From model of trust dynamics for short-term human-robot interaction

Rapid advance of robotic technologies in the last years have opened numerous venues and great challenges in the field of robotics technology. Interacting with those advanced technologies has carried huge debates on how such interactions can be instigated to create fluent interaction between humans...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Abdulhussain, Wadhah A.
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2015
Subjects:	T58.5-58.64 Information technology TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/5275/1/s814956.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/5275/2/s814956_abstract.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.5275
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	Ab Aziz, Azizi
topic	T58.5-58.64 Information technology TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
spellingShingle	T58.5-58.64 Information technology TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Abdulhussain, Wadhah A. From model of trust dynamics for short-term human-robot interaction
description	Rapid advance of robotic technologies in the last years have opened numerous venues and great challenges in the field of robotics technology. Interacting with those advanced technologies has carried huge debates on how such interactions can be instigated to create fluent interaction between humans and robots that can last for long time (human-robot interaction). One of the crucial factors that majorly influence the level of interaction between human and robot is the level of trust. Trust is the feeling of confidence that the reliance on other partner will not yield negative or dangerous consequences. In computational psychology domains, formal models (computational models) were used to acquire deep insights of human cognitive functions and behavior patterns. Therefore, this study implements formal model of trust in human robot interaction to answer how trust can be a reason to initiate interaction between human and robot. From related literature, eighteen basic factors have been established that include; personality, physical appearances, believable behavior, behavior cues, level of automation, positive experiences, transparency, perception, long term perceive risk, short term perceive risk, reliable behavior, perceive competency, positive deception, long term positive experiences, short term trust, short term distrust, long term trust, long term distrust. Those factors provide the fundamental knowledge of developing trust in robot. A formal model was developed based on a set of differential equations. Next, Five different cases were implemented to simulate various scenarios that explain the development of trust in HRI; namely, 1) high level of trust, 2) moderate high level of trust, 3) moderate level of trust, 4) moderate low level of trust, and 5) low level of trust. The developed model was verified by using mathematical analysis (stability analysis) and automated verification (temporal trace language)
format	Thesis
qualification_name	masters
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Abdulhussain, Wadhah A.
author_facet	Abdulhussain, Wadhah A.
author_sort	Abdulhussain, Wadhah A.
title	From model of trust dynamics for short-term human-robot interaction
title_short	From model of trust dynamics for short-term human-robot interaction
title_full	From model of trust dynamics for short-term human-robot interaction
title_fullStr	From model of trust dynamics for short-term human-robot interaction
title_full_unstemmed	From model of trust dynamics for short-term human-robot interaction
title_sort	from model of trust dynamics for short-term human-robot interaction
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate	2015
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/5275/1/s814956.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/5275/2/s814956_abstract.pdf
_version_	1747827897826017280
spelling	my-uum-etd.52752021-03-18T00:17:21Z From model of trust dynamics for short-term human-robot interaction 2015 Abdulhussain, Wadhah A. Ab Aziz, Azizi Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences T58.5-58.64 Information technology TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Rapid advance of robotic technologies in the last years have opened numerous venues and great challenges in the field of robotics technology. Interacting with those advanced technologies has carried huge debates on how such interactions can be instigated to create fluent interaction between humans and robots that can last for long time (human-robot interaction). One of the crucial factors that majorly influence the level of interaction between human and robot is the level of trust. Trust is the feeling of confidence that the reliance on other partner will not yield negative or dangerous consequences. In computational psychology domains, formal models (computational models) were used to acquire deep insights of human cognitive functions and behavior patterns. Therefore, this