Keberkesanan program ekonomi kerakyatan dalam penurunan kadar kemiskinan di Daerah Kampar Wilayah Riau lndonesia

This study examined the effectiveness of populist economic program against poverty in Kampar District in Riau province of Indonesia, the question of the importance of the study is a micro-credit program for the poor. Among the important questions that seen whether the size of credits, human capital...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Makmur, Aliman
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2015
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/5370/1/s90706.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5370/2/s90706_abstract.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.5370
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Ali, Jamal
Abdul Hakim, Roslan
topic HC Economic History and Conditions
HG Finance
spellingShingle HC Economic History and Conditions
HG Finance
Makmur, Aliman
Keberkesanan program ekonomi kerakyatan dalam penurunan kadar kemiskinan di Daerah Kampar Wilayah Riau lndonesia
description This study examined the effectiveness of populist economic program against poverty in Kampar District in Riau province of Indonesia, the question of the importance of the study is a micro-credit program for the poor. Among the important questions that seen whether the size of credits, human capital and physical facilities affect the level of poverty of a household? Evaluation is important to look at the effectiveness of the program to the lack of economic poverty Kampar District, Riau Province. In addition, this study will use three sizes of poverty is poverty BPS method, the method and the method of the World Bank poverty Multidimensional poverty. Are there differences in the impact of economic citizenship program against poverty if different poverty measure used. The focus of this study is the method of multi-dimensional poverty is a better measure and comprehensive. Logit model analysis was used to assess the effect of the size of credits, human capital and physical facilities using primary data collected from respondents in Kampar District, Riau Province Indonesia. The findings indicate that populist economic program had a positive impact on the significant decline in the poverty rate. The size of the credits, human capital (education), physical facilities (road facilities, irrigation facilities and electricity), whether a significant positive impact according Multidimensional poverty.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Makmur, Aliman
author_facet Makmur, Aliman
author_sort Makmur, Aliman
title Keberkesanan program ekonomi kerakyatan dalam penurunan kadar kemiskinan di Daerah Kampar Wilayah Riau lndonesia
title_short Keberkesanan program ekonomi kerakyatan dalam penurunan kadar kemiskinan di Daerah Kampar Wilayah Riau lndonesia
title_full Keberkesanan program ekonomi kerakyatan dalam penurunan kadar kemiskinan di Daerah Kampar Wilayah Riau lndonesia
title_fullStr Keberkesanan program ekonomi kerakyatan dalam penurunan kadar kemiskinan di Daerah Kampar Wilayah Riau lndonesia
title_full_unstemmed Keberkesanan program ekonomi kerakyatan dalam penurunan kadar kemiskinan di Daerah Kampar Wilayah Riau lndonesia
title_sort keberkesanan program ekonomi kerakyatan dalam penurunan kadar kemiskinan di daerah kampar wilayah riau lndonesia
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2015
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/5370/1/s90706.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5370/2/s90706_abstract.pdf
_version_ 1747827919123644416
