Social support and quality of life of widows involved in Southern Thailand's violence
The on-going violence in southern Thailand has affected the community as a whole and one of the most affected groups are the widows who lost their husbands and are left to care for their families. Taking over the role as the head of the family is a challenging task for these women. Therefore, the ge...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Thesis |
Language: | eng eng |
Published: |
2014
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://etd.uum.edu.my/5338/1/s811765.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/5338/2/s811765_abstract.pdf |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
my-uum-etd.5338 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
collection |
UUM ETD |
language |
eng eng |
advisor |
Hillaluddin, Azlin Hilma Jamaluddin, Zakiyah |
topic |
HQ The Family Marriage Woman HQ The Family Marriage Woman |
spellingShingle |
HQ The Family Marriage Woman HQ The Family Marriage Woman Charansarn, Arina Social support and quality of life of widows involved in Southern Thailand's violence |
description |
The on-going violence in southern Thailand has affected the community as a whole and one of the most affected groups are the widows who lost their husbands and are left to care for their families. Taking over the role as the head of the family is a challenging task for these women. Therefore, the general aim of this study is to investigate social support and quality of life among widows involved in southern Thailand’s violence. The study measures social support and quality of life based upon demographic factors (age, religion, education level, occupation, size of family
and household income). A survey method was employed utilizing the WHOQOLBREF and SSQ-12 questionnaires to measure the quality of life and social support respectively among widows. A total of 337 widows were involved as respondents in the Pattani province. This study found that the overall social support among the
widows is at a moderate level while the analysis for their quality of life yielded a
normal score. The results also indicate that social support and quality of life differ based upon religion, education level, and occupation. The findings also show that the size of family and household income have negative relationship with social support and quality of life. Moreover, the results also indicate that social support is positively related to the quality of life of widows involved in southern Thailand’s
violence. This research suggests that the Thai government should provide aid to the widows based upon a needs-based welfare policy and also empower their families to aid them in the long run. |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_name |
masters |
qualification_level |
Master's degree |
author |
Charansarn, Arina |
author_facet |
Charansarn, Arina |
author_sort |
Charansarn, Arina |
title |
Social support and quality of life of widows involved in Southern Thailand's violence |
title_short |
Social support and quality of life of widows involved in Southern Thailand's violence |
title_full |
Social support and quality of life of widows involved in Southern Thailand's violence |
title_fullStr |
Social support and quality of life of widows involved in Southern Thailand's violence |
title_full_unstemmed |
Social support and quality of life of widows involved in Southern Thailand's violence |
title_sort |
social support and quality of life of widows involved in southern thailand's violence |
granting_institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
granting_department |
Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences |
publishDate |
2014 |
url |
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5338/1/s811765.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/5338/2/s811765_abstract.pdf |
_version_ |
1747827911716503552 |
spelling |
my-uum-etd.53382022-05-18T01:48:55Z Social support and quality of life of widows involved in Southern Thailand's violence 2014 Charansarn, Arina Hillaluddin, Azlin Hilma Jamaluddin, Zakiyah Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences HQ The Family. Marriage. Woman HV Social Pathology. Social and Public Welfare The on-going violence in southern Thailand has affected the community as a whole and one of the most affected groups are the widows who lost their husbands and are left to care for their families. Taking over the role as the head of the family is a challenging task for these women. Therefore, the general aim of this study is to investigate social support and quality of life among widows involved in southern Thailand’s violence. The study measures social support and quality of life based upon demographic factors (age, religion, education level, occupation, size of family and household income). A survey method was employed utilizing the WHOQOLBREF and SSQ-12 questionnaires to measure the quality of life and social support respectively among widows. A total of 337 widows were involved as respondents in the Pattani province. This study found that the overall social support among the widows is at a moderate level while the analysis for their quality of life yielded a normal score. The results also indicate that social support and quality of life differ based upon religion, education level, and occupation. The findings also show that the size of family and household income have negative relationship with social support and quality of life. Moreover, the results also indicate that social support is positively related to the quality of life of widows involved in southern Thailand’s violence. This research suggests that the Thai government should provide aid to the widows based upon a needs-based welfare policy and also empower their families to aid them in the long run. 2014 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5338/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5338/1/s811765.