35-66. Emery, C. R., & Barker, K. J. (2007). The effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of customer contact personnel. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict, 11(1), 77. Erkutlu, H. (2008). The impact of transformational leadership on organizational and leadership effectiveness: The Turkish case. Journal of Management Development, 27(7), 708-726. Eunyoung, K. (2007). Transformational leadership. Encyclopedia of Educational leadership and Administration. Retrieved from http://sagecreference.com/edieadership/Article- n575.html. Fairholm, G. W. (1991). Values leadership: Toward a new philosophy of leadership: Praeger Publishers. Foong, C., & Loke, J. (2001). Leadership behaviors: Effects on job satisfaction productivity and organizational commitment. Nurse Managment, 9(4), 91-204. Gaylor, K. P. (2005). A Comparison of Employee-Organizational Linkages of Faculty Members at Public and Private Christian-based Colleges. Geijsel, F., Sleegers, P., Leithwood, K., & jantzi, J. (2003). Transformational leadership effects on teachers’ commitment and effort toward school reform. Journal of Educational Administration, 41, 228-256. George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1996). Motivational agendas in the workplace: The effects of feelings on focus of attention and motivation. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18(2), 75-109. George, J., & Jones, G. (1996). The experience of work and turnover intention: interactive effects of value attainment, job satisfaction, and positive mood. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 318-325. Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M. D. Jr., & James, H. (10th ed.). (2000). Organizations behavior: Structure and processes. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, 78- 90. Gortner, H. F., Mahler, J., & Nicholson, J. B. (1987). Organization theory: A public perspective. Dorsey Press. Hair, J., Money,A., Page, M., & Samouel, P. (2007). Research methods: for business. USA: John Wiley and Sons Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170. Hampton, R., Dubinsky, A.J. & Skinner, S.J. (1986). A model of sales supervisor leadership behavior and retail salespeople’s job-related outcome’s Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 14, 3, 33-44. Yousef , D.A. (2002). Job satisfaction as a mediator of the relationship between role stressoeers and organizational commitment. A study from an Arabic cultural perspective. Journal of management psychology, 17, 250-266. Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 474. Hogan, R., & Warrenfeltz, R. (2003). Educating the modern manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 2(1), 74-84. Hollander, E. P. (1993). Legitimacy, power, and influence: A perspective on relational features of leadership. Hoyt, C. L., & Blascovich, J. (2003). Transformational and transactional leadership in virtual and physical environments. Small Group Research, 34(6), 678. Hunt, J. G. (1991).leadership: A new synthesis. Newburv Park, CA Sage Publications, Inc. Hyland, M. E. (1988). Motivational control theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(4), 642-651. Jabnoun, N., & Al-Rasasi, A. (2005). Transformational leadership and service quality in UAE hospitals. Journal of Managing Service Quality, 15(1), 70-81. Jansen, J.J.P., Vera, D., & Crossan, M. (2009). Strategic leadership for exploration and exploitation: the moderating role of environment dynamism. The leadership Quarterlym 20, 5-18. Johnston, M. W. P., A, Futrell, C. M., & Black, W. C. (1990). A longitudinal assessment of the impact of selected organizational influences on salespeople’s organizational commitment during early employment. Journal of Marketing Research. 27. 333-344. Judge, T.A. & Piccolo, R.F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755-768. Kanfer, R. (1990). Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 75-170. Kaltreider, N. (1997). Dilemmas of a double life: Women balancing careers and relationships. Northvale, JN: Jason Aronson Inc. Katz, D. (1974). The skills of an effective administrator. Harvard Business Review, September-October, 90-102. Katzell, R. A. (1st ed.). (1964). Personal values, job satisfaction, and job behavior Boston. MA: Houghton Mifflin. Kirkpatrick, S. A., & Locke, E. A. (1996). Direct and indirect effects of three core charismatic leadership components on performance and attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(1), 36. Kotter, J. P. (1988). The leadership factor: Free Pr. Krause, D. E. (2004). Influnce-based leadership as a determinant of the inclination to innovate and of innovate-related behavior: An empirical investigation. The leadership Quarterly, 15, 79-102. Ladwig, H. R., F. (2000). Southern extension leadership development: Leadership development for a learning organization. [Electronic Version]. Journal of Extension, 28. Retrieved from http://joe.org/joe/2000june/a2.html. Lee, J. (2005). Effects of leadership and leader-member exchange on commitment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(8), 655-672. Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 4, 309-336. Locke, E. A. (1991). The motivation sequence, the motivation hub, and the motivation core. Behavior and Human Decision Process, 50(3), 288-299. Locke, E. A., & Henne, D. (1986). Work motivation theories. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 1-35. Lok, P., & Craword, J. (2004). The effect of organizational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Management Development, 23(4), 321-338. Lowe, Kroeck, K., & N, S. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ. Literature. Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 385-425. Luchak, A. A., & Gellatly, I. R. (2007). A comparison of linear and nonlinear relations between organizational commitment and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 786. Lucia, A., & Lepsinger, R. (1999). The art and science of competency models San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer. Madlock, P. E. (2008). The link between leadership style, communicator competence, and employee satisfaction. Journal of Business Communication, 45(1), 61-78. Mannheim, B., & Halamish, H. (2008). Transformational leadership as related to team outcomes and contextual moderation. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 29(7), 617-630. Marmaya, N. H., Hitam, M., Torsiman, N. M., & Balakrishnan, B. (2011). Employees’ perceptions of Malaysian managers’ leadership styles and organizational commitment. African Journal of Business Management, 5(5), 1584-1588. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological bulletin, 108(2), 171. Messmer, M. (2000). Orientation programs can be key to employee retention. Strategic Finance, 81(8), 12–14. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. . (1991). A THREE-COMPONENT CONCEPTUALIZATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61. Miller, D.C. (5th ed.). (1991). Handbook of research design and social measurement. Califonia: Saga Publications. Mobley. W.H. (1977). Intermediate linkage in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 237-240. Morrison, R. S., Jones, L., & Fuller, B. (1997). The relation between leadership style and empowerment on satisfaction of nurses. Nures Administration, 27(5), 27-34. Mosadeghrad, A. M. (2003). The role of participative management (suggestion system) in hospital effectiveness and efficiency. Research in Medical Sciences, 8(3), 85-99. Mosadegh, R. A., & Yarmohammadian, M. (2006). A study of relationship between managers' leadership style and employees' job satisfaction. Journal of Leadership in Health Services, 19(2), 11-28. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic Press New York. Murray, L. P., Gregoire, M., & Downey, R. G. (1991). Organizational commitment of management employees in restaurant operation. Hospitality Research Journal, 14, 339-348. Naidoo, P. (2008, July 14). Job satisfaction of sport administrators employed at tertiary institutions in South Africa. Paper presented at the Marketing & Management Development, Rio De Janeiro. Nemanich, L.A. & Keller, R.T. (2006). Transformational leadership in an acquisition: A field study of employees. The leadership quarterly, 18, 49-68. Northouse, P. G. (2001). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Organization Studies-Berlin-European Group for Organizational Studies, 20(2). O’Malley,K. (2000). The effect of participative performance evaluation on accountants’ psychological empowerment, organization commitment, and job satisfaction. Working paper. Paré, G., & Tremblay, M. (2007). The influence of high-involvement human resources practices, procedural justice, organizational commitment, and citizenship behaviors on information technology professionals' turnover intentions. Group & Organization Management, 32(3), 326. Peters, M. (2005). Entrepreneurial skills in leadership and human resource management evaluated by apprentices in small tourism businesses. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 47(8/9), 575-591. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1975). Determinants of supervisory behavior: A role set analysis. Human Relations, 38(1), 138-153. Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. . (1974). ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, JOB SATISFACTION, AND TURNOVER AMONG PSYCHIATRIC TECHNICIANS. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603-609. P. Robbins, S., Milet, B., & Ron Cociappe, T. W. M. (3rd ed.). (2001). Organizational behavior: leading and managing in Australia and New Zealand Australia. Prentice Hall. Rahim, A. (1981). Organizational behavior courses for graduate students in business administration: Views from the tower and battlefield. Psychological Reports. Ramey, J. W. (2002). The relationship between leadership styles of nurse managers and staff nurse job satisfaction in hospital settings. Marshall University. Rayton, B.A. (2006). Examining the interconnection of job satisfaction and organizational commitment: an applaication of bivariate probit model. International Journal of Human Resource management, 17, 139-154. Robbins, S.P. (11th ed.). (2005). Organization behavior. New Jersey: Prentise Hall. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (13th ed.). (2009). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson Education International. Romzek, B. S. (1990). Employee investment and commitment: The ties that bind. Public Administration Review. 374-382 Rowald, J., & Heinitz, K. (2007). Transformational and charismatic leadership: Asswssing the conversion, divergent and criterion validaity of MLQ and CKS. The leadership Quarterly, 18, 121-133. Schaffer, R. H. (1953). Job satisfaction as related to need satisfaction in work. Psychological Monographs, 67(14), 3. Sekaran, U. (2006). Research methods for business: A skill building approach: Wiley-India. Sekaran, U. (4th ed.). (2007). Research methodology for business: A skill building approach. Australia: Wiley & Sons Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organization Science, 4(4), 577-594. Shore, L. M., & Coyle Shapiro, J. A. (2003). New developments in the employee¨Corganization relationship. Journal of organizational behavior, 24(5), 443-450. Skansi, D. (2000). Relation of managerial efficiency and leadership styles: Empirical study in Hrvatska elektroprivreda. Management, 5(2), 51-67. Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. M., & Hulin, C. L. (1969). Measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Chicago: Rand McNally. Stevens, C., D'Intino, R., & Victor, B. (1995). The moral quandary of transformational leadership: Change for whom. Research in organizational change and development, 8, 123¨C143. Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press. Morse & Wagner, 1978 Stogdill, 1974. Stone, A. G., Robert, F. R., & Kathleen, P. (2004). Transformational versus servent leadership: a difference in leader focus. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(3/4), 349. Stordeur, S., Vandenberghe, C., & D’ hoore, W. (2000). Leadership styles across hierarchical levels in nursing departments. Nursing Research, 49(1), 37-43. Thorn, M. (2002). Leadership in international organizations: Global leadership competencies. Retrieved from http://www.academy.umd.edu/public ations/global_leadership/marlene_thorn.htm/. Upenieks, V. V. (2003). The interrelationship of organizational characteristics of magnet hospitals, nursing leadership and nursing job satisfaction. Health Care Management, 22(2), 83-98. Ward, E. A., & Davis, E. (1995). The Effect Of Benefit Satisfaction On Organizational Commitment. Compensation & Benefits Management 35-40. Walumbwa, F. O., Orwa, B., Wang, P., & Lawler, J. J. (2005). Transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction: A comparative study of Kenyan and US financial firms. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16(2), 235-256. Walumbwa, F. O., Wang, P., Lawler, J. J., & Shi, K. (2004).The Role Of Collective Efficacy In The Relations Between Transformational Leadership And Work Outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(4), 515-530. Weiner, Y, (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. Academy of management review, 7(3), 418-428. Williams, J. C. (1978). Human Behavior In Organizations. Cincinnati, OH. Southwestern Publishing Co. Williams, L.J. and Hazer, J.T. (1986). Anteedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: a re-analysis using latent variable structural equation methods. Journal of Applied Phsychology, 71, 2, 2190231. Vance, C., & Larson, E. (2002). Leadership research in business and health care. Nurse Scholarship, 34(2), 165-171. Viitala, R. (2002). Knowledge leadership (Acta Wasaensia No. 109). University of Vaasa, Vaasa. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley & Sons. Yukl, G., & Lepsinger, R. (2005). Why Integrating The Leading And Managing Roles Is Essential For Organizational Effectiveness. Organizational Dynamics. Zikmund, W.A. (7th ed). (2003). Business research methods. Ohio, USA: Thomson Learning.