spelling my-uum-etd.53702021-04-04T07:33:13Z Keberkesanan program ekonomi kerakyatan dalam penurunan kadar kemiskinan di Daerah Kampar Wilayah Riau lndonesia 2015 Makmur, Aliman Ali, Jamal Abdul Hakim, Roslan Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HC Economic History and Conditions HG Finance This study examined the effectiveness of populist economic program against poverty in Kampar District in Riau province of Indonesia, the question of the importance of the study is a micro-credit program for the poor. Among the important questions that seen whether the size of credits, human capital and physical facilities affect the level of poverty of a household? Evaluation is important to look at the effectiveness of the program to the lack of economic poverty Kampar District, Riau Province. In addition, this study will use three sizes of poverty is poverty BPS method, the method and the method of the World Bank poverty Multidimensional poverty. Are there differences in the impact of economic citizenship program against poverty if different poverty measure used. The focus of this study is the method of multi-dimensional poverty is a better measure and comprehensive. Logit model analysis was used to assess the effect of the size of credits, human capital and physical facilities using primary data collected from respondents in Kampar District, Riau Province Indonesia. The findings indicate that populist economic program had a positive impact on the significant decline in the poverty rate. The size of the credits, human capital (education), physical facilities (road facilities, irrigation facilities and electricity), whether a significant positive impact according Multidimensional poverty. 2015 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5370/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5370/1/s90706.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5370/2/s90706_abstract.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Adam, A. M. (2010). Financial Openness Induced Growth and Poverty Reduction. The International Journal of Applied Economics and Finance, 5: 75-86. Assessment of Micro-Credit Program in Bangladesh. (2010), Retrieved from www.docstoc.com/.../Assessment-of-Micro-Credit-Programme-in-Bangladesh. AIM, UUM, (2010). Pembangunan Lestari Isi rumah Miskin Melalui Kewangan Mikro: Penemuan Kajian Impak, G. Amanah Ikhtiar, dan UUM, Malaysia. Akbar (2011). Strategi Keberlanjutan Program Pengembangan Usaha Agribisnis Perdesaan (PUAP) (Kasus Kabupaten Karawang). Tesis. Bogor. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Ali, I. dan E. M. Fernia. (2003).Infrastructure and poverty Reduction. What is the Connection? ERD Policy Brief Series Economics and Research Department Nombor 13. Manila, Asian Development Bank. Alkire, S. dan Foster, J, (2007). Counting and Multi-dimensional Poverty Measurement. OPHI Working paper No.7. Working paper series. Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. Alkire, S. dan M.E. Santos (2010). Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A New Index For Developing Countries. OPHI Working Paper 38. Armatya Sen, (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Aschauer, D. (1989). Is Public Expanditure Productive?. Journal of Menotary Economics, 23 (2): m.s. 177:220. Asselin, L.M, (2009). Analysis of multi-dimensional poverty: Theory and Case Studies. Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclution and Well-Being. Volume No.7. IDRC. Springer. Atmawikarta, S, (2007). Pemberdayaan Untuk Tekan Kemiskinan. Makalah pada Musyawarah Rencana Pembangunan Propinsi tahun 2007, dengan Proyek Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM), Direktorat Kesihatan Bappenas, Jakarta. Badan Pusat Statistik Kampar, (2009). Kampar Dalam Angka 2008/2009. Kampar: Badan Pusat Statistik Kampar. Badan Pusat Statistik, (2000), Jumlah Penduduk Miskin di Indonesia, Jakarta, BPS, Indonesia Badan Pusat Statistik, (2002). Konsep Kemiskinan. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik, (2008). Analisis dan penghitungan Tingkat Kemiiskinan 2008. Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. Badan Pusat Statistik, (2010). Penjelasan Data Kemiskinan tahun 2010. Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. Balisacan, A. M., dan E. M. Pernia (2002). Probing Beneath Cross-National Averages: Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in the Philippines. ERD Working Paper Series No. 7, Economics and Research Department, Manila, ADB. Balisacan, A. M., E. M. Pernia, dan A. Asra (2002). Revisiting Growth and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia: What Do Subnational Data Show? ERD Working Paper Series No. 25, Economics and Research Department, Manila, ADB. Balitbang Wilayah Riau, (2004). Pendataan Statistik Penduduk/ Isi rumah MiskinWilayah Riau 2004. Riau: Balitbang Wilayah Riau. Bambang Soelaksono, (2005) Evaluasi Dampak Sosial-Ekonomi Proyek Pengembangan Wilayah Berbasis Pertanian Sulawesi (SAADP): Pelajaran dari Kredit Mikro di Indonesia. Lembaga Penelitian, Smeru, 2004, Jakarta BAPPENAS, (2004). Rencana Strategis Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Indonesia, Jakarta. Barrett, C.B., S. Holden, dan D.C. Clay (2004). Can Food-For-Work Programs Reduce Vulnerability? Di Dalam S. Dercon (ed.) Insurance Against Poverty. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Baswir, Revrisond, (1997). Agenda Ekonomi Kerakyatan: Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Bhattarai, M., R. Sakhitavadivel, dan Intizar Hussain, 2002. Irrigation Impacts on Income Inequality and Poverty Alleviation. International Water Management Institute Working Paper 39, Colombo. BPR Sari Madu, (2009). Dana Berpusing Ekonomi Kerakyatan Daerah Kampar. Kampar: BPR Sari Madu BPR Sari Madu, (2010). Laporan Tahunan Dana Berpusing Ekonomi Kerakyatan Daerah Kampar. Kampar: BPR Sari Madu. Chambers, R (1983). Rural Development : Putting The Last First. London: Longman. Chambers, R. 1987. Sustainable rural livelihoods. A strategy for people, environment and development. An overview paper for Only One Earth: Conference on Sustainable Development, 28–30 April 1987. London: IIED Chambers, Robert, (1980). Rural Poverty Unperceived: Problem and Remedies. Institute of Development Studies University of Susex. Brighton Chamhuri Siwar dan Haflah Piei, (1988). Dasar dan Strategi Pembasmian Kemiskinan. Petaling Jaya: Longman Malaysia Bhd Chatani, Kazutoshi. (2012). Diagnosing The Indonesian Economy : Toward Inclusive and Green Growth. Chapter 9 : Economic Growth Employment Creation, and Poverty Alleviation. Penerbit Anthem Press. Chriswardani, (2005), Memahami Kemiskinan Secara Multidimensional. Jurnal Management Pelayanan Kesihatan, 8 (3). Cohen, John M. Dan Norpat T. Uphoff, (1980). Participation’s Place In Rural Development: Seeking Clarity Trough Specificity. Dalam World Development. Coleman, B. E. (2002). Microfinance in northeast Thailand: Who benefits and how much? ERD Working Paper Series, 9. Coleman, J.S. (2000). Social Capital In The Creation Of Human Capital, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94. Daley-Haris, S. (2009), State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign Report, The Microcredit Summit Campaign, Washington D.C. DFID. (1999). Sustainable Livelihood Guidance Sheet. DFID. Ditjen PMD Depdagri (2006). Sejarah Upaya Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Indonesia, Jakarta. Tim Koordinasi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Republik Indonesia. Duong, H. A. dan Nghiem, H. S, (2013). Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction in Vietnam: A Pseudo-Panel Data Analysis. Proceedings of World Business and Social Science Research Conference. 24-25 October 2013, Bangkok. Elfindri dan A. Zein (2001). Kredit Untuk Nelayan dan Perbaikan Manajemen. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan. 9 (2). Ellis, F. (2000). Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Ephraim W. Chirwa, (2004). Access to Land, Growth and Poverty Reduction in Malawi: Zomba. Everson, R.E, dan Gollin. D, (2003), Crop Variety Improvement and its Effect on produktivity. The Impact of International Agricultural Reseach, CABI Publishing. Fisher, T. dan Sriram, M.S. (2002). Micro-Credit: Putting Development Back into Micro-Finance, Vistaar Publication, New Delhi. Gibson, J., and S. Rozelle (2003). Poverty and Road Access in Papua New Guinea, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(1), 159-185. Giroh et-al, (2008). Assessment of Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria Benin City Roles in Poverty Alleviation in the Rubber belt of Nigeria. J. Sustain. Dev., 1 Goldberg, N., (2005). Measuring The Impact Of Microfinance: Taking Stock Of What We Know. Grameen Foundation USA Publication Series, December. Haque, S., Masahiro, Y. (2009), “NGOs-MFIs Members-impact Assessment Survey.” International Journal of Business, Economics, Finance and Management Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009. Hasan, F, 2006, Penanggulangan Kemiskinan, Lokakarya Aplikasi Manual tentang Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Bersasaran" (A Manual for Evaluating Targeted Poverty Alleviation Programmes), Institute for Development of Economics and Finance (INDEF), Hunt, Juliet dan N. Kasyanathan (2001). Pathway to Empowerment? Reflection on Microfinance and Transformation in Gender Relations in South East Asia. Gender and Development, 9 (1), m.s. 42-52 Hureirah, A. (2005). Strategi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan, Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik UNPASLSM Mata Air (Masyarakat Cinta Tanah Air). Bandung. Hussain AKM, G and Nargis N (2008), A Welfare Economic Analysis of the Impact of Microfinance in Bangladesh, Department of Economics, University of Dhaka, Nilkhet, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Intizar Hussain and Deeptha Wijerathna. (2004) Irrigation and Income-Poverty Alleviation: A Comparative Analysis of Irrigation Systems in Developing Asia. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) February 2004 Islam, T. (2007). Microcredit and poverty alleviation. Aldershot, England; Burlington, U.S.A.: Ashgate Publishing. Ismawan, Bambang. 2000. Pemberdayaan Orang Miskin, Refleksi Seorang Pegiat LSM. Jakarta: Pustaka Pembangunan Swadaya Nusantara Jeffrey Sachs. (2005). The End Of Poverty. How can we make it happen in our life. London:Penguin Books Jerome, A., dan A. Ariyo (2004). Infrastructure Reform and Poverty Reduction in Africa. African Development and Poverty Reduction: The Macro-Micro Linkage. TIP/DPRU Forum, 13-15 October, South Africa. Kasryono, F, (1994). Prospek Pengembangan Ekonomi Pedesaan. Jakarta:Yayasan Obor. Indonesia. Khalid, U., L. Shahnaz, dan H. Bibi (2005). Determinants of Poverty in Pakistan: A Multinomial - Logit Approach. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 10(1), m.s. 65 – 81. Khandker, S. R., (1998). Fighting Poverty With Microcredit: Experience In Bangladesh. New York: Oxford University Press. Khandker, S. R., M.A.B Khalily, And H. K. Zahid, Eds. (1996). Credit Programs For The Poor: Household And Intrahouesehold Impacts And ProgramSustainability, Vol. I. Dhaka: The Bangladesh Institute Of Development Studies And The World Bank. Khandker, S. R. (2003), Microfinance and Poverty: Evidence Using Panel Data from Bangladesh, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2945, Washington D.C. Kuncoro, (2000) Ekonomi Pembangunan Yogyakarta: Akademi Manajemen Perusahaan, YKPN Latifee, H. I. (2003), Microcredit and Poverty Reduction, International Conference on Poverty Reduction through Microcredit. Taksim-Istambul, June 09-10, 2003. Levitsky, J dan R.N. Prasad (1989). Credit Guarantee Schemes for Small and Medium Enterprises, World Bank Technical Paper, No. 58, New York. Lewis, O. (1998). The Culture of Poverty. Dlm. Society. Vol. 35, No. 2. Lewis, Oscar (1966). La vida: A Puerto Rican family in the culture of poverty—San Juan and New York. New York: Random House. Lu, W. C. dan Hasan, M. A (2011). Effect of Microcredit Program on Rural Poverty Alleviation: An Emprical Study of Four Major Microcredit Organizations at Moniranpur Upazila in Bangladesh. Aprican Journal of Agriculture Research Vol. 6 (26) m.s. . 