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5338/2/s811765_abstract.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Abuza, Z. (2011). The ongoing insurgency in southern Thailand: trends in violence, counterinsurgency operations, and the impact of national politics. National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. Akram, A. (2006). Behind Gates, Thai Widows Find Haven From Conflict. Women’s Enews. Retrieved from http://womensenews.org/story/ peace/061022/behindgates-thai-widows-find- haven-conflict#.Ut5cvNJGyt8 on March 2013. Albrecht, T. L., & Adelman, M. B. (1987). Communicating social support. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Andrews, M.F., & Whitney, B.S. (1976). Social indicators of well-being. New York: Plenum Press. Arnberg, F. K., & Melin, L. (2013). Can demographic and exposure characteristics predict levels of social support in survivors from a natural disaster?. Plos one, 8(6), e65709. Balaswamy, S., Richadson, V. & Chistine, A.P. (2004). Investigating patterns of social support use by widowers during bereavement. The Journal of Men's Studies, 13(1), 67-84. Bastardo, Y. M., & Kimberlin, C. L. (2000). Relationship between quality of life, social support and disease-related factors in HIV-infected persons in Venezuela. AIDS care, 12(5), 673-684. Basurovic, N., Svetel, M., Pekmezovic, T., & Kostic, V. S. (2012). Evaluation of the quality of life in patients with segmental dystonia. Vojnosanitetski Pregled, 69(9), 759-764. Baxter, W. (2006). Southern Thailand's widow farm. BBC News on the web. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/ 4651184.stm on August 3, 2012. Bennett, S. J., Perkins, S. M., Lane, K. A., Deer, M., Brater, D. C., & Murray, M. D. (2001). Social support and health-related quality of life in chronic heart failure patients. Quality of Life Research, 10(8), 671-682. Ben-Zur, H. (2012). Loneliness, Optimism, and Well-Being Among Married, Divorced, and Widowed Individuals. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 23-36. Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 51(6), 843-857. Besser, A., Neria, Y., & Haynes, M. (2009). Adult attachment, perceived stress, and PTSD among civilians exposed to ongoing terrorist attacks in Southern Israel. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 851-857. Boseley S. (2010). Too much overtime is bad for your health, says study. The guardian. Retrieved from, http://www.theguardian.com/ society/2010/may/11/overtime-heart-risks- research on December 1, 2013. Bruk, T. & Schindler, K. (2009). The impact of violent conflicts on households: What do we know and what should we know about war widows?, Oxford Development Studies, 37(3), 289-309. Buasoi, J. (1998). A study of relationship among child-rearing practices, social support, achieved developmental tasks, and good-citizenship behavior of Thai middle childhood in the north of Thailand, Master thesis Ramkamheng University. Burckhardt, CS. (1982). The impact of arthritis on quality of life. Nursing Research 1985, 34. Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 301. Chatters, L. M. (2000). Religion and health: public health research and practice. Annual Review of Public Health, 21(1), 335-367. Chou, F. H., Avant, K. C., Kuo, S. H., & Fetzer, S. J. (2008). Relationships between nausea and vomiting, perceived stress, social support, pregnancy planning, and psychosocial adaptation in a sample of mothers: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(8), 1185-1191. Choudhury, A. (2009). Statistical Correlation. Explorable on the web. Retrieved from http://explorable.com/statistical-correlation on January 5, 2013. Clarke L, Beeghley L & Cochran J (1990) Religiosity, social class and alcohol use: an application of reference group theory. Sociological Perspectives, 33, 201–218. Cobb, S. (1979). Social support and health through the life course. Aging from birth to death: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 300-313. Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research, and application. The Hague, Holland: Martinus Nijhoff. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. (1985). Stress, Social Support and the Buffering Hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357. Dailynews (2013). The supporting from society helps widows from southern Thailand’s violence. Dailynews on web. Retrieved from, http://www.dailynews.co.th/Content/social/ 140733/ on May 5, 2013. Daraha, K. (2013). The Rehabilitation of the Widows in Pattani Province, Thailand. International Journal of Social Science Research, 1(1), 57-63. Dew, M.A., Goycoolea, J.M., Harris, R.C., Lee, A., Zomak, R., Dunbar-Jacob, J., et al. (2004). An internet-based intervention to improve psychosocial outcomes in heart transplant recipients and family caregivers: Development and evaluation. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 23(6), 745–758. Dew, M.A., Myaskovsky, L., Switzer, G.E., Dimartini, A.F., Schulberg, H.C., & Kormos, R.L. (2005). Profiles and predictors of the course of psychological distress across four years after heart transplantation. Psychological Medicine, 35(8), 1215–1227. Drageset, S., & Lindstrom, T. C. (2005). Coping with a possible breast cancer diagnosis: demographic factors and social support. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(3), 217-226. Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2001). A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(9), 1063-1084. Farber, B. A. (1984). Stress and burnout in suburban teachers. The Journal of Educational Research, 325-331. Few, A. L. (2005). The voices of black and white rural battered woman in domestic violence shelters. Family Relations, 54, 488-500. Fitzpatrick, P. (2011). Widows at the wall: An exploration of the letters left at theVietnam War Memorial, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cardiff, UK Mortality, Vol. 16, No. 1, 82-83. Flanagan, J. C. (1987). A research approach to improving our quality of life. The American Psychologist 1978; 31(2), 138-147. Fleming, R., Baum, A., Gisriel, M., & Gatchel, R. (1982). Mediating influences of social support on stress at Three Mile Island. Journal of Human Stress, 8, 14-22. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Goodman, A. (2007). Southern Thailand: Women for peace, offering solace to victims of violence. PBS Frontline/world. Retrieved from http://aarongoodman.wordpress.com/ink/journalism /thailand-women-for-peace-offeringsolace-to- victims-of-violence-pbs-frontline-world/on August 3, 2012. Han, KuemSun (2003). Factors influencing quality of life in people with chronic illness in Korea (Clinical Scholarship). Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 19(3), 112-123. Hasuwannakit, S. (2008). Remedies from government. Lay-sen publishing, Songkhla, Thailand. House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. House, J. S., & Kahn, R. L. (1985). Measures and concepts of social support. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.) Social support & health. New York: Academic Press. Huang, C. Y., Sousa, V. D., Tsai, C. C., & Hwang, M. Y. (2008). Social support and adaptation of Taiwanese adults with mental illness. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(13), 1795-1802. International Crisis Group. 2007. Southern Thailand: the impact of the coup. Asia Report no. 129 (March), International Crisis Group, Brussels. Institute of Public Policy, (2008). Sound of women from southern Thailand. Institute of Public Policy. Retrieved from http://www.fpps.or.th/news.php?detail=n11567917 31.news, on March 5, 2013. Jamjuree, S. (2010). Muslim women living in Southern Thailand want peace. IPS inter press service. Retrieved from http://www.ips.org/blog/ mdg3/2010/10/muslim-women-living-in-southern-thailand-want-peace/ on August 3, 2012. Jannee, S. (1995). A reducing depression among elderly woman in bangkhae home foundation by using social support. Master thesis of Srinakarinviroch prasanmit, Bangkok. Karren, K. J. (2010). Mind/body health: The effect of attitudes, emotions and relationships 4th ed. New York, N.Y.: Benjamin Cummings; 2010, 225. Katapodi, M. C., Facione, N. C., Miaskowski, C., Dodd, M. J., & Waters, C. (2002). The influence of social support on breast cancer screening in a multicultural community sample. Oncology Nursing Forum, 29 (5), 845-852. Keller, S. M., Zoellner, L. A., & Feeny, N. C. (2010). Understanding factors associated with early therapeutic alliance in PTSD treatment: Adherence, childhood sexual abuse history, and social support. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 974. Klein, S. (2010). Working overtime may harm the heart, study says. CNN on web. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/05/11/ overtime.heart.work/index.html, on December 1, 2013. Kline, P. (1999). The handbook of psychological testing. Routledge. Kongsaktrakul, P. (2004). Relationship between type of cancer, fatigue experience, fatigue management strategies, family support and functional status of cancer patients receiving chemo therapy. Master thesis of Chulalongkorn University Bangkok. Koren, C. & Lowenstein, A. (2008). Late-life widowhood and meaning in life. Ageing International, 32(1), June 2008, 140-155. Kothari, C. R. (2009). Research methodology: methods and techniques. New Age International. Kraonual S., Hathakid A. & Punyasopan A. (2009). The affectation from insurgency to nurse in southern Thailand. Rama Nurse Journal, 15(2), 284-298. Krejcie, R., & Morgan, D. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. Krull, E. (2012). Social Support Is Critical for Depression Recovery. Psych Central. Retrieved from http://psychcentral.com/lib/ social-support-is-critical-fordepression- recovery/00010852 on January 22, 2014. Kumar, R. (2011). Research methodology. APH publishing. Landmark, B. T., Strandmark, M., & Wahl, A. (2002). Breast cancer and experiences of social support. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 16(3), 216-223. Letvak S. (1997). Relational experiences of elderly women living alone in rural communities: a phenomenology inquiry. Journal of New York State Nurses Association 28, 20–25. McGeown K. (2006). Violence and vendettas in Thai south. BBC news. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5250322. stm on March 7, 2013. McKee, M. D., Cunningham, M., Jankowski, K. R., & Zayas, L. (2001). Healthrelated functional status in pregnancy: Relationship to depression and social support in a multi-ethnic population. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 97, 988-993. McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2009). Research in education. Pearson Education. Mehrens, W.A. & Lehman, I.J. (1987). Using standardized tests in education. New York : Longman. Melvin, N.J. (2007). Conflict in southern Thailand Islamism. Violence and The State in The Patani Insurgency 6-7, 28-29. Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (2013). Statistic of the widows from southern Thailand’s violence in Pattani, Thailand. Office of Audit and Evaluation Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, Thailand. Mokhara K. (2010). Changing of E-san widows. Gotoknow widows Retired from http://www.gotoknow.org/posts/365781 on march 3, 2013. Molpradub, D. (2008). Social support and Adaptation of adoles. Master Thesis of Mihidol University Bangkok. Montazeri, A., Baradaran, H., Omidvari, S., Azin, S. A., Ebadi, M., Garmaroudi, G., & Shariati, M. (2005). Psychological distress among Bam earthquake survivors in Iran: a population-based study. BMC Public Health, 5(1), 4. Newsom, J. T., & Schulz, R. (1996). Social support as a mediator in the relation between functional status and quality of life in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 11(1), 34. Noor, F.A. (2004). Thailand’s Smile Fades. BBC News on the web. Retrieved from, from http:// www.news. bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/ 4017551.stm on January 2, 2013. Nunes, J. A., Raymond, S. J., Nicholas, P. K., Leuner, J. D. M., & Webster, A. (1995). Social support, quality of life, immune function, and health in persons living with HIV. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 13(2), 174-198. Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., & Wallace, K. A. (2006). Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 730. Onrust, S., Willemse, G., Jan V. & Cuijpers, P. (2007). Effects of a visiting service for older widowed individuals: a randomized clinical trial, Death Studies, 34: 777–803, 2010, 799-800. Owen, M. (1996). A world of widows. Illustrated. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books Press. Parikh, N.M., Hazra, A., Mukherjee, J., Gogtay N., (2010). Research methodology simplified : every clinician a researcher. Jaypee brothers medical publishers (P) Ltd. Park, C. L., Fenster, J. R., Suresh, D. P., & Bliss, D. E. (2006). Social support, appraisals, and coping as predictors of depression in congestive heart failure patients. Psychology and Health, 21(6), 773-789. Parsons, R. J. (1991). Empowerment: Purpose and practice principle in social work. Social Work with Groups, 14(2), 7-21. Peeyananjarassri, K., Cheewadhanaraks, S., Hubbard, M., Zoa Manga, R., Manocha, R., & Eden, J. (2006). Menopausal symptoms in a hospital-based sample of women in southern Thailand. Climacteric, 9(1), 23-29. Pender, N. J., Murdaugh, C. L., & Parsons, M. A. (2002). The health promotion model. Health Promotion in Nursing Practice, 4. Price, M., Gros, D. F., Strachan, M., Ruggiero, K. J., & Acierno, R. (2013). The role of social support in exposure therapy for Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans: A preliminary investigation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(1), 93. Puthachart P., (2007). Quality of life of Doctors in southern Thailand’s violence. Medical Journal of Prince of Songklha, 25(1), 29-37. Ribeiro, W. S., de Jesus Mari, J., Quintana, M. I., Dewey, M. E., Evans-Lacko, S., Vilete, L. M. P. & Andreoli, S. B. (2013). The Impact of Epidemic Violence on the Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Plos one, 8(5), e63545. Robins, C.D. (2007). Determining Household Size for the Means Test. Long Island Bankruptcy Attorney. Retrieved from http://longislandbankruptcyblog.com/ determining household-size-for-the-means-test on march 2, 2013. Ruangdej K., Kama A., Chaosuansreecharoen P., Sungkeao S., (2013). Factors Predicting Quality of Life of Victims under the Unrest Situation in Yala Province. Prince of Narathiwat University Journal, 5(2), 14-27. Ryde‐Brandt, B. (1990). Anxiety and defence strategies in mothers of children with different disabilities. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 63(2), 183-192. Sangpech, (2007). History of Pattani involved southern Thailand violence, Bangkok: 2007. Sasiphuri, A. (2012). Summarize of assisting to widows and ophans from southern Thailand’s violence (Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat). Retrieved from www.m-society.go.th/edoc/edoc_ 962.doc on April 2, 2013. Sharma, S. (1988). Psychological well-being and social support in the Indian context. Guru Narak Journal of Sociology 9. 