study implements formal model of trust in human robot interaction to answer how trust can be a reason to initiate interaction between human and robot. From related literature, eighteen basic factors have been established that include; personality, physical appearances, believable behavior, behavior cues, level of automation, positive experiences, transparency, perception, long term perceive risk, short term perceive risk, reliable behavior, perceive competency, positive deception, long term positive experiences, short term trust, short term distrust, long term trust, long term distrust. Those factors provide the fundamental knowledge of developing trust in robot. A formal model was developed based on a set of differential equations. Next, Five different cases were implemented to simulate various scenarios that explain the development of trust in HRI; namely, 1) high level of trust, 2) moderate high level of trust, 3) moderate level of trust, 4) moderate low level of trust, and 5) low level of trust. The developed model was verified by using mathematical analysis (stability analysis) and automated verification (temporal trace language) 2015 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5275/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5275/1/s814956.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5275/2/s814956_abstract.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Aljazzaf, Z. M., Perry, M., & Capretz, L. (2010). Online trust: Definition and principles. Paper presented at the Computing in the Global Information Technology (ICCGI), 2010 Fifth International Multi-Conference on. Armstrong Oma, K. (2010). Between trust and domination: social contracts between humans and animals. World archaeology, 42(2), 175-187. Asada, M. (2013). Cognitive Developmental Robotics: from Physical Interaction to Social One Autonomous Control Systems and Vehicles (pp. 37-51): Springer. Atkinson, D., Hancock, P., Hoffman, R. R., Lee, J. D., Rovira, E., Stokes, C., & Wagner, A. R. (2012). Trust in Computers and Robots: The Uses and Boundaries of the Analogy to Interpersonal Trust. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Atkinson, D. J., & Clark, M. H. (2014). Attitudes and Personality in Trust of Intelligent, Autonomous Agents. Manuscript in review. Bainbridge, Wilma, Hart, Justin, Kim, Elizabeth S, & Scassellati, Brian. (2008). The effect of presence on human-robot interaction. Paper presented at the Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2008. RO-MAN 2008. The 17th IEEE International Symposium on. Barbalet, J. (2009). A characterization of trust, and its consequences. Theory and society, 38(4), 367-382. Barnes, M., & Jentsch, F. (2010). Human-robot interactions in future military operations: Ashgate Publishing Company. Beck, H., Dzindolet, M., & Pierce, L. (2002). Applying a decision-making model to understand misuse, disuse and appropriate automation use. Advances in human factors and cognitive engineering, 2. Beckles, B., Welch, V., & Basney, J. (2005). Mechanisms for increasing the usability of grid security. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 63(1), 74-101. Billings, D., Schaefer, K., Llorens, N., & Hancock, P. (2012). What Is Trust? Defining the Construct Across Domains. Paper presented at the Poster presented at the American Psychological Association Conference, Division. Billings, D. R., Schaefer, K. E., Chen, J. Y., & Hancock, P. A. (2012). Human-robot interaction: developing trust in robots. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction. Billings, D. R., Schaefer, K. E., Chen, J. Y., Kocsis, V., Barrera, M., Cook, Hancock, P. A. (2012). Human-animal trust as an analog for human-robot trust: A review of current evidence: DTIC Document. Bonchek-Dokow, E., & Kaminka, G. A. (2013). Towards computational models of intention detection and intention prediction. Cognitive systems research. Bosse, T., Both, F., Duell, R., Hoogendoorn, M., Klein, M. C., Lambalgen, Treur, J. (2013). An ambient agent system assisting humans in complex tasks by analysis of a human's state and performance. International Journal of Intelligent Information and Database Systems, 7(1), 3-33. Bosse, T., Pontier, M., & Treur, J. (2010). A computational model based on gross’ emotion regulation theory. Cognitive systems research, 11(3), 211-230. Both, F., Hoogendoorn, M., Klein, M. C., & Treur, J. (2010). Computational modeling and analysis of therapeutical interventions for depression Brain Informatics (pp. 274-287): Springer. Breazeal, C., Buchsbaum, D., Gray, J., Gatenby, D., & Blumberg, B. (2005). Learning from and about others: Towards using imitation to bootstrap the social understanding of others by robots. Artificial Life, 11(1-2), 31-62. Casiddu, N., Cavallo, F., Divano, A., Mannari, I., Micheli, E., Porfirione, Dario, P. (2014). Robot Interface Design of Domestic and Condominium Robot for Ageing Population. Paper presented at the Ambient Assisted Living: Italian Forum 2013. Castelfranchi, C., & Falcone, R. (2010). Trust theory: A socio-cognitive and computational model (Vol. 18): John Wiley & Sons. Coeckelbergh, M. (2011). Humans, animals, and robots: A phenomenological approach to human-robot relations. International Journal of Social Robotics, 3(2), 197-204. Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., & LePine, J. A. (2007). Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: a meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance. Journal of applied psychology, 92(4), 909. Cramer, H., Goddijn, J., Wielinga, B., & Evers, V. (2010). Effects of (in) accurate empathy and situational valence on attitudes towards robots. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction. Daellenbach, U. S., & Davenport, S. J. (2004). Establishing trust during the formation of technology alliances. The Journal of technology transfer, 29(2), 187-202. Dautenhahn, K. (2007a). Methodology and themes of human-robot interaction: a growing research field. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems. Dautenhahn, K. (2007b). Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human–robot interaction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1480), 679-704. De Santis, A., Siciliano, B., De Luca, A., & Bicchi, A. (2008). An atlas of physical human–robot interaction. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 43(3), 253-270. Desai, M. (2012). Modeling trust to improve human-robot interaction. Desai, M., Stubbs, K., Steinfeld, A., & Yanco, H. (2009). Creating trustworthy robots: Lessons and inspirations from automated systems. Dimitrakos, T. (2001). System models, e-risks and e-trust Towards the E-Society (pp. 45-58): Springer. Dzindolet, M. T., Beck, H. P., Pierce, L. G., & Dawe, L. A. (2001). A framework of automation use: DTIC Document. Ellner, S. P., & Guckenheimer, J. (2011). Dynamic models in biology: Princeton University Press. Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2010). Computational models as aids to better reasoning in psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(5), 329-335. Fasola, J., & Mataric, M. (2013). A socially assistive robot exercise coach for the elderly. Journal of Human-Robot Interaction, 2(2), 3-32. Feil-Seifer, D., & Mataric, M. J. (2005). A multi-modal approach to selective interaction in assistive domains. Paper presented at the Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2005. ROMAN 2005. IEEE International Workshop on. Feltovich, P. J., Bradshaw, J. M., Clancey, W. J., & Johnson, M. (2007). Toward an ontology of regulation: Socially-based support for coordination in human and machine joint activity Engineering Societies in the Agents World VII (pp. 175-192): Springer. Finkel, M. (2012). The Cold Patrol. National Geographic, 221(1), 82-95. Fischer, K. (2011).Interpersonal variation in understanding robots as social actors. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction. Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., & Lichtenstein, S. (1977). Knowing with certainty: The appropriateness of extreme confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human perception and performance, 3(4), 552. Flanagin, Cory. A Survey of Robotics Systems and Performance Analysis. Fong, T., Thorpe, C., & Baur, C. (2003). Collaboration, dialogue, human-robot interaction Robotics Research (pp. 255-266): Springer. Freedy, E., DeVisser, E., Weltman, G., & Coeyman, N. (2007). Measurement of trust in human-robot collaboration. Paper presented at the Collaborative Technologies and Systems, 2007. CTS 2007. International Symposium on. Freeman, C., Exell, T., Meadmore, K., Hallewell, E., & Hughes, A.-M. (2014). Computational models of upper limb motion during functional reaching tasks for application in FES based stroke rehabilitation. Biomedical Engineering Journal. Goetz, J., Kiesler, S., & Powers, A. (2003). Matching robot appearance and behavior to tasks to improve human-robot cooperation. Paper presented at the Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2003. Proceedings. ROMAN 2003. The 12th IEEE International Workshop on. Goodrich, M. A., & Schultz, A. C. (2007). Human-robot interaction: a survey. Foundations and trends in human-computer interaction, 1(3), 203-275. Grodzinsky, F., Miller, K., & Wolf, M. (2012). Moral responsibility for computing artifacts: the rules and issues of trust. ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society, 42(2), 15-25. Groom, V., & Nass, C. (2007). Can robots be teammates?: Benchmarks in human–robot teams. Interaction Studies, 8(3), 483-500. Hancock, P. A., Billings, D. R., Oleson, K. E., Chen, J. Y., De Visser, E., & Parasuraman, R. (2011). A meta-analysis of factors influencing the development of humanrobot trust: DTIC Document. Hancock, P. A., Billings, D. R., Schaefer, K. E., Chen, J. Y., De Visser, E. J., & Parasuraman, R. (2011). A meta-analysis of factors affecting trust in humanrobot interaction. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 53(5), 517-527. Hardin, R. (2001). Conceptions and explanations of trust. Trust in society, 2, 3-40. Haring, K. S., Matsumoto, Y., & Watanabe, K. (2013). How do people perceive and trust a lifelike robot. Paper presented at the International conference on intelligent automation and robotics (ICIAR’13). Haring, K. S., Watanabe, K., & Mougenot, C. (2013). The influence of robot appearance on assessment. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction. Helton, W. S. (2009). Canine ergonomics: the science of working dogs: CRC Press. Holm, A., Lukander, K., Korpela, J., & Sallinen, M. (2009). Estimating Brain Load from the EEG. TheScientific World JOURNAL, 9, 639-651. Jianxin, Z., & Bond, M. H. (1992). Target-based interpersonal trust: Cross-cultural comparison and its cognitive model. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 25(2), 164-172. Jøsang, A., Ismail, R., & Boyd, C. (2007). A survey of trust and reputation systems for online service provision. Decision support systems, 43(2), 618-644. Keaveney, S. M. (2008). Equines and their human companions. Journal of business research, 61(5), 444-454. Khan, M. U. G., Bashir, S., Nasir, A., Shah, A. A., & Mehmood, S. (2014). Towards Computational Model of Human Brain Memory. Journal of Mathematics (ISSN 1016-2526), 46, 2. Kim, J., & Moon, J. Y. (1998). Designing towards emotional usability in customer interfaces—trustworthiness of cyber-banking system interfaces. Interacting with computers, 10(1), 1-29. Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004). Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 46(1), 50-80. Lee, J. J., Knox, W. B., Wormwood, J. B., Breazeal, C., & DeSteno, D. (2013). Computationally modeling interpersonal trust. Frontiers in psychology, 4. Leite, I., Martinho, C., & Paiva, A. (2013). Social robots for long-term interaction: a survey. International Journal of Social Robotics, 5(2), 291-308. Lin, P., Bekey, G., & Abney, K. (2008). Autonomous military robotics: Risk, ethics, and design: DTIC Document. Lu, G. P., Wang, Q. H., & Liu, S. B. (2014). Study on the Coordinated Control Mechanism of Orchestic Robotic Vehicle Based on Educational Robot. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 536, 974-978. Lyons, J. B. (2013). Being transparent about transparency: A model for human-robot interaction. Paper presented at the 2013 AAAI Spring Symposium Series. Madsen, M., & Gregor, S. (2000). Measuring human-computer trust. Paper presented at the Proceedings of Eleventh Australasian Conference on Information Systems. Marble, J. L., Bruemmer, D. J., Few, D. A., & Dudenhoeffer, D. D. (2004). Evaluation of supervisory vs. peer-peer interaction with human-robot teams. Paper presented at the System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on. Marsella, S., Gratch, J., & Petta, P. (2010). Computational models of emotion. A Blueprint for Affective Computing-A sourcebook and manual, 21-46. Masthoff, J. (2007). Computationally modelling trust: an exploration. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of management review, 20(3), 709-734. McKnight, D. H., & Chervany, N. L. (1996). The meanings of trust. McKnight, D. H., & Chervany, N. L. (2000). What is trust? A conceptual analysis and an interdisciplinary model. AMCIS 2000 Proceedings, 382. McKnight, D. H., & Chervany, N. L. (2001). Trust and distrust definitions: One bite at a time Trust in Cyber-societies (pp. 27-54): Springer. Mui, L., Mohtashemi, M., & Halberstadt, A. (2002). A computational model of trust and reputation. Paper presented at the System Sciences, 2002. HICSS. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on. Muir, B. M. (1994). Trust in automation: Part I. Theoretical issues in the study of trust and human intervention in automated systems. Ergonomics, 37(11), 1905-1922. Nickerson, J. V., & Reilly, R. R. (2004). A model for investigating the effects of machine autonomy on human behavior. Paper presented at the System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on. Ogreten, S., Lackey, S., & Nicholson, D. (2010). Recommended roles for uninhabited team members within mixed-initiative combat teams. Paper presented at the Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS), 2010 International Symposium on. Oleson, K. E., Billings, D., Kocsis, V., Chen, J. Y., & Hancock, P. (2011). Antecedents of trust in human-robot collaborations. Paper presented at the Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA), 2011 IEEE First International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on. Parasuraman, R., & Riley, V. (1997). Humans and automation: Use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 39(2), 230-253. Righetti, F., & Finkenauer, C. (2011). If you are able to control yourself, I will trust you: the role of perceived self-control in interpersonal trust. Journal of personality and social psychology, 100(5), 874. Robinette, Paul, Wagner, Alan R, & Howard, Ayanna M. (2013). Building and Maintaining Trust Between Humans and Guidance Robots in an Emergency. Paper presented at the AAAI Spring Symposium: Trust and Autonomous Systems. Robinette, P., Wagner, A. R., & Howard, A. M. (2014). Modeling Human-Robot Trust in Emergencies. Paper presented at the 2014 AAAI Spring Symposium Series. Rodić, A., & Jovanović, M. (2014). How to Make Robots Feel and Social as Humans. Paper presented at the COGNITIVE 2014, The Sixth International Conference on Advanced Cognitive Technologies and Applications. Sanders, T., Oleson, K. E., Billings, D., Chen, J. Y., & Hancock, P. (2011). A Model of Human-Robot Trust Theoretical Model Development. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Sanders, T. L., Wixon, T., Schafer, K. E., Chen, J. Y., & Hancock, P. (2014). The influence of modality and transparency on trust in human-robot interaction. Paper presented at the Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA), 2014 IEEE International Inter-Disciplinary Conference on. Schaefer, K. E. (2013). The Perception and Measurement of Human-robot Trust. University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida. Schilling, R. (2013). Fundamentals of robotics. Scholtz, J. (2003). Theory and evaluation of human robot interactions. Paper presented at the System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on. Schoorman, F. D., Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (2007). An integrative model of organizational trust: Past, present, and future. Academy of management review, 32(2), 344-354. Schwarz, M., Stückler, J., & Behnke, S. (2014). Mobile teleoperation interfaces with adjustable autonomy for personal service robots. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Humanrobot interaction. Sheppard, B. H., & Sherman, D. M. (1998). The grammars of trust: A model and general implications. Academy of management review, 23(3), 422-437. Shiflet, A. B., & Shiflet, G. W. (2014). Introduction to computational science: modeling and simulation for the sciences: Princeton University Press. Sidner, C. L., Kidd, C. D., Lee, C., & Lesh, N. (2004). Where to look: a study of humanrobot engagement. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces. Simpson, J. A. (2007). Foundations of interpersonal trust. Sun, R. (2006). Cognition and multi-agent interaction: From cognitive modeling to social simulation: Cambridge University Press. Taddeo, M. (2010). Modelling trust in artificial agents, a first step toward the analysis of e-trust. Minds and Machines, 20(2), 243-257. Takayama, L., & Pantofaru, C. (2009). Influences on proxemic behaviors in humanrobot interaction. Paper presented at the Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2009. IROS 2009. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on. Tapus, Adriana. (2014). Towards personality-based assistance in human-machine interaction. Paper presented at the Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2014 RO-MAN: The 23rd IEEE International Symposium on. Thilakarathne, D. J., & Treur, J. (2013). A Computational Cognitive Model for Intentional Inhibition of Actions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 97, 63-72. Trang, S., Zander, S., & Kolbe, L. M. (2014). Dimensions Of Trust In The Acceptance Of Inter-Organizational Information Systems In Networks: Towards A Socio-Technical Perspective. Urbano, J., Rocha, A. P., & Oliveira, E. (2013). A socio-cognitive perspective of trust Agreement Technologies (pp. 419-429): Springer. van den Brule, R., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., Wigboldus, D. H., & Haselager, P. (2014a). Do Robot Performance and Behavioral Style affect Human Trust? International Journal of Social Robotics, 6(4), 519-531. van den Brule, R., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., Wigboldus, D. H., & Haselager, P. (2014b). Do Robot Performance and Behavioral Style affect Human Trust? International Journal of Social Robotics, 1-13. Wainer, J., Feil-Seifer, D. J., Shell, D. A., & Mataric, M. J. (2006). The role of physical embodiment in human-robot interaction. Paper presented at the Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2006. ROMAN 2006. The 15th IEEE International Symposium on. Wells, P., & Deguire, D. (2005). TALON: A universal unmanned ground vehicle platform, enabling the mission to be the focus. Paper presented at the Defense and Security. Wilson, C. C. (1994). A conceptual framework for human-animal interaction research: The challenge revisited. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, 7(1), 4-24. Yagoda, R. (2011). WHAT! You Want Me to Trust a ROBOT? The Development of a Human Robot Interaction (HRI) Trust Scale. Yagoda, Rosemarie E, & Gillan, Douglas J. (2012). You want me to trust a ROBOT? The development of a human–robot interaction trust scale. International Journal of Social Robotics, 4(3), 235-248. Zeller, & Smith. (2014). Hitchhiking robot thumbs its way across Canada,. Retrieved 2 August, 2014. Zhu, Y., & Zhang, W. (2008). The Cognitive Model of Interfirm Trust Dynamics: How Trust Is Evolved? Paper presented at the 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing.

From model of trust dynamics for short-term human-robot interaction

Similar Items