5742-5746. Long, J. S. (1997). Regression Models For Categorical And Limited Dependent Variables (Vol. 7). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. M. Jahangir Alam Chowdhury, Dipak Ghosh dan Robert E. Wright. (2005). The impact of micro-credit on poverty: evidence from Bangladesh. Progress in Development Studies 5, 4 (2005) m.s. 298-309. Marr, (2004). Using the Rural Economic and Enterprise Development (REED), framework for analysis and joint action: Outline and workplan for action research, Working Paper 2 Martin, I. dan Hulme, D., (2003). Programmes For The Poorest: Learning From The IGVGD Programme In Bangladesh. World Development, 31 (3), m.s. 647‐665. Mazumder. M.S.U. and Wencong. L (2013). Micro-Credit and Poverty Reduction: A Case of Bangladesh. Prague Economic Papers, 3. Meier, A.J. 1995. Passages of politeness. Journal of Pragmatics 24: m.s. 381-92. Meier, G. M., (1995). Leading Issues In Economic Development. New York: Oxford University Press. Microcredit Summit (2007). Microcredit Summit Campaign, Washington D.C. http://www.microcreditsummit.org/about-the- summits2.html. MkNelly, B., Stack. K. E. (1998), Loan Size Growth and Sustainability in Village Banking Programs. Small Enterprise Development, 9 (2). MkNelly, B., Dunford, Ch. (1999), Impact of Credit with Education on Mothers and Their Young Children’s Nutrition: CRECER Credit with Education Program in Bolivia. Freedom from Hunger Research Paper No. 5. Freedom from Hunger. Davis, CA. Mohd Shariff, M.N. Peou, dan J. C. Ali (2010). Moderating Effect of Government Policy on Entrepreneurship and Growth Performance of Small - Medium Enterprises in Cambodia. International Journal of Business and Management Science 3(1): m.s. 57. Mohd Shariff, M. N. (2006). An Evaluation of a Government-Backed Loan Scheme in Malaysia. Universiti Utara Malaysia, Second Published. Mok, T.Y., C. Gan, dan A. Sanyal A (2007). The Determinants of Urban Household Poverty in Malaysia. Journal of Social Sciences, 3 (4): m.s 190 – 196. Montgomery R, D Bhattacharya dan D Hulme (1996) 'Credit For The Poor li Bangladesh: TheBRAC Rural Development Programme and the Government Thana Resource Development and Employment Programme' in Hulme D and P Mosely 'Finance against Poverty', Vols. I and 2, London. Routledge. Morduch, J., (1998). Does Microfinance Really Help The Poor? New Evidence From Flagship Programs In Bangladesh. Unpublished Mimeo. Mosley, P., dan Hulme, D. (1998). Microenterprise Finance: is there a conflict between growth and poverty alleviation? World Development, 26 (5) Mustafa S, I Ara, D Banu, A Kabir, M Mohsin, A Yusuf dan S Jahan (1996) 'Beacon of Hope: An Impact Assessment Study of BRAC's RDP' Research and Evaluation Division, Dhaka, BRAC. Nirschl, H., dan G. Sticker. (2005). Panduan Kredit Mikro Untuk Usaha Kecil. Penerjemah: J. D. B. Santoso dan A. B. Widyanto. Yogyakarta: Cinderalas Pustaka Rakyat Cerdas. Nurhadi, (2007). Mengembangkan Jaminan sosial, Mengentaskan Kemiskinan. Yogyakarta:Media Wacana Nurkse R. (1953). Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries. New York: Oxford University Press. Omonona, B . T., Jimoh, A. O., dan Y.A. Awoyinka. (2008). Credit Constraints Condition and Welfare among Farmers in Egbeda Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Editorial Advisory Board, 6 (3), m.s. 422. Omonona, B.T., 2001. Poverty And Its Correlates Among Rural Farming Households In Kogi State, Nigeria. Ph.D thesis tidak diterbitkan, Department of Agricultural Economics. Nigeria: University of Ibadan Patten, R. dan Rosengard, J., (1991). Progress With Profits: The Development Of Rural Banking In Indonesia. San Francisco: International Center For Economic Growth. Pham, B. D. dan Izumida, Y. (2002). Rural