17-23. Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Personal goals in social roles: Divergences and convergences across roles and levels of analysis. Journal of Personality, 68(1), 51-84. Shih, S. N., Turale, S., Shih, F. J., & Tsai, J. C. (2010). Religiosity influences on bereavement adjustments of older widows in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(5‐6), 856-866. Shu, B. C. (2009). Quality of life of family caregivers of children with autism the mother's perspective. Autism, 13(1), 81-91. Simmons, C., & Lehmann, P. (2012). Tools for Strengths-Based Assessment and Evaluation. Springer Publishing Company. Singer, G. H. (2006). Meta-analysis of comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 111(3), 155-169. Srinivasa Murthy, R. (2007). Mass violence and mental health-Recent epidemiological findings. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(3), 183- 192. Sirri, L., Magelli 1, C., & Grandi, S. (2011). Predictors of perceived social support in long-term survivors of cardiac transplant: The role of psychological distress, quality of life, demographic characteristics and clinical course. Psychology and Health, 26(1), 77-94. Skevington, S. M., Lotfy, M., & O'Connell, K. A. (2004). The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from World Health Organization's Quality of Life group (2004) QOL group. Quality of Life Research, 13(2), 299-310. Stelle, C.D. & Uchida, M. (2004). The stability and change in the social support networks of widowers following spousal bereavement. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 13 (1), 100-101. Strine, T. W. (2008). Health-related quality of life and health behaviors by social and emotional support. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(2), 151-159. Stuart-Hamilton, I. (2012). The psychology of ageing: An introduction. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Taylor, B., Sinha, G., & Ghoshal, T. (2006). Research Methodology: a guide for researchers in management and social science. Prentice-Hall of India. Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Reed, G. M., Bower, J. E., & Gruenewald, T. L. (2000). Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. American Psychologist, 55(1), 99. Thoits, P. A. (1982). Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 145-159. Thomopoulou, I., Thomopoulou, D. & Koutsouki, D. (2005). The differences at quality of life and loneliness between elderly people. Biology of exercise 6(2), 20-24. The National Economic and Social Development Board, (1997). The eighth national economic and social development plan. 1997-2001, Bangkok. Toni, L., Cindy, S. & Steven, M. (2006). Social support as a predictor of variability: An examination of the adjustments trajectories of recent widows. The American Psychological Association, 21(3), 590-592. Towey, S. (2013). Social support. Talking charge of your health and wellbeing. Retrieved from http://www.takingcharge.csh.umn. edu/explore-healingpractices/social-support on March 2, 2013. Veiga, M. B., Lam, M., Gemeinhardt, C., Houlihan, E., Fitzsimmons, B. P., & Hodgson, Z. G. (2011). Social support in the post-abortion recovery room: evidence from patients, support persons and nurses in a Vancouver clinic. Contraception, 83(3), 268-273. Virtanen, M., Ferrie, J. E., Singh-Manoux, A., Shipley, M. J., Vahtera, J., Marmot, M. G., & Kivimäki, M. (2010). Overtime work and incident coronary heart disease: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. European Heart Journal, 31(14), 1737-1744. Whitehead, D. (2008). Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(1), 144-144. World Health Organization's Quality of Life group, (1996). WHOQOL-BREF Introduction, Administration and Scoring, Field Trial version. World Health Organization's Quality of Life group (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28(03), 551-558. World Health Organization's Quality of Life group (2004). The world health report 2004: changing history. World Health Organization. Worthen, B.R., Borg, W.R., and White, K.R. (1993). Measurement and evaluation in the school. New York : Longman. Wulff, K.M. (1979). Regulation of Scientific Inquiry: Societal Concerns with Research. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Xu, J., & Wang, P. (2012). Social Support and Level of Survivors' Psychological Stress After the Wenchuan Earthquake. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(10), 1625-1631. Yiengprugsawan, V., Seubsman, S. A., Khamman, S., Lim, L. Y., & Sleigh, A. C. (2010). Personal Wellbeing Index in a national cohort of 87,134 Thai adults. Social Indicators Research, 98(2), 201-215. Yiengprugsawan, V., Somboonsook, B., Seubsman, S. A., & Sleigh, A. C. (2012). Happiness, mental health, and socio-demographic associations among a national cohort of Thai adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(6), 1019-1029. Zahedi, A. (2006). State ideology and the status of Iranian war widows. Stamford University, USA, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 8(2), 281-282. Zhan, L. (1992). Quality of life: conceptual and measurement issue. Journal of Advance Nursing 1992; 17(7). 795-800. |