Development Finance In Vietnam: A Microeconometric Analysis of Household Surveys. World Development, 30 (2), m.s. 319 – 335. Pitt, M. M. dan Khandker, S. R. (1998). The impact of group-based credit programs on poor households in Bangladesh: Does the gender of participants matter? The Journal of Political Economy, 106, m.s. 958-996. Qazi, Kholiquzzaman, Ahmad, ed, (2007) Socio-Economic and Indebtedness Related Impact of Micro-credit in Bangladesh. Quach, M. H. (2005). Access To Finance And Poverty Reduction: An Application To Rural Vietnam. University of Birmingham. Dimuat turun 18 February, 2014, dari http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/111 Rahman, S., Rafiq, R. B. and Momen, M. A. (2009). Impact of Microcredit Programs on Higher Income Borrowers: Evidence from Bangladesh. International Business & Economics Research Journal, Vol-: 8, Issue: 2 Rajivan, Anuradha (2001). Credit and Women’s Empowerment: A Case Study Of SML (SHAREMicrofinance Ltd.,). United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Robinson, M., (2001). The Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable Finance For The Poor. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Robinson, Marguerite S, (2002). Microfinance Revolution: Lessons From Indonesia. International Bank For Reconstruction And Development/The World Bank Rockström, J., Barron J. dan Fox P., 2003. Water productivity in rain fed agriculture: challenges and opportunities for smallholder farmers in drought-prone tropical agroecosystems. In: Kijne, J. W.; Barker, R.; Molden. D. (Eds.), Water productivity in agriculture: Limits and opportunities for improvement. Wallingford, UK; Colombo, Sri Lanka: CABI; IWMI. Roslan, A.H. (2001). Income Inequality, Poverty and Development Policy in Malaysia. Kertas Kerja Dibantangkan Pada Seminar Antara Bangsa Poverty and Sustainable Development, 22 & 23 November 2001 Disusun oleh Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV dan UNESCOParis, France. Rosintan, DM Panjaitan-Driadisuryo, Kathleen Cloud, (1999). Gender, Self-Employment And Micro Credit Programs. An Indonesian Case Study. The Quarterly Review Of Economics And Finance, 39: m.s. 769-779 Saad. N. M. (2003). Seleting Hihg-Income Generating Activities for Micro-Entrepreneurs: The Case Study of Aanah Ikhtiar Malaysia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 1 (5) May 2011. Sachs, J. (2004). Developing Africa’s economy: Doing the Sums on Africa. The Economist, May 22 nd, m.s. 21-23 Sachs, J. (2005). The End of Poverty. New York. Penguin Press. Sahdan, G. (2004). Kemiskinan Desa, Menanggulangi Kemiskinan Desa, Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan STPMD Yogyakarta. Penerbit APMD. Salma Mahmud, (2006). A Comparative Case Study On Outreach And Impact Of The Ikhtiar Loan Scheme And The Development Programme For The Hard-Core Poor In Seberang Perai, Penang, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Saragih. S, (2007), Kerangka Penghidupan Berkelanjutan, Departement for international development Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable Rural Livelihood: aframe work for analysis. IDS. Working Paper, Brighton: IDS Working. Paper 72. Scott, J. (1994). Poverty and Wealth: Citizenship, Deprivation and Privilege, London, Longmans. Seemi Waheed, (2009). Does Rural Micro Credit Improve Well-Being Of Borrowers In The Punjab (Pakistan). Shah, T., van Koppen, B., Merrey, D., de Lange, M. dan Samad, M., 2002. Institutional alternatives in African smallholder irrigation: Lessons from international experience with irrigation management transfer. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Siyoum, A.D., Hilhorst, D. Pankhrust. A. (2012). The Differntial Impact of Microcredit on Rural Livelihoods: Case Study from Ethiopia, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 1 (3). Slamet, Y. (2010), The Relationship Beetwen Social Institutions, Social Capital And Their Effects On Poverty Reduction. Tesis Ph.d University Utara Malaysia, Kedah. Songco, J., (2002). Do Rural Infrastructure Investments Benefit the Poor? World Bank Working Paper 2796, Washington, DC UNCTAD, (2004). The Least Developed Country Stearns, K. (1993). An Analysis Of Peer Group Versus Individual Lending. Kertas kerja disampaikan pada Peer Group Lending Exchange Conference, November Hot Springs, Arizona. Steer, AD, (2006). Era Baru Dalam Pembasmian Kemiskinan di Indonesia, Ikhtisar, Perwakilan Bank Dunia di Indonesia, Kawasan Asia Timur dan Fasifik. Jakarta: Penerbit Gradasi. Suman, Agus dan Yustika A. Erani (2007). Perspektif Baru Pembangunan di Indonesia. Malang. Danar Wijaya, Brawijaya University Press. Sunarto Dan Mardimin, (1996). Dimensi Kritis Proses Pembangunan di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Kanisius Sunding, D., dan Zilberman, D. 2001. The Agricultural Innovation Process: Research and Technology Adoption in a Changing Agricultural Sector. Handbook of Agricultural Economics, B. L. Gardner and G. C. Rausser, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, m.s. 207-261. Susan, B. (2005). Microcredit-Small Loan-Big Dream. Social Educators’ Associations for the Social Educator 2005, 23(1). Syahyuti (2007). Kebijakan Pengembangan Gabungan Kelompok Tani (Gapoktan) sebagai Kelembagaan Ekonomi di Pedesaan. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian. 5 (1). m.s. 15 – 35. Tilak, J.B.G. 2006. Post-elemntary education, poverty reduction and development in India. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 27, No. 4. UNDP (2004). Poverty in Focus – Dollar A Day: How Much Does It Say? Dimuat turun dari http://www.undpprovertycentre.org/pub/IPC PovertyInFocus9.pdf United Nations (1995). The Copenhagen Declaration and Program of Action:world Summit for Social Development, 6-12 March 1995. New York: UN Department of Publication. Van de Walle, D., 1998. Infrastructure and Poverty in Vietnam. di dalam D. Dollar, P. Glewwe, and J. Litvack, eds., Household Welfare and Vietnam Transition. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Woller, Garry M, dan Warner Woodworth, (2001). Micro Credit And Third World Development Policy. Policy Studies Journal, 29 (2), 2001: m.s. 265-271. Woolcock, Michael (2002). Social capital in theory and practice: Reduction poverty by building partnership between states, markets and civil society. In social capital formation in poverty reduction; Which role for civil society and the state? UNESCO World Bank (2001). Contents Of World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty—Overview. Washington, D.C: World Bank. World Bank (2004): Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things That Work. Laporan Pelatihan Persidangan Wilayah Di Accra, Ghana, September 22–25, 2004. Papers and final report available at www.worldbank.org/afr/ teia. United Nations Information World Bank (2010). Overview: Understanding, Measuring And Overcoming Poverty” dlm. Poverty Reduction & Equity. Dimuat turun dari http://web.worldbank.org /WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757 ~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00. html Yusuf, M. B. O, Shirazi, N. S dan G.M. Ghani (2013). The Impact of Pakistan Poverty Allevation Fund on Poverty in Pakistan: An Emprical Analysis. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13(10). Zaman, H., (2000/01). Assessing The Poverty And Vulnerability Impact Of Micro Credit In Bangladesh: A Case Study Of BRAC. The World Bank Zaman, H., (1999). Assessing the Impact of Micro-credit on Poverty and Vulnerability in Bangladesh. Policy Research Working Paper 2145 Hoque, S (2008), Does Micro-credit Program in Bangladesh Increase Household’s Ability to Deal with Economic Hardships? [Online] Munich Repack Personal Archive, Paper No. 6678, Available: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6678/ [2008, November, 11]